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Yadvika - Enhancement of Biogas Production From Solid Substrates PDF
Yadvika - Enhancement of Biogas Production From Solid Substrates PDF
Review paper
a,*
Centre for Rural Development & Technology, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India
Department for Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India
Received 31 July 2003; received in revised form 18 August 2003
Available online 19 March 2004
Abstract
Biogas, a clean and renewable form of energy could very well substitute (especially in the rural sector) for conventional sources of
energy (fossil fuels, oil, etc.) which are causing ecologicalenvironmental problems and at the same time depleting at a faster rate.
Despite its numerous advantages, the potential of biogas technology could not be fully harnessed or tapped as certain constraints are
also associated with it. Most common among these are: the large hydraulic retention time of 3050 days, low gas production in
winter, etc. Therefore, eorts are needed to remove its various limitations so as to popularize this technology in the rural areas.
Researchers have tried dierent techniques to enhance gas production. This paper reviews the various techniques, which could be
used to enhance the gas production rate from solid substrates.
2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Biogas production rate; Additives; Anaerobic lters; HRT
1. Introduction
In todays energy demanding life style, need for
exploring and exploiting new sources of energy which
are renewable as well as eco-friendly is a must. In rural
areas of developing countries various cellulosic biomass
(cattle dung, agricultural residues, etc.) are available in
plenty which have a very good potential to cater to the
energy demand, especially in the domestic sector. In
India alone, there are an estimated over 250 million
cattle and if one third of the dung produced annually
from these is available for production of biogas, more
than 12 million biogas plants can be installed (Kashyap
et al., 2003). Biogas technology oers a very attractive
route to utilize certain categories of biomass for meeting
partial energy needs. In fact proper functioning of biogas system can provide multiple benets to the users and
the community resulting in resource conservation and
environmental protection.
Biogas is a product of anaerobic degradation of organic substrates, which is one of the oldest processes used
*
chemical additives and by manipulating the feed proportions (Sanders and Bloodgood, 1965; Nyns, 1986).
Recirculation of digested slurry (washed out microbes)
back into the reactor and modication in the design of
existing biogas plants are some of the other ways to
improve the gas production in biogas plants. Recently,
eorts have been made to either reduce the HRT or enhance biogas production for the same HRT by incorporating xed lm matrices in the reactors, which help to
retain microbes in the reactors. Recently ultrasonication of wastewater has been found to enhance the removal of COD by almost 10% (McDermott et al., 2001).
A review of Indian advances in biogas technology was
prepared by Singh and Maheshwari (1995). This paper
presented a comprehensive view of the various methods,
which could be used to enhance the gas production rate
from the solid substrates.
H2
COMPLEX
ORGANICS
CH4
ACETIC
ACID
HYDROLYSIS
AND
FERMENTATION
ACIDOGENESIS
AND DEHYDRO-GENATION
METHANE
FERMENTATION
3.3.1.2. Installation technique for getting optimum temperature conditions. Most of the remedies mentioned in
the literature to enhance biogas production are aimed at
increasing the digester temperature to mesophilic range
(i.e. optimum temperature). It is noted that systematic
studies on biomethanation by psychrophilic microora
are lacking (Kashyap et al., 2003). Some precautions
taken during the installation of biogas plants and
coating them with insulating materials also helps in
keeping the temperature in the digester within the desired range (Molnar and Bartha, 1989). In order to increase gas yield, it is preferred to construct biogas plants
sun-facing and in a manner as to protect them from cold
winds. Biogas plants should be covered with locally
available crop residues for minimizing heat losses from
the plants. A simple technique of charcoal coating of
ground around the digester had been found to improve
gas production in KVIC biogas plant by 715% (Anand
and Singh, 1993). Installation of PVC greenhouse type
structure over a biogas plant allowed solar heating of
the substrate from 18 to about 37 C. It was possible to
obtain substantial increase in gas yield on a typical
winter day by covering the gas holder with a transparent
polyethylene sheet during sunshine hours and using a
movable insulating material during the o-sunshine
hours (Bansal, 1988; Tiwari et al., 1988). Desai (1988)
found that if the temperature of digester content could
be maintained at 40 C then it was possible to reduce the
HRT by over 40%. They found solar ponds to be helpful
in preventing heat losses during night and in maintaining digester temperature at desired level. Solar assisted
biogas plants achieve higher gas yield particularly during winter months (Tiwari and Chandra, 1986). Hot
water used in the slurry preparation also helps to improve the gas production.
3.3.2. pH
pH is an important parameter aecting the growth of
microbes during anaerobic fermentation. pH of the digester should be kept within a desired range of 6.87.2
by feeding it at an optimum loading rate. The amount of
carbon dioxide and volatile fatty acids produced during
the anaerobic process aects the pH of the digester
contents. For an anaerobic fermentation to proceed
normally, concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetic
acid in particular should be below 2000 mg/l. Jain and
Mattiasson (1998) found that above pH 5.0, the eciency of CH4 production was more than 75%. The twophase anaerobic reactor using cheese whey and dairy
manure as substrate operated as a single-phase reactor
when the pH was not controlled while when pH of whey
was controlled in the methanogenic stage, it operated as
a two-stage two-phase reactor (Ghaly, 1996). The major
problem related to drastic reduction in pH due to rapid
acidication of onion storage waste (OSW) was overcome by Sharma (2002) by mixing cattle dung with
OSW in a suitable ratio so that medium is well buered
to take care of acid accumulation.
3.3.3. Pretreatment
Feedstocks sometimes require pretreatment to increase the methane yield in the anaerobic digestion
process. Pretreatment breaks down the complex organic
structure into simpler molecules which, are then more
susceptible to microbial degradation. Pretreatment
could be done in any of the following ways:
ii(i)
i(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
i(v)
Sanchez et al. (1994) obtained a predominant presence of lamentous methanogenic forms closely resembling Methanosaeta (Methanothrix) located on the
outer layer and in the bacterial framework of the biolm, when they used six dierent support materials
(polyurethane, bentonite, diabase, diatomaceous earth,
sepiolite and PVC) for digestion of domestic sludge. The
enhancement of CH4 production was rapid and occurred within 24 h of sludge incubation.
Meier et al. (1993) found that energy substrates
stimulated the attachment of P. aeruginosa and Citrobacter amalonaticus signicantly as compared to the
xation behaviour in basal medium without substrates.
This mechanism may be important for retaining methanogenic biomass in anaerobic biolms and thus could
help to reduce the start-up period of biolm digesters
and to enhance methanogenesis.
Recently, preliminary work on this concept at pilot
scale (400 l, HRT 30 day) has been carried out by
Rana et al. (2002) at IIT, Delhi using stone chips and
iron mesh biolters. For the entire year, the biogas
production from the reactor with iron mesh was consistently higher (17%) than that from the conventional
reactor. However, certain diculties such as clogging of
the reactor and decay of iron mesh after one year were
encountered during the study.
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and CSIR for providing
nancial support for carrying out this work.
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