Table of Contents

Tables of Figure:..........................................................................................................
Abstract......................................................................................................................
1.Introduction.............................................................................................................
2.Principles of Operation............................................................................................
2.1 Stator...................................................................................................................
2.2 Rotor.....................................................................................................................
2.3 Synchronous speed..............................................................................................
2.4 Slip.......................................................................................................................
3.Torque......................................................................................................................
3.1 Standard torque................................................................................................
3.2 Starting.............................................................................................................
3.3 Speed Control.................................................................................................
4.Power factor..........................................................................................................
5.Losses of induction motor......................................................................................
Iron or Core Losses................................................................................................
Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses...................................................................
Variable Losses......................................................................................................
6.Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor.............................................................
References................................................................................................................

Tables of Figure:

Figure 1 State-of-the-art closed squirrel-cage three-phase motor..............................

Figure 2 Typical synchronous speeds in a 50 Hz circuit Synchronous speeds are
20% higher in a 60 Hz circuit......................................................................................
Figure 3 Forms of squirrel-cage rotor windings...........................................................
Figure 4 Speed curve for foure induction motor.........................................................

Abstract
In this report talk about three Phase induction motor and it
component
An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is
obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of
the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not require
mechanical, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of
the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and
large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be
either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

1.Introduction
Three phase induction motors are the motors most frequently
encountered in industry. They are simple, rugged, low-priced, and easy to
maintain. They run at essentially constant speed from zero to full-load .the
speed is frequency-dependent and, consequently, these motors are no
easily adapted to speed control. However, variable frequency electronic
drivers are being used more and more to control the speed of commercial
induction motors.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial
drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase
induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as
household appliances like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed
service, induction motors are increasingly being used with variablefrequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially
important energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective
induction motors in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor
load applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in
both fixed-speed and variable (VFD) applications. Variable voltage and
variable frequency drives are also used in variable-speed service.

2.Principles of Operation
The electrical section of the three-phase induction motor as shown in
Figure 1 consists of the fixed stator or frame, a three-phase winding
supplied from the three-phase mains and a turning rotor. There is no
electrical connection between the stator and the rotor. The currents in the
rotor are induced via the air gap from the stator side. Stator and rotor are
made of highly magnetizable core sheet providing low eddy current and
hysteresis losses.

Figure 1 State-of-the-art closed squirrel-cage three-phase motor

2.1 Stator
The stator winding consists of three individual windings which overlap one
another and are offset by an electrical angle of 120. When it is connected
to the power supply, the incoming current will first magnetize the stator.
This magnetizing current generates a rotary field which turns with
synchronous speed ns. For the smallest pole number of 2p = 2 in a 50 Hz
circuit the highest synchronous speed is ns = 3000/min-1. Synchronous
speeds in a 50 Hz circuit are shown in Table 1.

Figure 2 Typical synchronous speeds in a 50 Hz circuit

Synchronous speeds are 20% higher in a 60 Hz circuit

2.2 Rotor
The rotor in induction machines with squirrel-cage rotors consists of a
slotted cylindrical rotor core sheet package with aluminum bars which are
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joined at the front by rings to form a closed cage. The rotor of three-phase
induction motors sometimes is also referred to as an anchor. The reason
for this name is the anchor shape of the rotors used in very early electrical
devices. In electrical equipment the anchor's winding would be induced by
the magnetic field, whereas the rotor takes this role in three-phase
induction motors.
The stopped induction motor acts like a transformer shorted on the secondary
side. The stator winding thus corresponds to the primary winding, the rotor
winding (cage winding) to the secondary winding. Because it is shorted, its
internal rotor current is dependent on the induced voltage and its resistance. The
interaction between the magnetic flux and the current conductors in the rotor
generates a torque that corresponds to the rotation of the rotary field. The cage
bars are arranged in an offset pattern to the axis of rotation in order to prevent
torque fluctuations (Figure 2). This is called "skew". At idle the rotor almost
reaches the synchronous speed of the rotary field, since only a small countertorque (no-load losses) is present. If it were to turn exactly synchronously,
voltage would no longer be induced, current would cease to flow, and there
would no longer be any torque.
During operation the speed of the rotor drops to the load speed n. The difference
between the synchronous speed and the load speed is called slip s. Based on this
load-dependent slip s, the voltage induced in the rotor winding changes, which in
turn changes the rotor current and also the torque M. As slip s increases, the
rotor current and the torque rise. Because the three-phase induction motor acts
like a transformer, the rotor current is transformed to the stator side (secondary
side) and the stator supply current changes essentially to the same degree. The
electrical output of the stator generated by the power supply is converted via the
air gap into mechanical power in the rotor. The stator current therefore consists
of two components, the magnetization current and the actual load current.

Figure 3 Forms of squirrel-cage rotor windings

2.3 Synchronous speed

An AC motor's synchronous speed, , is the rotatio n rate of the stator's
magnetic field, which is expressed in revolutions per minute as
(RPM),
Where is the motor supply's frequency in hertz and is the number
of magnetic poles. That is, for a six-pole three-phase motor with three
pole-pairs set 120 apart, equals 6 and
equals 1,000 RPM and
1,200 RPM respectively for 50 Hz and 60 Hz supply systems.

2.4 Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed ns and the speed n in
rated operation is called slip s and is generally expressed in percent.
Depending on the size of the machine, in rated operation it is roughly 10
to 3%. Slip is one of the most important characteristics of an induction
machine.

where
is stator electrical speed,
is rotor mechanical speed. Slip,
which varies from zero at synchronous speed and 1 when the rotor is at
rest, determines the motor's torque. Since the short-circuited rotor
windings have small resistance, a small slip induces a large current in the
rotor and produces large torque. At full rated load, slip varies from more
than 5% for small or special purpose motors to less than 1% for large
motors. These speed variations can cause load-sharing problems when
differently sized motors are mechanically connected. Various methods are
available to reduce slip, VFDs often offering the best solution.

3.Torque
3.1 Standard torque
The typical speed-torque relationship of a standard NEMA Design B
polyphase induction motor is as shown in the curve at right. Suitable for
most low performance loads such as centrifugal pumps and fans, Design B
motors are constrained by the following typical torque ranges:[24][a]

Breakdown torque, 175-300 percent of rated torque

Locked-rotor torque, 75-275 percent of rated torque

Pull-up torque, 65-190 percent of rated torque.

Over a motor's normal load range, the torque's slope is approximately

linear or proportional to slip because the value of rotor resistance divided
by slip,
, dominates torque in linear manner.[31] As load increases
above rated load, stator and rotor leakage reactance factors gradually
become more significant in relation to
such that torque gradually
curves towards breakdown torque. As torque increases beyond breakdown
torque the motor stalls. Although polyphase motors are inherently selfstarting, their starting and pull-up torque design limits must be high
enough to overcome actual load conditions. In two-pole single-phase
motors, the torque goes to zero at 100% slip (zero speed), so these
require alterations to the stator such as shaded-poles to provide starting
torque.

Figure 4 Speed curve for foure induction motor

3.2 Starting
There are three basic types of competing small induction motors: singlephase split-phase and shaded-pole types, and small polyphase induction
motors.
A single-phase induction motor requires separate starting circuitry to
provide a rotating field to the motor. The normal running windings within
such a single-phase motor can cause the rotor to turn in either direction,
so the starting circuit determines the operating direction.
In certain smaller single-phase motors, starting is done by means of a
shaded pole with a copper wire turn around part of the pole. The current
induced in this turn lags behind the supply current, creating a delayed
magnetic field around the shaded part of the pole face. This imparts
sufficient rotational field energy to start the motor. These motors are
typically used in applications such as desk fans and record players, as the
required starting torque is low, and the low efficiency is tolerable relative
to the reduced cost of the motor and starting method compared to other
AC motor designs.
Larger single phase motors are split-phase motors and have a second
stator winding fed with out-of-phase current; such currents may be
created by feeding the winding through a capacitor or having it receive
different values of inductance and resistance from the main winding. In
capacitor-start designs, the second winding is disconnected once the
motor is up to speed, usually either by a centrifugal switch acting on
weights on the motor shaft or a thermistor which heats up and increases
its resistance, reducing the current through the second winding to an
insignificant level. The capacitor-run designs keep the second winding on
when running, improving torque. A resistance start design uses a starter
inserted in series with the startup winding, creating reactance.
Self-starting polyphase induction motors produce torque even at standstill.
Available cage induction motor starting methods include direct-on-line
starting, reducedvoltage reactor or auto-transformer starting, star-delta
starting or, increasingly, new solidstate soft assemblies and, of course,
VFDs.
Polyphase motors have rotor bars shaped to give different speed-torque
characteristics. The current distribution within the rotor bars varies
depending on the frequency of the induced current. At standstill, the rotor
current is the same frequency as the stator current, and tends to travel at
the outermost parts of the cage rotor bars (by skin effect). The different
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bar shapes can give usefully different speed-torque characteristics as well

as some control over the inrush current at startup.
In wound rotor motors, rotor circuit connection through slip rings to
external resistances allows change of speed-torque characteristics for
acceleration control and speed control purposes.

3.3 Speed Control

before the development of semiconductor power electronics, it was
difficult to vary the frequency, and cage induction motors were mainly
used in fixed speed applications. Applications such as electric overhead
cranes used DC drives or wound rotor motors (WRIM) with slip rings for
rotor circuit connection to variable external resistance allowing
considerable range of speed control. However, resistor losses associated
with low speed operation of WRIMs is a major cost disadvantage,
especially for constant loads.[33] Large slip ring motor drives, termed slip
energy recovery systems, some still in use, recover energy from the rotor
circuit, rectify it, and return it to the power system using a VFD. In many
industrial variable-speed applications, DC and WRIM drives are being
displaced by VFD-fed cage induction motors. The most common efficient
way to control asynchronous motor speed of many loads is with VFDs.
Barriers to adoption of VFDs due to cost and reliability considerations have
been reduced considerably over the past three decades such that it is
estimated that drive technology is adopted in as many as 30-40% of all
newly installed motors

4.Power factor
The power factor of induction motors varies with load, typically from
around 0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as 0.35 at no-load, due to stator
and rotor leakage and magnetizing reactances. Power factor can be
improved by connecting capacitors either on an individual motor basis or,
by preference, on a common bus covering several motors. For economic
and other considerations, power systems are rarely power factor corrected
to unity power factor. Power capacitor application with harmonic currents
requires power system analysis to avoid harmonic resonance between
capacitors and transformer and circuit reactances. Common bus power
factor correction is recommended to minimize resonant risk and to
simplify power system analysis.

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5.Losses of induction motor

1.Iron or core losses,
2.Mechanical losses,
3.Brush friction losses.

Iron or Core Losses

Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy
current losses are minimized by using lamination. Since by laminating the core, area
decreases and hence resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents.
Hysteresis losses are minimized by using high grade silicon steel . The core losses
depend upon frequency. The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the
frequency of rotor is slip times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less than the
stator frequency. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared to stator core
loss and is usually neglected in running conditions.

Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses

Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in
wound rotor induction motor. These losses occurs with the change in
speed. In three phase induction motor the speed usually remains
constant. hence these losses almost remains constant.

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Variable Losses

These losses
are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in
stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor
and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes.
Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are
obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor.
The main function of induction motor is to convert an electrical power into
mechanical power. During this conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy the power flows through different stages. This power
flowing through different stages is shown by power flow diagram. As we all
know the input to the three phase induction motor is three phase supply.
So, the three phase supply is given to the stator of three phase induction
motor.
Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction
motor,
VL = line voltage supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL = line current,
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Cos = power factor of the three phase induction motor.

Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = 3VLILcos
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator
iron loss and stator copper loss. The remaining power i.e ( input electrical
power stator losses ) are supplied to rotor as rotor input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron
loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but
this complete input cannot be converted into mechanical output as it has
to supply rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses are of two
types rotor iron loss and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends
upon the rotor frequency, which is very small when the rotor rotates, so it
is usually neglected. So, the rotor has only rotor copper loss. Therefore the
rotor input has to supply these rotor copper losses. After supplying the
rotor copper losses, the remaining part of Rotor input, P 2 is converted into
mechanical power, Pm.
Let Pc be the rotor copper loss,
I2 be the rotor current under running condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.
Pc = 3I22R2
Pm = P2 Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but
there occur some mechanical losses like friction and windage losses. So,
the gross mechanical power developed has to supplied these losses.

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Therefore the net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally
given to the load is Pout.
Pout = Pm Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).

6.Efficiency of Three Phase Induction

Motor
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor ,

= gross mechanical power developed / rotor input

Three phase induction motor efficiency,

Three phase induction motor efficiency

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References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor
http://www.electrical4u.com/speed-control-of-three-phaseinduction-motor/

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