Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MY FM 54.3: Frequency Modulation, The Carrying of Information Over An
MY FM 54.3: Frequency Modulation, The Carrying of Information Over An
Frequency
modulation,
the
carrying
of
information
over
an
Micronesia
uses frequency
modulation (FM)
to
provide high-
fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM band" describes the
"frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting". This term is slightly
misleading, since it equates a modulation method with a range of
frequencies.
BROADCAST BAND
Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of
the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used[1], or some portion
thereof, with few exceptions:
In
the former
Soviet
republics,
and
some
former Eastern
Bloc countries, the older 6574 MHz band is also used. Assigned
frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to
as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. In
those
countries
the
87.5108.0 MHz
band
is
referred
to
as
standards in some countries, including 0.001, 0.01, 0.03, 0.074, 0.5, and
0.3 MHz.
Modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation which conveys
information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with
amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while
its frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the instantaneous
frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of
the input signal. This form of modulation is commonly used in the FM
broadcast band.
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system, with
the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within
the baseband. This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high
frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding
amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also
reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then
reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis,
respectively.
The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time
constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 s time
constant is used. In North America and South Korea, 75 s is used. This
strengths
and
weaknesses
during
field
tests
in Uniontown,
[3]
where A and B are the pre-emphasized Left and Right audio signals and
=19 kHz is the frequency of the pilot tone. Slight variations in the peak
FM
signals
are
more
susceptible
to noise and
Quadraphonic FM
In 1969 Louis Dorren invented the Quadraplex system of single station,
discrete, compatible four-channel FM broadcasting. There are two
additional subcarriers in the Quadraplex system, supplementing the
single one used in standard stereo FM. The baseband layout is as
follows:
in Ann
Arbor/Saline,
Michigan under
the
guidance
of
Chief
and
there
If
digital Radio
Data
System signal,
providing
extra
use
of
advanced compressed
"HD
Radio",
audio.
currently
The
is
pre-emphasis
time
constant
and
frequency
For stereo FM, the range is significantly reduced. This is due to the need
to lower the modulation index[disambiguation needed] of the main (sum) signal to
accommodate the presence of the 38 kHz DSBSC subcarrier and 19kHz
pilot tone. Many stations use extreme audio compression to keep the
sound above the background noise for "distant" listeners, at the expense
of degrading the sound quality.
WORLD WIDE FM TRANSMISSION
Despite FM having been patented in 1933, commercial FM broadcasting
did not begin until 1939, when it was initiated by WRVE, the FM station
of General Electric's main factory in Schenectady, NY. In countries
outside of Europe it took many years for FM to be adopted by the
majority of radio listeners.
The first commercial FM broadcasting stations were in the United
States, but initially they were primarily used to broadcast classical music
to an upmarket listenership in urban areas, and for educational
programming. By the late 1960s FM had been adopted by fans of
"Alternative Rock" music ("A.O.R. - 'Album Oriented Rock' Format"), but
it wasn't until 1978 that listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM
stations in North America. During the 1980s and 1990s, Top 40 music
stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned AM for
FM. Today AM is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports,
religious programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and
some types of minority interest music. This shift has transformed AM
into the "alternative band" that FM once was. (Some AM stations have
begun to simulcast on, or switch to, FM signals to attract younger
listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms,
and near high tension wires. Some of these stations now emphasize
their presence on the FM dial.)
Europe
The medium
wave band
overcrowded[citation
needed]
(known
as AM in
North
America)
is
FM
radio
continental Europe.
than
those
in
either North
America or
Australia
FM started in Australia in 1947 but did not catch on and was shut down
in 1961 to expand the television band. It was not reopened until 1975.
Subsequently, it developed steadily until in the 1980s many AM stations
transferred to FM because of its superior sound quality. Today, as
elsewhere in the developed world, most urban Australian broadcasting
is on FM, although AM talk stations are still very popular. Regional
broadcasters still commonly operate AM stations due to the additional
range the broadcasting method offers. Some stations in major regional
centres simulcast on AM and FM bands.
New Zealand
Like Australia, New Zealand adopted the FM format relatively late. As
was the case with privately-owned AM radio in the late 1960s, it took a
spate of 'pirate' broadcasters to persuade a control-oriented, technology
adverse government to allow FM to be introduced after at least five
years of consumer campaigning starting in the mid-1970s, particularly in
Auckland. An experimental FM station, FM 90.7, was broadcast
in Whakatane in early 1982. Later that year, Victoria University of
Wellington's Radio Active began full-time FM transmissions. Commercial
FM
licences
were
finally
approved
in
1983,
with
Auckland-
based 91FM and 89FM being the first to take up the offer. [1]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the BBC began FM broadcasting in 1955, with
three
national
networks
carrying
the
Light
Programme,
Third
94.6 MHz. The sub-band 94.697.6 MHz was later used for BBC and
local commercial services. Only when commercial broadcasting was
introduced to the UK in 1973 did the use of FM pick up in Britain. With
the gradual clearance of other users (notably Public Services such as
police, fire and ambulance) and the extension of the FM band to
108.0 MHz between 1980 and 1995, FM expanded rapidly throughout
the British Isles and effectively took over from LW and MW as the
delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehiclebased receivers.
In addition, Ofcom (previously the Radio Authority) in the UK issues on
demand Restricted Service Licences on FM and also on AM (MW) for
short-term local-coverage broadcasting which is open to anyone who
does not carry a prohibition and can put up the appropriate licensing
and royalty fees. In 2010 around 450 such licences were issued.
Other countries
Most other countries expanded their use of FM through the 1990s.
Because it takes a large number of FM transmitting stations to cover a
geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain
difficulties, FM is more suited to local broadcasting than for national
networks. In such countries, particularly where there are economic or
infrastructural problems, "rolling out" a national FM broadcast network to
reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive
process.
ITU Conferences about FM
The frequencies available for FM were decided by some important
conferences of ITU. The milestone of those conferences is the
Event has been created to help address current issues developing within FM and shape
the future of the profession.
Read the press release for more information
The FM Event, run in association with the BIFM, is the UK's longest running facilities
show.
This leading premier facilities and estates event is strategically positioned in London and colocated with Energy Solutions and Building Services - The CIBSE Conference & Exhibition and
the inaugural Global Security Summit. Firmly establishing The FM Event as the event for any
senior professional interested in facilities, estates or property management.
A programme of conference quality education is designed especially to assist in the challenges
experienced by a high caliber audience and senior professionals and will sit along side a
plethora of networking areas fitting for this VIP audience.
If you're a service provider looking to get in front of 6,442* managers, all with purchasing
power,** then enquire about the few exhibiting and sponsorship opportunities that are left.
Featuring
narrator
Marta
Zekan
of
Classical
KING
FM
A delightful and humorous adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen tale about two scoundrels
who promise to weave an Emperor a new suit of clothes that is invisible to anyone not smart
enough to appreciate its quality. When the Emperor parades before his people in his new
finery, a child cries out, "The Emperor isn't wearing any clothes!"
FM EVENT
The FM Event and its co-located events attracted over 6442*
industry professionals to London Olympia in October
The FM Event is an invaluable source of information and education
for delegates looking to network within the London and south-east
based facilities management community.
Round table forums, conference quality seminar debates, networking
sessions, breakfast briefings and a world class exhibition combine
to attract senior facilities and estates directors and managers.
The FM Event provides a unique environment for you to showcase
the areas in which your business can work with facilities managers
on best practice and the most cost effective ways of keeping up to
date with the latest products, technologies and innovations.
In association with Supporters include The show in 2011 proved that
you really cannot afford not to be there. For KONE Plc it was a fantastic
opportunity to meet with new and existing customers and showcase our
company in a format not normally possible without events such as this.
First and foremost, crowd.fm takes the pain and effort out of adding your
events to multiple listings and social media websites. How? By doing it for
you! Instead of manually and repeatedly filling in the same information on
each place you want your event listed, simply add your event details once
in crowd.fm, hit publish, and its automatically (and some might say
magically) pushed out to the places youve selected. With one click, your
events will be added to your Facebook Page, announced via
your Twitter profile and listed on major listings sites such
as Eventful, Last.fm, Songkick and Upcoming, all for the same effort it
takes to list them in a single place. And when you need to make changes? No
problem. Simply update the event details in crowd.fm, hit update, and all the
listings are automatically and instantly updated. Its really that simple.
And thats just for starters. Were already hard at work adding support for more
listings sites and social networks to help you get maximum exposure for your
events. Soon well be pushing your events to websites such as Bands in
Town, Eventbrite, Lanyrd, LinkedIn, Meetup,Plancast, Soundcloud, Yelp,
Zvents and more Because the more places your events are listed, the
greater the exposure, the higher the attendance.
metrics either. Find out: where people are interacting with your event the most;
how much traffic these listings are generating to your website; how your
audience is growing, including detailed demographics; and ultimately what
effect this is all having on the bottom line for attendance and ticket sales.
FM DEPARTMENT
The band was conceived in 1995 by schoolmates Elin Almered and Johan
Duncanson, who named the group after a gas-station-turned-radio-repair-shop
called "Radioavdelningen" (Swedish for The Radio Department). However,
Almered and Duncanson soon stopped playing music together, putting the band on
hiatus. Then three years later, in 1998, Duncanson started making music again but
now with Martin Larsson and they decided to adopt the same name. [1] In 2001,
Larsson's then girlfriend Lisa Carlberg joined the group onbass, followed by Per
Blomgren on drums and Daniel Tjder on keyboards.[2][3]
Later in 2001, the band sent recordings to music magazine Sonic, receiving a
positive review and being featured on the free CD sampler that came with the
magazine. Labrador Records heard them on the disc and signed them to their label.
Per Blomgren left the group prior to the release of their album Lesser Matters and
Lisa Carlberg departed after the release of This Past Week EP. According to their
website, the band decided to use digital drum tracks and stated that for their second
album they were "taking a new direction ... which wouldn't require a member that
played bass guitar."[4]
The group enjoyed more widespread recognition after three tracks ("Pulling Our
Weight" from the Pulling Our Weight EP, "I Don't Like It Like This" from the This
Past Week EP, and "Keen on Boys" from Lesser Matters) were included on the
soundtrack for Sofia Coppola's film Marie Antoinette.
Early 2006 saw the release of their second album Pet Grief. The distorted buzz that
adorned most of their debut was now replaced by synthesizer. The album didn't
reach the rest of Europe, including the UK until later in 2006. Unfortunately, with
little touring support there was no real buzz behind Pet Grief. Reviews were
mixed. NME rated the album with a 7 out of 10, but other magazines were not
quite so kind. However, it did find popularity amongst a growing fan base
throughout the world, thanks to the Internet. The album is available in the US
through Darla and through their US distribution deal with Labrador.
By the end of 2006, a brand new track "We Made the Team" was released as the
100th release on the Labrador. It was also the final track on the Labrador's labels
Compilation of 100 tracks released at the beginning of 2007. Although all UK tour
dates but one in London were recently canceled, the band is said to be working on
a new album.[5]
The band released a new EP in May 2008 entitled Freddie And The Trojan Horse,
including the songs "Freddie And The Trojan Horse", "Closing Scene" and "The
Room, Tarzana" on Labrador Records. Another EP, David, was released on June
24, 2009. It included four songs; "David", "Messy Enough", "David (Rice Twins
Remix)" and "The Idle Urban Contemporaries". The song "David" has been made
available for download at no cost by Labrador Records.
After "David", The Radio Dept. released the album Clinging to a Scheme on April
20, 2010.
he Radio Dept. are related to such genres as alternative rock, dream pop, indie
pop, shoegaze and twee pop, with reviews comparing them to Pet Shop Boys, My
Bloody Valentine and Cocteau Twins.
In an interview on their fansite, they cite influences such as Charles
Aznavour, Saint Etienne, Broadcast, Frank Sinatra, Joy Division,Pet Shop
Boys, Chet Baker, Fennesz, Nick Drake, Kevin Rowland, Prefab Sprout, Paddy
McAloon, Junior Boys, Orange Juice,Kraftwerk, Neu!, Jonathan Richman, The
Avalanches and The Pale Fountains.
heir album Lesser Matters was ranked No. 9 on NME's list of the 50 Best Albums of
2004. The album received an 84/100 (Universal acclaim) on Metacritic from a total of
five reviews.
Events
My FM posts Q4 net profit of Rs 25.5 million
MUMBAI: My FM, the radio business housed under DB Corp, has posted a
net profit of Rs 25.5 million for the last quarter of the fiscal ended 31 March
2012.
The FM segments Ebitda (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation,
and amortization) stood at Rs 52.4 million, as it witnessed a 10 per cent
increase in its advertising revenue to Rs 146.4 million, compared to Rs
133.74 million in the corresponding quarter of the previous fiscal.
Meanwhile, for the full fiscal ended 31 March 2012, the radio business
posted a net profit of Rs 33 million with a margin of 6 per cent. The
company claimed that this is within shortest period of less than four years
from start of all its station.
Income from the full fiscal stood at Rs 554.82 million, up 18.18 per cent
compared to Rs 469.48 million in the previous fiscal.
My FM operates in 17 cities spread across the seven states of Rajasthan,
Haryana,
Punjab,
Gujarat,
Maharashtra,
Madhya
Pradesh
and
Chhattisgarh.
94.3 MY FM launches Android app
94.3 MY FM, one of the India's leading FM network recently
traversed another mile stone with the launch of its mobile
application 'My Mobile' for Android phone users, further increasing
their interaction with the station. After the huge success of 'Radio
Dikhta Hai' where listeners could watch their favorite shows on
the station's YouTube channel, MY FM is all set to create another
buzz with the launch of this application; reiterating the fact that
the station has always been at the forefront when it comes to
innovative product & brand initiatives
Mr. Harrish M Bhatia, the CEO of 94.3 MY FM, while reflecting on the
period that not only got his company better revenues but also a
phenomenal 555% higher EBIT said, We have always believed in the
growth story and economic vibrancy of the 17 non-metro markets that we
operate out of. The surge in the demand for consumer goods, services,
FMCG products, better education avenues etc makes the non-metro
markets interesting and rewarding for marketers. However, converting this
into advertising on radio has not been the only trick that got MY FM here.
Mr. Bhatia kept pushing his teams to tap the local retail market and
strategically, he built capabilities and competencies not only within his
people but also the local retailers to use radio as a medium to garner more
footfalls. Its taken a lot of planning and effective execution to deliver
promise, says Harrish M. Bhatia.
A constant engagement with listeners through initiatives such as the
record-breaking 12hrs Music Marathon & Ek Koshish an international
award winning CSR property; structured researches like the quarterly
Ormax brand track, auditorium music testing, weekly song testing and
regular content testing through dedicated internal research team enables
MY FM to understand listener needs & preferences to keep them ahead of
the curve by offering newer and better content thats relevant & engaging.
MY FM also differentiates itself on the content level by offering unique &
exclusive contents like the daily song request show Dil Chahta Hai, My
Ramayana and Murari Babu for the spiritually inclined, non-stop weekend
music show by renowned DJ NYK, a weekend lineup of shows like My
Vastu & Choota RJ - a show hosted by kids, a local Top 30 countdown in
DB Corp Ltds radio business, 94.3 My FM, has reported 22 per cent
growth in revenues in Q3 FY12, as against the corresponding period.
Harrish M Bhatia, CEO, 94.3 My FM, while reflecting on the period that
not only got his company better revenues but also 555 per cent higher
EBIT, said, We have always believed in the growth story and economic
vibrancy of the 17 non-metro markets that we operate out of.
The surge in the demand for consumer goods, services, FMCG
products, better education avenues, etc., make the non-metro markets
interesting and rewarding for marketers. Apart from converting this into
advertising, My FM has also been tapping the local retail market and
building capabilities and competencies within the local retailers to use
radio as a medium to garner more footfalls. Its taken a lot of planning
and effective execution to deliver promise, Bhatia added. A constant
engagement with listeners through initiatives such as the 12-hour long
Music Marathon and Ek Koshish, an international award winning CSR
property; structured researches like the quarterly Ormax brand track,
auditorium music testing, weekly song testing and regular content testing
through dedicated internal research team has enabled My FM to
understand listener needs and preferences and offer newer content.
RAM data has been indicating that radio consumption has been steadily
increasing in non-metros, and the inclusion of more non-metro cities in
the listenership audits have only ratified the fact that the time spent on
radio in these markets far exceeds all other medium.
Landmark Group and MY FM pledge to make Gujarats roads safer
EVENTFAQS Bureau
Tue 28 February 2012
In a time when one's possessions are an indication of stature, India is
witnessing a boom in the automobile industry. Each new day sees
hundreds of new cars on the road. Gujarat in particular, and Ahmedabad
specifically, has seen a major increase in the sale of passenger cars. A
consequence of this increased load on roads is the accompanying hazards,
the biggest one being accidents.
In keeping with the need for awareness about this burgeoning problem, the
Landmark Group and My FM have launched the Honda Brio Road Safety
Campaign', to bring about awareness of safe driving. The initiative
launched on Feb. 27 and will end on March 7.
Group, used the occasion to pledge the Group's support to such causes
and appealed to all to make the city an accident-free city. Inaba, Director
Marketing, Honda Siel Company Ltd., also took the pledge, along with
other distinguished guests.
Over the course of 15 days, with the support of the Ahmedabad Traffic
Police, the campaign will approach drivers at important road junctions and
gas stations and encourage them to make a pledge that they will drive safe
and have empathy towards fellow drivers and pedestrians.
94.3 MY FM orchestrated flash mobs across cities
on a special musical composition - with the station jingle and the activity
played an instrumental role in boosting the brand connect. The activity
was carried out at peaks hours across touch points like Chandigarh Sec
17 market; Pink Square Mall, Jaipur; DB Mall, Bhopal; Empress Mall
Nagpur that are bustling with activity and footfalls, ensuring that the
activity was not just a flash in the pan but one of the biggest organized by
a radio channel in few of these cities.
For those who missed their favorite RJs in action and also the ones who
were left wanting for more, the videos of the flash mob have been
uploaded on the stations YouTube channel. Videos and pictures have
gone viral with rave reviews on social networking platforms.
Expressing his elation, Harrish M. Bhatia, CEO, 94.3 MY FM said, This is
a relatively new concept across cities where we are present. And it was
an opportunity for us to delight our customers that we tapped at the right
time He concluded, I am glad that the response was as we had
anticipated and its great to see that we struck the right chord.
My FM hosts flash mob across 17 cities
The objective of this spontaneous eruption was to break the monotony with
an activity that was synonymous with the spontaneity of Jiyo Dil Se' and
the impulsive spirit of letting loose and living life to the fullest. The listeners
were treated to the sight of their favourite RJs getting down with the
Expressing his satisfaction with the initiative, Harrish M. Bhatia, CEO, 94.3
MY FM said: "This is a relatively new concept across cities where we are
present, and it was an opportunity to delight our customers. We tapped it at
the right time. I am glad that the response was as we had anticipated and
it's great to see that we struck the right chord."
The activity was carried out at peaks hours across touch points like
Chandigarh's Sec 17 market, Pink Square Mall in Jaipur, DB Mall in
Bhopal, and Empress Mall in Nagpur, which are bustling with activity and
footfalls, thus ensuring that the activity was not just a flash in the pan but
one of the biggest organized by a radio channel in a few of these cities.