CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In future era with huge advancement in electrical consumption the load demand
increases which needs to be met with supply generation. The supply generation
from conventional sources leads to increase in global warming and also increase
in pollution. These conventional sources include thermal coal plants or nuclear
power plants which generate hazardous gases danger for human civilization and
also environment. These ways of conventional power generation need to be
replaced with renewable source power generation like solar panels, wind farms,
bio gas plants, and tidal energy sources. In the available renewable sources solar
panel renewable energy generation is considered as the best source with easy
installation and operational maintenance. Solar panels can be used in any place
even in remote areas without any hazard to human civilization. Other renewable
source needs specific places like wind farms need to be installed far away from
human interference, tidal renewable source is to be installed only in seas or
oceans, bio gas plants need to be installed deep into the ground. All these sources
need specific space and the cost of installation is also very high.
The major disadvantage of solar panel power generation is it generates
fluctuating voltage with variation of solar irradiation. When the output DC
voltage of e solar panel changes the AC output voltage from the inverter also
changes which may damage the load or grid connected to it. It is very keen to
maintain the DC voltage output of the solar panel at a constant value so as to
maintain the AC voltage output of the inverter constant. The output voltage of
the DC-DC booster converter is controlled by MPPT (maximum power point
tracking) algorithm. The MPPT takes feedback of PVA voltage and current and
control the duty ratio with respect to change in voltage and current of PVA by
variation of solar irradiation.
On the other hand, solar panels (PVA) can be placed on the roof tops of urban
buildings, empty uncultivated barren lands far or near the load consumptions. The
PVA arrangement can also be done in movable applications like electric vehicles to
charge the battery or run the motor directly or water pumping system to transfer
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water to higher position for later use. The only issue with the solar renewable
energy source is it generates power only in the day time and will be completely
dead during the night time.
Application which have secondary source backup like batteries or
applications which needs only day time operation can be installed with solar
panels. The power from the solar panel is also not constant as the solar
irradiation (Ir) for the proposed application of water pumping system constant
power supply is not necessarily needed, and speed of the machine need not to be
constant for pumping the water. This ability of variable supply qualifies PVA as
source with variable output power. To run the motor at different speeds with
different speed reference generation vector controller is used to operate the
voltage source inverter (VSI). To compare two machines working using vector
controllers, induction machine and permanent magnet synchronous machine are
considered. The vector control of VSI and solar input with PMSM drive water
pumping system along with sensor less vector control of induction machine is
shown below is not constant. During variation of solar irradiation, the voltage
output of the PVA varies which changes the current flow changing the power
output from the panel. For the considered application of water pumping system,
it is viable to use solar panels with variable voltage.
System constant power supply is not necessarily needed, and speed of the
machine need not to be constant for pumping the water. This ability of variable
supply qualifies PVA as source with variable output power. To run the motor at
different speeds with different speed reference generation vector controller is
used to operate the voltage source inverter (VSI). To compare two machines
working using vector controllers, induction machine and permanent magnet
synchronous machine are considered.

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 Fig.1.1: Schematic diagram of the system
In this concept speed control of induction motor and permanent magnet
synchronous motor with vector control at different irradiations is modelled using
both PI and FUZZY logic controller. The simulation results are presented by using
Mat lab/Simulink software.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are typically used for high-
performance and high-efficiency motor drives. High-performance motor control is
characterized by smooth rotation over the entire speed range of the motor, full
torque control at zero speed, and fast acceleration and deceleration. To achieve
such control, vector control techniques are used for PM synchronous motors. The
vector control techniques are usually also referred to as field-oriented control
(FOC). The basic idea of the vector control algorithm is to decompose a stator
current into a magnetic field-generating part and a torque generating part. Both
components can be controlled separately after decomposition. Then, the structure
of the motor controller (vector control controller) is almost the same as a separately
excited DC motor, which simplifies the control of a permanent magnet
synchronous motor. Let’s start with some basic FOC principles.
A reactance torque of PMSM is generated by an interaction of two
magnetic fields (one on the stator and one on the rotor). The stator magnetic field
is represented by the magnetic flux/stator current. The magnetic field of the rotor
is represented by the magnetic flux of permanent magnets that is constant, except
for the field weakening operation. We can imagine those two magnetic fields as
two bar magnets, as we know a force, which tries to attract/repel those magnets,
is maximal, when they are perpendicular to each other. It means that we want to
3
control stator current in such a way that creates a stator vector perpendicular to
rotor magnets. As the rotor spins, we must update the stator currents to keep the
stator flux vector at 90 degrees to rotor magnets at all times. The reactance
torque of an interior PM type PMSM (IPMSM) is as follows, when stator and
rotor magnetic fields are perpendicular. pp – Number of pole pairs l PM –
Magnetic flux of the permanent magnets I qs – Amplitude of the current in
quadrature axis as shown in the previous equation, reactance torque is
proportional to the amplitude of the q-axis current, when magnetic fields are
perpendicular. MCUs must regulate the phase stator current magnitude and at the
same time in phase/angle, which is not such an easy task as DC motor control.
DC motor control is simple because all controlled quantities are DC
values in a steady state and current phase/ angle is controlled by a mechanical
commentator. How can we achieve that in PMSM control? DC Values/Angle
Control First, we need to know the rotor position. The position is typically
related to phase A. We can use an absolute position sensor (e.g., resolver) or a
relative position sensor (e.g., encoder) and process called alignment. During the
alignment, the rotor is aligned with phase A and we know that phase A is aligned
with the direct (flux producing) axis. In this state, the rotor position is set to zero
(required voltage in d-axis and rotor position is set to zero, static voltage vector,
which causes that rotor attracted by stator magnetic field and to align with them
[with direct axis]).
Three-phase quantities can transform into equivalent two-phase quantities
(stationary reference frame) by Clarke transformation. 2. Then, we transform two-
phase quantities into DC quantities by rotor electrical position into DC values
(rotating reference frame) by Park transformation. The electrical rotor position is
a mechanical rotor position divided by numbers of magnetic pole pairs pp.: PV
Cell Fed High Step-up DC-DC Converter for PMSM Drive Applications should
generate three-phase AC voltages on motor terminals, so DC values of the
required/generated voltage should be transformed by inverse Park/Clarke
transformations.

The simulation results show the performance improvement of PMSM motor

compared to Induction motor and it can be verified by MATLAB\SIMULINK.
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 1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the project is to design proposed PI-controller
feedback loop and fuzzy logic controller which is used for speed control of
PMSM and proposed dual switch converter maintain the output dc voltage
constant. The constant output dc voltage of dual switch converter is fed to six-
switch three-phase PWM inverter which is connected to PMSM (Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motor)

1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research work is undertaken in following stages;
i. Studied application of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
ii. Studied the theoretical basis of vector control of induction motor and
PMSM.
iii. Simulation of PI and fuzzy speed controller with vector control is preformed
using SIMULINK.
iv. Analyzed the simulation results.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of work for this project
 PI and FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS are designed.
 Simulation is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
 Performance is analyzed based on simulation results.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

This section gives an outline of the structure of the thesis. The following is an
explanation for each.

Chapter 2 deals with the information about the literature survey.

Chapter 3 deals with the general introduction to concept of System

design and basics.

Chapter 4 deals with the control strategy and speed controllers.

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Chapter 5 deals with the three-phase inverter and PWM techniques.

Chapter 6 deals with Induction motor and speed control methods.

Chapter 7 deals with PMSM and speed control methods.

Chapter 8 deals with simulation of chosen topology with corresponding results.

Chapter 9 deals with conclusions and scope for future work.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY AND PROBLEM
DEFINITION

2.1 INTRODUTION
A literature survey forms the basis on which a project can be built or
developed.
It forms the core to which ideas can be added and developed into a
comprehensive system, which will be able to cover the deficiencies of existing
system.
This chapter deals with the data and information accumulated after referring
to many books, articles technical papers written by well-known authors and the
problem definition of the project.

2.2 LITERATURESURVEY
“Performance improvement and speed control of IM and PMSM for
water pumping applications” have been a topic of interest for the last ten years.
Different authors have carried out modeling and simulation of such converter.
Some of them have been discussed in detail.
[1] Atlas, I. H.; Sharif, A.M: “A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for
Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment” Clean Electrical Power, IEEE Conf. 2007,
pp.341 –345.
IN 2007 Atlas, I. H.; Sharif, A.M proposed a new A photovoltaic array
(PVA) simulation model to be used in Matlab-Simulink GUI environment is
developed and presented in this paper. The model is developed using basic
circuit equations of the photovoltaic (PV) solar cells including the effects of
solar irradiation and temperature changes. The new model was tested using a
directly coupled dc load as well as ac load via an inverter. Test and validation
studies with proper load matching circuits are simulated and results are presented
here.
CONCLUSION:
This paper introduces a simulation model for photovoltaic arrays (PVA)
7
to be used in Mat lab- Simulink GUI environment. The proposed model has a
generalized structure so that it can be used as a PV power generator along with
wind, fuel cells and small hydro system by establishing proper interfacing and
controllers. The model is simulated connecting a three phase inverter showing
that, the generated dc voltage can be converted to ac and interfaced to ac loads as
well as ac utility grid system. Therefore the model proposed here can be
considered as a part of distributed power generation systems.

[2] J. T. Bialasiewicz, “Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power

generators: Operation and modeling,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55,
No. 7, pp. 2752–2758, Jul. 2008.
In 2008 J. T. Bialasiewicz discussed A substantial increase of
photovoltaic (PV) power generators installations has taken place in recent years,
due to the increasing efficiency of solar cells as well as the improvements of
manufacturing technology of solar panels. These generators are both grid-
connected and stand-alone applications. We present an overview of the essential
research results. The paper concentrates on the operation and modeling of stand-
alone power systems with PV power generators. Systems with PV array–inverter
assemblies, operating in the slave-and-master modes, are discussed, and the
simulation results obtained using a renewable energy power system modular
simulator are presented. These results demonstrate that simulation is an essential
step in the system development process and that PV power generators constitute
a valuable energy source. They have the ability to balance the energy and supply
good power quality. It is demonstrated that when PV array– inverters are
operating in the master mode in stand-alone applications, they will perform the
task of controlling the voltage and frequency of the power system. The
mechanism of switching the master function between the diesel generator and the
PV array–inverter assembly in a stand-alone power system is also proposed and
analyzed. Finally, some experimental results on a practical system are compared
to the simulation results and confirm the usefulness of the proposed approach to
the development of renewable energy systems with PV power generators.
CONCLUSION:
In this paper, we gave a short introduction to power generation systems

8
with PV power generators both in grid-connected and stand-alone applications.
This was followed by a presentation of research papers reporting essential
results. We discussed abilities of the RPM-SIM simulator to analyze standalone
renewable energy systems that include PV array–inverter assemblies. We
developed this modular simulation system to study applications and cost-
effective performance of renewable energy systems, analyze both static and
dynamic performance, develop control strategies, and simulate autonomous
renewable energy systems under different generation and load conditions (such
as different wind speeds, temperature, insulation conditions, and load profiles).
The PV array–inverter assembly is an important part of the power system both
for grid-connected and isolated operation. We discussed its interaction with
power systems. It is apparent that the PV array–inverter assembly has the ability
to balance the energy, and supply good power quality to the power network.

[3] S. Lee, P. Kim, and S. Cho, “High step-up soft-switched converters using
Voltagemultiplier cells,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no.7,
pp. 3379–3387, Jul. 2013.
An extension of his previous work S. Lee, P. Kim, and S. Cho in 2013 has
proposed a soft- switched dc–dc converter using voltage multiplier cells is
proposed for high-step up application. The proposed converter has the following
advantages: 1) doubled voltage conversion ratio of the basic configuration (N =
1) compared to the conventional boost converter; 2) zero voltage switching turn
ON of switches and zero current switching turn OFF of diodes; 3) low input
current ripple, reduced size of the passive component and current stresses of
switches due to interleaved structure, and 4) increased flexibility in device
selection by adjusting the number of voltage multiplier cells. The proposed
converter is compared to some high step-up converters. Experimental results
from a 1-kW prototype are provided to validate the proposed concept.
CONCLUSION:
This paper proposes a soft-switched dc–dc converter using voltage
multiplier cells for high-step up application. The proposed converter employs
two clamp switches which help not only clamp the voltage spikes caused by
parasitic inductance, but also achieve ZVS turn ON of switches and ZCS turn

9
OFF of diodes. The basic converter with N = 1 has doubled voltage conversion
ratio compared to the conventional boost converter. Combining the basic
converter with multiplier cells increases flexibility in device selection. The
proposed converter is compared to some high step-up converters in terms of
component ratings. Experimental results from a 1-kW prototype are provided to
validate the proposed concept.

[4] Timothy L.Skvarenina., "The Power Electronics Handbook," Industrial

Electronics Series, CRC Press LLC. ISBN 0-8493-7336-0, 2002.
In 2002 Timothy L.Skvarenina presented a brief description of basic
building blocks of electronics relevant to different laser sources and laser
systems. It discusses the operational basics and design of electronics packages
for the three common laser sources namely the solid‐ state, gas and
semiconductor diode lasers and the military systems configured around them.
DC/DC converters and DC/AC inverters belong to the category of switched
mode power supplies, SMPS. Linear power supplies are well‐ known for their
extremely good line and load regulation. SMPSs are designed in a variety of
circuit configurations depending upon the intended application. Almost all
switching supplies belong to one of the following three broad categories: fly
back converters, forward converters

And push‐ pull converters. Commonly used switching regulator configurations

include step‐ down or buck regulator, step-up or boost regulator and inverting
regulator. The chapter discusses some common constant current sources
configured around active devices.

[5] Marek Jasinski, Marian P.Kazmierkowski., "Direct Power Constant

Switching Frequency Control of AC/DC/AC Converter-Fed Induction Motor"
Industrial Technology, IEEE International Conference on Industrial
Technology (ICIT), Volume 2, 8-10 Dec, Page(s):611 616, 2004.
In 2004 Marek Jasinski, Marian P.Kazmierkowski presented A novel
control scheme for PWM rectifier inverter system is proposed. Fast control
strategies such as line voltage Sensor less Virtual Flux (VF) based Direct Power
Control with Space Vector Modulator (DPC-SVM) for PWM rectifier and Direct
10
Torque Control with Space Vector Modulator (DTC-SVM) for PWM inverter
side are used. These strategies lead to good dynamic and static behaviors of the
proposed control system - Direct Power and Torque Control Space Vector
Modulated (DPT-SVM). Simulated and experimented results show good
performances of the proposed system. Additional power feed forward (PF) loop
from a motor to PWM rectifier control side improves dynamic of the power flow
control. As a result, better input-output energy matching allows decreasing the
size of the dc-link capacitor.
CONCLUSION:
Virtual Flux Based Direct Power Control with Space Vector Modulator (DPC-SVM)
and Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulator (DTC-SVM) are applied to
aacldclac converter. The power of the PWM rectifier and torque of the induction motor
is controlled in direct manner. It means that control system operates with end- user
quantities. Hence, obtained Direct Power and Torque Control- Space Vector Modulated
(DPT-SVM) works as direct constant switching frequency control. Moreover, additional
PF was implemented and tested. Proposed control system assures:
 four quadrant operation (energy saving),
 good stabilization of the dc-voltage (allows to reduce a dc-link capacitor),
 IOW THD sinusoidal line current even for distorted noise resistant power
estimation algorithm,
 high dynamics of power and torque control,
 Low motor current and torque ripple. Line voltage
Power feed forward loop from the motor side to the PWM rectifier improved
control dynamics of the dc-link voltage. It allows better fUlfill.ing power
matching conditions under transient for PWM rectifier and PWM inverter/motor
system. Acldclac converter controlled by direct constant switching frequency
control can be used in industry to meet European Union directive (EN 61800-
3) But more laboratory test is required.

2.3 LITERATURE REVIEWCONCLUSION

Speed control of PMSM with high step up dual switch solar converter has been
a topic interest for last ten years. Different authors have carried out modeling and
simulation of such converters. This thesis gives a brief note the special features
possessed by Dual LLC Converter and modes of operations, modeling, and
speed control of PMSM by using speed and load torque techniques.

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 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAMS

Fig3.1: Proposed circuit topology with vector controller of IM and PVA

input

Fig3.2: Proposed circuit topology with vector controller of PMSM and

PVA input

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3.2 PVA ARRAY
In the proposed circuit topology specific PVA arrangement is used with
rating of the PMSM are taken with respect to it. In the proposed topology the
voltage rating of the PVA is taken at 300V during optimal solar irradiation (Ir) of
1000W/mt2. The voltages vary with respect to change in solar irradiation.

TABLE 1: RATING OF PV ARRAY

Name of the Parameter value
parameter
Each cell voltage Vc 0.42V

Each cell minimum 10Ma

current Ic

Number of series cells 715 Nos.

Ns
Number of parallel 33333 Nos.
cells Np
Benchmark solar 1000 W/mt2
irradiation Sc
Benchmark ambient 200C
temperature Tc

Short circuit current 5amp

Isc

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3.3 PV POWER CONVERSIONSYSTEMS
However, energy consumption to manufacture these PV cells is
significantly high. The second generation PV cells are based on amorphous
silicon, Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
(CIGS). These PV cells require a large input energy at the production stage. But
they need a relatively low amount of raw material with the absence of wafer
technology. The power conversion efficiency of these PV cells ranges from 10–
15% and these cells printed on thin films and are flexible compared to thin
silicon crystal-based first-generation solar cells. The third generation solar cells
are based on new technologies such as organic PV (OPV), dye-sensitized solar
cells (DSSC), multi-junction solar cells which show record breaking energy
conversion efficiency in the laboratory tests, and other types of solar cells that
are based on quantum dots. The main objectives behind developing third
generation solar cells are to reduce production cost and material usage, to have
quick and inexpensive large scale production and to reduce adverse
environmental effects by minimizing waste during production. The advancement
of cell printing technologies, and their stability and efficiency play key roles in
making OPV and DSSC as the most promising technologies based on current
status of third-generation PV cell developments.
The sun, which is the key source of energy in photovoltaic systems, can
be considered as a huge nuclear fusion reactor that produces 1020 MW of power
having approximately 6000℃ surface temperature. Sun radiates its energy in a
wide spectrum and the earth’s atmosphere receives around 1370 W/m2 of sun’s
energy. Nevertheless, all such energy reached at the earth’s atmosphere cannot
be received by the earth’s surface as atmospheric gases and water vapor
attenuates solar radiation while around one third is reflected back to the outer
space and another significant portion is scattered. Therefore, the amount of solar
energy received at the earth’s surface is dependent on the “Air mass” (AM) of
the atmosphere as given by figure. AM0 represents the solar radiation level at the
outer periphery of the atmosphere where there are no atmospheric gases present,
as shown in Figure On the other hand, AM1 represents the solar radiation
received when the sun is directly overhead (at zenith). If the sun’s angle is from
its zenith as shown.

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 Fig3.3: Spectrum of solar radiation.

Where the symbols are defined as follows:

e: electron charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).
k: Boltzmann
constant (1.38 × 10-
23 J/oK). Ic: cell
output current, A.
ℎ: Photo current, function of irradiation level and junction temperature (5 A).
: reverse saturation current of diode (0.0002 A).
: Series resistance of cell (0.001 Ω).
: Reference cell operating temperature (20 °C).
: cell output voltage, V.

3.4 PVA MODELING FORSIMULINK

A general block diagram of the PVA model for GUI environment of
Simulink is given in Fig.3.8 along with filter and load models. The block called
PVA model for GUI is the last stage of the model. This block contains the sub
models that are connected to build the final model. A diode (D1) is connected in
series with the load circuit to prevent the reverse current flow. A filter is
connected before the load to maintain a stable voltage. The filter contains a
series R-L and parallel C elements. The PVA consists of 33 PV cells all
connected in series to have a desired voltage output. Depending on the load

15
power required, the number of parallel branches can be increased to 2 or more.
The effects of the temperature and solar irradiation levels are represented by two
variables gains. They can be changed by dragging the slider gain adjustments of
these blocks named as variable temperature and variable solar irradiation.
3.5 VARIOUS ADVANTAGES OF SOLARENERGY
There are many advantages that solar energy has to offer over traditional
sources of energy like coal and oil. Not only it is completely renewable but is
also protects the environment. Here are some of the advantages of solar energy.
1. IT’S A RENEWABLERESOURCE
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy as it can be used to produce
electricity as long as the sun exists. Sunshine occurs naturally. As long as we are
alive, we are always going to see the sun, which means it is infinite. This energy
can be harnessed by installing solar panels that can reduce our dependence on
other countries for consistent supply of coal to produce electricity. This makes it
an attractive energy prospect for most countries that are looking to go completely
green in the future. Although solar energy cannot be produced during night and
cloudy days but it can be used again and again during day time. Solar energy
from sun is consistent and constant power source and can be used to harness
power even in remote locations.

2.IT’SECO-FRIENDLY
If you are scavenging the internet in search of ways to minimize your carbon
footprints, solar energy is the surefire answer. Solar energy will not only help
you dial back on your carbon footprint, but also oversize your systems to ensure
you live in a carbon-free house. Some states in the U.S. even allow individuals to
invest in other people’s roofs to create a lot more solar energy. Solar energy is an
alternative for fossil fuels as it is non-polluting, clean, reliable and renewable
source of energy. It does not pollute the air by releasing harmful gases like
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide or sculpture oxide.
So, the risk of damage to the environment is reduced. Solar energy also does
not require any fuel to produce electricity and thus avoids the problem of
transportation of fuel or storage of radioactive waste.

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3. CUTS BACK ON ELECTRICITYBILL
One of the most interesting things about solar energy is that it can help you
minimize your annoying utility bills. You can accomplish this by installing solar
panels in your home. Solar energy takes up energy consuming activities like
heating water and heating homes. Solar energy has the potential to save you up to
20% of your energy costs, even after financing costs are factored in. And with
the ever rocketing of electricity costs, you could save up to $60,000 in the next
30years.

4. CAN ENHANCE THE VALUE OF AHOME

If you are looking to sell your home in the future, suffice to know that
installation of solar technologies can significantly increase its value. This
especially manifests in areas where buyers are more likely to buy a home
installed with solar panels like high populated cities where environmental
degradation is taken seriously by the authorities. According to research findings,
solar panels can add up to $20,000 to the value of a house.
5. REQUIRES LITTLEMAINTENANCE
The cost of installing a solar panel can be high. But once it’s up and running, you
will enjoy the benefits for many years, while injecting just a small amount for its
maintenance. If your energy needs change and you desire to add more panels, it
would be a lot easier. Initial cost that is incurred once can be recovered in the
long run that range from 10 years – 15 years. Apart from this, solar panel does
not create any noise or release any toxic substances

Fig3.4: PVA SUBSYSTEM DIAGRAM

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 3.6 DESIGN OF WATER PUMP:

A centrifugal-pump is attached with PMSM shaft which pumps the water

which is designed to operate at its rated and speed in a way that full volume
of water is pumped at STC. Torque of centrifugal pump is
Tm=c1ꙍ2+sign(ꙍ).(c2e-c3|ꙍ|)+c4 which is derived from affinity laws of power
equation

Pm=k1ꙍ3-k2ꙍ2 power +k3ꙍ in which lower order terms are neglected then

Pm=k1ꙍ3

k1=Pm /ꙍ3 =1.94e-4

The rated torque is Tr=Pm/ꙍ= =19 N-m

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 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY AND SPEED
CONTROLLER

4.1 CONTROL STRATEGY:

The proposed system control is categorized into two portions: SPV array output
power control by using MPPT-technique and PMSM electronic-commutation.
These controls approaches are described below.

4.1.1 MPPT ALGORITHM:

To extract the maximum power from the solar PV module and transfer that power
to the load, a MPPT is used. A dc/dc converter (step up/step down) transfers
maximum power from the solar PV module to the load and it acts as an interface
between the load and the module. Maximum power is transferred by varying the
load impedance as seen by the source and matching it at the peak power of it when
the duty cycle is changed. In order to maintain PV array’s operating at its MPP,
different MPPT techniques are required. In the literature many MPPT techniques
are proposed such as, the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method, Incremental
Conductance (IC) method, Fuzzy Logic Method etc. Of these, the two most popular
MPPT techniques (Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance
methods) are used.

Incremental Conductance (IC) Algorithm

Incremental Conductance (IC) method overcomes the disadvantage of the perturb and
observe method in tracking the peak power under fast varying atmospheric condition.
This method can determine whether the MPPT has reached the MPP and also stops
perturbing the operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the
MPPT operating point must be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship
between dl/dV and –I/V.
This relationship is derived from the fact that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT is to
the right of the MPP and positive when it is to the left of the MPP. This algorithm
determines when the MPPT has reached the MPP, where as P&O oscillates around the
MPP. This is clearly an advantage over P&O. Also, incremental conductance can

19
track rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance conditions with higher accuracy
than perturb and observe method . The disadvantage of this algorithm is that it is more
complex when compared to P&O. The algorithm can be easily understood by the
following flow chart which is shown in figure.

Fig4.1: Incremental Conductance Algorithm

Fig4.2: Simulink Model of InC MPPT with dc-dc Converter

Figure (a) Current output Figure (b) Voltage output Figure (c) Power output

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 4.1.2 VECTROL CONTROL (FOC)
Vector control is also known as decoupling or field orientated control. Vector control
decouples three phase stator current into two phase d-q axis current, one producing
flux and other producing torque. This allows direct control of flux and torque. So, by
using vector control, the PMSM is equivalent into a separately excited dc machine.
The model of PMSM is nonlinear. So, by using vector control, the model of PMSM is
linear. The scheme of vector control is based on coordinate transformation and motor
torque equation by means of controlling stator current to improve the performances of
motor, and is widely used in the field of PMSM servo system. In the control of a
three-phase PMSM system, modulated current is supplied to the A-B-C stator
windings to build rotated magnetic field and drive the rotator. The vector control
strategy is formulated in the synchronously rotating reference frame. By Clarke-Park
transformations and inverse transformations the equivalent relations of currents are
built among a.b,c stator coordinates, stationary α, β axis coordinates and rotating d, q
axis coordinates. Fig.2. shows a vector diagram of the PMSM. Phase a is assumed to
be the reference. The instantaneous position of the rotor (and hence rotor flux) is at θr
from phase a. The application of vector control, so as to make it similar to a DC
machine, demands that the quadrature axis current iq be in quadrature to the rotor
flux. Consequently id has to be along the rotor flux since in the reference used id lags
iq by 90°. If id is in the same direction as the rotor flux, the d axis stator flux adds to
the rotor flux that leads to increase in the net air gap flux. On the other hand if id is
negative then the stator d-axis flux is in opposite to that of the rotor flux resulting in a
decrease in air gap flux.

4.2 SPEED CONTROLLER:

The photovoltaic water pumping system according to the speed rotation of the PMSM
motor which drives the centrifugal pump, then the speed of motor control is add to the
speed controller returns to the start of water constant. In this work we consider two
types of controllers: proportional integral (PI) controller and fuzzy logic controller
(FLC).

21
4.2.1 Proportional Integral Regulator
The traditional regulator PI is the most used in regulation because it is simple and
reliable in operation. So in this the PI is used for speed control of PMSM, so the rotor
speed (ωr) and compared with the reference speed (ωr*). As shown in the following
equations.
= − ( − 1)

∆ = − ( − 1)

The quadrate current reference is given by:

− = − −1+ .∆ ( )+ . (x)

Where,er(x): speed error of working interval,

er(x-1): speed error of previous interval,
Kp and Ki: proportional and integrator speed controller gains, respectively.

4.2.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller:

The fuzzy controller is an intelligent controller defines the laws of control of all the
system from adopting rules, he composed two inputs: error and variation in the error
rate as expressed
= − ( − 1)

∆ = − ( − 1)

It involves three steps: fuzzification, inference and defuzzification. The Fig

presents the diagram of fuzzy logic controller.

22
Fig4.3:Structure of fuzzy logic controller

23
 Fig 4.4: Rules of fuzzy logic controller

Fig 4.5: Surface of fuzzy logic controller

The inference rules will be illustrated in Table with two input variables as (e) and (Δe)
where (d) as the output

24
Table 2. Fuzzy rules

25
 CHAPTER 5

THREE PHASE INVERTER

5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the three-phase inverter and its functional operation are
discussed. In order to realize the three-phase output from a circuit employing dc
as the input voltage a three-phase inverter has to be used. The inverter is build of
switching devices, thus the way in which the switching takes place in the inverter
gives the required output. In this chapter the concept of switching function and
the associated switching matrix is explained. Lastly the alternative as to how the
inverter topologies can be formed is presented.

5.2 THREE-PHASEINVERTER
The dc to ac converters more commonly known as inverters, depending
on the type of the supply source and the related topology of the power circuit, are
classified as voltage source inverters (VSIs) and current source inverters (CSIs).
The single-phase inverters and the switching patterns were discussed elaborately
in Chapter two and so the three phase inverters are explained in detail here.
Three-phase counterparts of the single-phase full bridge voltage source
inverters are shown in Figure 5.1. Single-phase VSIs cover low-range power
applications and three-phase VSIs cover medium to high power applications. The
main purpose of these topologies is to provide a three-phase voltage source,
where the amplitude, phase and frequency of the voltages can be controlled. The
three-phase dc/ac voltage source inverters are extensively being used in motor
drives, active filters and unified power flow controllers in power systems and
uninterrupted power supplies to generate controllable frequency and ac voltage
magnitudes using various pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies. The
standard three-phase inverter shown in Figure 5.1 has six switches the switching
of which depends on the modulation scheme. The input dc is usually obtained
from a single-phase or three phase utility power supply through a diode-bridge
rectifier and LC or C filter.

26
 Fig 5.1: Three-phase Full –Bridge Inverter.
The inverter has eight switch states given in Table 4.1.1 as explained
earlier in order that the circuit satisfies the KVL and the KCL, both of the
switches in the same leg cannot be turned ON at the same time, as it would short
the input voltage violating the KVL. Thus the nature of the two switches in the
same leg is complementary. In accordance to Figure5.1

11 + 12 = 1 (1)
21 + 22 = 1 (2)
31 + 32 = 1 (3)

Table 3: The switching states in a three-phase inverter.

27
 Of the eight switching states as shown in Table 5.1.1 two of them
produce zero ac line voltage at the output. In this case, the ac line currents
freewheel through either the upper or lower components. The remaining states
produce no zero ac output line voltages. In order to generate a given voltage
waveform, the inverter switches from one state to another. Thus the resulting ac
output line voltages consist of discrete values of voltages, which are -VDC, 0, and
VDC.

5.3 SINUSOIDAL PWM IN THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE

SOURCEINVERTERS
As in the single phase voltage source inverters PWM technique can be
used in three-phase inverters, in which three sine waves phase shifted by 120°
with the frequency of the desired output voltage is compared with a very high
frequency carrier triangle, the two signals are mixed in a comparator whose
output is high when the sine wave is greater than the triangle and the comparator
output is low when the sine wave or typically called the modulation signal is
smaller than the triangle. This phenomenon is shown in Figure 5.2. As is
explained the output voltage from the inverter is not smooth but is a discrete
waveform and so it is more likely than the output wave consists of harmonics,
which are not usually desirable since they deteriorate the performance of the
load, to which these voltages are applied.

28
Fig 5.2: PWM illustration by the sine-triangle comparison method

(a) sine-triangle comparison (b) switching pulse

29
 Three types of carrier signals are commonly used in constant-frequency PWM:

Fig.5.3: Constant-frequency PWM implemented by a comparator with different

carrier signals

30
1. Sawtooth Carrier, reported in Fig. 5.3b: The leading (rising) edge of PWM
output occurs at fixed instants in time while the position of the trailing (falling)
edge is modulated as the reference signal level varies. Hence the method is also
called constant-frequency trailing-edge modulation.

2. Inverted Saw tooth Carrier, reported in Fig.5.3c: The trailing (falling) edge of
PWM output occurs at fixed instants in time while the position of the leading
(rising) edge is modulated as the reference signal level varies. The method is
usually referred to as constant-frequency leading-edge modulation.
3. Triangle Carrier, reported in Fig.5.3d: Both the leading edge and the trailing
edge of the PWM output is modulated. The rising and falling edge of the triangle
are usually symmetric so that the pulse is centered within a carrier cycle when
the reference is a constant. The method is called constant- frequency double-edge
modulation.
The modulation signals are thus selected so meet some specifications, like
harmonic elimination, higher fundamental component and so on. The phase
voltages can be obtained from the line voltages.

5.4 ADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM

OVER SINGLE PHASE SYSTEMS
The advantages of poly phase system over single phase systems are given below:
1. Power delivered is constant. In single phase circuit the power delivered is
pulsating and objectionable for many applications.
2. For a given frame size a poly phase machine gives a higher output than a
single phase machine.
3. Poly phase induction motors are self starting and are more efficient.
Single phase motor has no starting torque and requires an auxiliary
means for starting.
4. Comparing with single phase motor, three phase induction motor has
higher power factor and efficiency.
Three phase motors are very robust, relatively cheap, and generally
smaller, have self-starting properties, provide a steadier output and
require little maintenance compared with single phase motors.

31
5. For transmitting the same amount of power at the same voltage, a three
phase transmission line requires less conductor material than a single
phase line. The three phase transmission system is so cheaper. For a
given amount of power transmitted through a system, the three phase
system requires conductors with a smaller cross-sectional area. This
means a saving of copper and thus the original installation costs are less.
6. Poly phase motors have uniform torque whereas most of the single phase
motors have pulsating torque.
7. Parallel operation of three-phase generators is simpler than that of single
phase generator.
8. Poly phase system can set up rotating magnetic field in stationary windings.

32
 CHAPTER 6

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

6.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT (PMSM)

Fig6.1: Block diagram of PVA connected PMSM drive.

6.2 EXPLANATION

In this proposed topology of speed control of pmsm drive takes the input
power from the PVA which consists of series and parallel cells and creates dc
output voltage i.e. 30V(dc).and which has ripples hence filter is used reduced the
ripples of voltage and the dc voltage converted to ac voltage by using 3-phase
inverter after inverter connected to pmsm drive and which is controlled by a
feedback loop to control the inverter switches by using speed and current
controller and also using hysteresis current loop. Then the speed of pmsm is
improved by fuzzy logic controller than the PI.

33
6.3 INTRODUCTION

Permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors are widely used in low and
mid power applications such as computer peripheral equipments, robotics,
adjustable speed drives and electric vehicles. The growth in the market of PM
motor drives has demanded the need of simulation tools capable of handling
motor drive simulations. Simulations have helped the process of developing new
systems including motor drives, by reducing cost and time. Simulation tools
have the capabilities of performing dynamic simulations of motor drives in a
visual environment so as to facilitate the development of new systems.
In this Project, the simulation of a field oriented controlled PM motor
drive system is developed using Simulink. The simulation circuit will include all
realistic components of the drive system. This enables the calculation of currents
and voltages in different parts of the inverter and motor under transient and
steady conditions. The losses in different parts can be calculated facilitating the
design of the inverter.
A closed loop control system with a PI controller in the speed loop has
been designed to operate at different irradiations.

6.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVESYSTEM

This chapter deals with the description of the different components such
as permanent magnet motors, position sensors, inverters and current controllers
of the drive system. A review of permanent magnet materials and classification
of permanent magnet motors is also given.

6.4.1PERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
The motor drive consists of four main components, the
PM motor, inverter, and control Unit and the position
sensor. The components are connected as shown in
figure6.2

34
 Fig 6.2: Drive System Schematic
A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a motor that uses
permanent magnets to produce the air gap magnetic field rather than using
electromagnets. These motors have significant advantages, attracting the interest
of researchers and industry for use in many applications.

6.4.2 FLUX DENSITYDISTRIBUTION

PM motors are classified on the basis of the flux density distribution and
the shape of current excitation. They are PMSM and PM brushless motors
(BLDC). The PMSM has a sinusoidal-shaped back EMF and is designed to
develop sinusoidal back EMF waveforms.
They have the following:
1. Sinusoidal distribution of magnet flux in the air gap
2. Sinusoidal current waveforms
3. Sinusoidal distribution of stator conductors.
BLDC has a trapezoidal-shaped back EMF and is designed to
develop trapezoidal Back EMF waveforms. They have the
following:
1. Rectangular distribution of magnet flux in the air gap.
2. Rectangular current waveform.
3. Concentrated stator windings.
In PM motors, the magnets can be placed in two different ways on the
rotor. Depending on the placement they are called either as surface permanent

35
magnet motor or interior permanent magnet motor. Surface mounted PM motors
have a surface mounted permanent magnet rotor. Each of the PM

Is mounted on the surface of the rotor, making it easy to build, and specially
skewed poles are easily magnetized on this surface mounted type to minimize
cogging torque. This configuration is used for low speed applications because of
the limitation that the magnets will fly apart during high-speed operations. These
motors are considered to have small saliency, thus having practically equal
inductances in both axes. The permeability of the permanent magnet is almost
that of the air, thus the magnetic material becoming an extension of the air gap.
For a surface permanent magnet motor Ld= Lq. The rotor has an iron core that
may be solid or may be made of punched laminations for simplicity in
manufacturing. Thin permanent magnets are mounted on the surface of this core
using adhesives. Alternating magnets of the opposite magnetization direction
produce radially directed flux density across the air gap. This flux density then
reacts with currents in windings placed in slots on the inner surface of the stator
to produce torque. Figure 6.3 shows the placement of the magnet.

Fig 6.3: Surface of Permanent Magnet Motor

Interior PM Motors have interior mounted permanent magnet rotor as shown in
figure6.3each permanent magnet is mounted inside the rotor. It is not as common
as the surface mounted type but it is a good candidate for high-speed operation.
There is inductance variation for this type of rotor because the permanent magnet
part is equivalent to air in the magnetic circuit calculation. These motors are
considered to have saliency with q axis inductance greater than the d axis
36
 inductance ( Lq>Ld).

6.5 POSITIONSENSOR
Operation of permanent magnet synchronous motors requires position sensors in
the rotor shaft when operated without damper winding. The need of knowing the
rotor position requires the development of devices for position measurement.
There are four main devices for the measurement of position, the potentiometer,
linear variable differential transformer, optical encoder and resolvers. The ones
most commonly used for motors are encoders and revolvers. Depending on the
application and performance desired by the motor a position sensor with the
required accuracy can be selected.

6.6 CURRENT CONTROLLED INVERTER

The motor is fed form a voltage source inverter with current control. The
control is performed by regulating the flow of current through the stator of the
motor. Current controllers are used to generate gate signals for the inverter.
Proper selection of the inverter devices and selection of the control technique
will guarantee the efficacy of the drive.

6.6.1 INVERTER
Voltage Source Inverters are devices that convert a DC voltage to AC
voltage of variable frequency and magnitude. They are very commonly used in
adjustable speed drives and are characterized by a well defined switched voltage
wave form in the terminals. Figure 6.4 shows a voltage source inverter. The AC
voltage frequency can be variable or constant depending on the application.
Fig 6.4: Voltage Source Inverter Connected to a Motor

37
 Three phase inverters consist of six power switches connected as shown
in figure 6.4 to a DC voltage source. The inverter switches must be carefully
selected based on the requirements of operation, ratings and the application.
There are several devices available today and these are thyristors, bipolar
junction transistors (BJTs), MOS field effect transistors (MOSFETs), insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and gate turn off thyristors (GTOs). The devices
list with their respective power switching capabilities are shown in table 6.2.1
MOSFETs and IGBTs are preferred by industry because of the MOS gating
permits high power gain and control advantages. While MOSFET is considered a
universal power device for low power and low voltage applications, IGBT has
wide acceptance for motor drives and other application in the low and medium
power range. The power devices when used in motor drives applications require
an inductive motor current path provided by antiparallel diodes when the switch
is turned off. Inverters with antiparallel diodes are shown in figure
Table 4: Devices Power and Switching Capabilities

IGBTs provide high input impedance and are used for high voltage applications.
The high input impedance allows the device to switch with a small amount of
energy and for high voltage applications the device must have large blocking
voltage ratings. The device behavior is described by parameters like voltage drop
or on-resistance, turn on time and turn off time.

38
6.6.2 CURRENTCONTROL
The power converter in a high-performance motor drive used in motion control essentially
functions as a power amplifier, reproducing the low power level control signals generated
in the field orientation controller at power levels appropriate for the driven machine. High-
performance drives utilize control strategies which develop command signals for the
AC machine currents. The basic reason for the selection of current as the controlled
variable is the same as for the DC machine; the stator dynamics (effects of stator
resistance, stator inductance, and induced EMF) are eliminated. Thus, to the extent
that the current regulator functions as an ideal current supply, the order of the
system under control is reduced and the complexity of the controller can be
significantly simplified. Current regulators for AC drives are complex because an
AC current regulator must control both the amplitude and phase of the stator
current. The AC drive current regulator forms the inner loop of the overall motion
controller. As such, it must have the widest bandwidth in the system and must, by
necessity, have zero or nearly zero steady-state error. Both current source inverters
(CSI) and voltage source inverters (VSI) can be operated in controlled current
modes. The current source inverter is a "natural" current supply and can readily be
adapted to controlled current operation. The voltage source inverter requires more
complexity in the current regulator but offers much higher bandwidth and
elimination of current harmonics as compared to the CSI and is almost exclusively
used for motion control applications. Current controllers can be classified into two
groups, hysteresis and PWM current controllers. Both types are discussed below.

6.6.3 HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER

Hysteresis current controller can also be implemented to control the

inverter currents. The controller will generate the reference currents with the
inverter within a range which is fixed by the width of the band gap. In this
controller the desired current of a given phase is summed with the negative of
the measured current. The error is fed to a comparator having a hysteresis band.
When the error crosses the lower limit of the hysteresis band, the upper switch of
the inverter leg is turned on. But when the current attempts to become less than
the upper reference band, the bottom switch is turned on. Figure 6.5 shows the
39
hysteresis band with the actual current and the resulting gate signals. This
controller does not have a specific switching frequency and changes
continuously but it is related with the bandwidth.

Fig 6.5: Hysteresis controller

40
 6.7 MODELING OF PM DRIVESYSTEM
This chapter deals with the detailed modeling of a permanent magnet
synchronous motor. Field oriented control of the motor in constant torque and
flux-weakening regions are discussed. Closed loop control of the motor is
developed using a PI controller in the speed loop. Design of the speed controller
is discussed.

6.7.1DETAILED MODELING OFPMSM

Detailed modeling of PM motor drive system is required for proper simulation of
the system. The d-q model has been developed on rotor reference frame as
shown in figure 6.7. At any time t, the rotating rotor d-axis makes and angle θr
with the fixed stator phase axis and rotating stator mmf makes an angle α with
the rotor d-axis. Stator mmf rotates at the same speed as that of the rotor.

Fig 6.6: Motor Axis

41
 The model of PMSM without damper winding has been developed on rotor
reference frame using the following assumptions:
a) Saturation is neglected.
b) The induced EMF is sinusoidal.
c) Eddy currents and hysteresis losses are negligible.
d) There are no field current dynamics.

Voltage equations are given by:

Vq= Rsiq+ωrλd+ρλq (1)
Vd= Rs id −ωrλq+ρλd (2)

6.7.2PARKS TRANSFORMATION AND DYNAMIC

DQ MODELING

The dynamic d q modeling is used for the study of motor during transient and steady
state. It is done by converting the three phase voltages and currents to dqo variables
by using Parks transformation. Converting the phase voltages variables vabc to vdqo
variables in rotor reference frame the following equations are obtained

(3)

Convert Vdqo to Vabc

(4)

6.8 SPEED CONTROL OF PMSM MOTOR

Many applications, such as robotics and factory automation, require
precise control of speed and position. Speed Control Systems allow one to easily
set and adjust the speed of a motor. The control system consists of a speed
feedback system, a motor, an inverter, a controller and a speed setting device. A
properly designed feedback controller makes the system insensible to disturbance
and changes of the parameters. The purpose of a motor speed controller is to take
a signal representing the demanded speed, and to drive a motor at that speed.

42
 Closed Loop speed control systems have fast response, but become expensive
due to the need of feedback components such as speed sensors.
6.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPEED CONTROL LOOP
For a PM motor drive system with a full speed range the system will
consist of a motor, an inverter, a controller (constant torque and flux weakening
operation, generation of reference currents and PI controller) as shown in figure

Fig6.7: Block Diagram of speed control of PMSM

43
 The operation of the controller must be according to the speed range. For
operation up to rated speed it will operate in constant torque region and for
speeds above rated speed it will operate in flux- weakening region. In this region
the d-axis flux and the developed torque are reduced.
Speed controller calculates the difference between the reference speed
and the actual speed producing an error, which is fed to the PI controller. PI
controllers are used widely for motion control systems. They consist of a
proportional gain that produces an output proportional to the input error and an
integration to make the steady state error zero for a step change in the input.
Block diagram of the PI controller is shown in figure6.9

Fig 6.8: PI Controller

Speed control of motors mainly consist of two loops the inner loop for current
and the outer loop for speed. The order of the loops is due to their response, how
fast they can be changed. This requires a current loop at least 10 times faster than
the speed loop.
Since the PMSM is operated using field oriented control, it can be
modeled like a dc motor. The design begins with the innermost current loop by
drawing the block diagram. But in PMSM drive system the motor has current
controllers which make the current loop. The current control is performed by the
comparison of the reference currents with the actual motor currents.

44
Fig.6.9: Internal control structure of current control

45
 The rating of the PMSM is give table 5:

Parameter Value
Phase resistance 0.2 ohms
Phase inductance 8.5e-3 H
Flux linkage 0.175 Wb
Inertia 0.089kg.m^2
Friction constant 0.005N.m.s
Pairs of poles 4
Type of rotor Salient pole machine

The PVA connected to the dual switch converter has 70 cells in series with each
cell voltage at 0.42V. The complete output voltage of PVA is 30V. And the
number of parallel cells connected to the PVA is 7333 with 10mA current output
of each cell, where the complete output current of the PVA is 73.33 amps. The
power output of the PVA is given as

Ppv = 70 x 0.42 x 7333 x 0.01=2.15kW (5)

The gain of the converter is given as

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ (6)
GK = VO/VIN =

Where, Vo is output voltage of converter, Vin is input voltage from PVA, Vc1, Vc2,
Vc3, Vc4 are the voltages across the capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 respectively.

46
6.9PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT (IM):

Fig 6.10: Vector control of induction machine

The speed, torque and flux controllers have PI controllers with specific Kp and Ki
values for generation of reference voltage d-q axis component.

6.10 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

DRIVE SYSTEM FOR APPLICATIONS

In this paper, a field oriented controlled PM motor drive system is

described and analyzed due to its importance in many applications especially in
mechatronics applications. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) are
widely applied in industrial and robotic applications due to their high efficiency,
low inertia and high torque – to – volume ratio. A closed loop control system
with a PI controller in the speed loop has been designed to operate in constant
torque angle and flux weakening regions. A comparative study of hysteresis and
PWM control schemes associated with current controllers has been made. Then,
the simulation of a field oriented controlled PM motor drive system is developed
using Simulink. The simulation circuits for PM synchronous motor, inverter,
speed and current controllers include all realistic components of the drive
system. Simulation results for both hysteresis and PWM control schemes
associated with current controllers are given for two speeds of operation, one
below rated and another above rated speed.

47
 CHAPTER 7
SIMULINK RESULTS AND OUTPUTS

7.1 SIMULINK MODEL OF PROJECT

48
SIMULINK MODEL OF IM

49
SIMULINK MODEL OF SPEED CONTROLLER

THREE PHASE INVERTER

50
SPEED CONTROLLER(PI)

51
TORQUE CONTROLLER

MEASURES

52
7.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The PVA integrated VSI with PMSM drive controlled by MPPT speed reference
vector-oriented control is modelled in MATLAB Simulink and simulation is carried
out for 4secs. The results generated from the model are graphs with respect to time.
The solar irradiation is varied from 1000W/mt2 to 500W/mt2 at 2sec.

Fig7.1: Voltage of PVA with respect to variable solar irradiation

53
 Fig7.2: Speed reference generation from MPPT controller
In the above graphs the PVA voltage (Vpva) and speed reference (Nref) generation
are changed with respect to change in solar irradiation (Ir) at 2sec. The speed
reference is changed from 1500rmp to 820rpm at 2sec by the MPPT controller.

Fig 7.3: Current input to PMSM

54
 Fig 7.4: Current input to IM

Fig 7.5: Speed comparison of PMSM with PI and Fuzzy.

55
Fig7.6: Electromagnetic torque of PMSM

Fig 7.7: Electromagnetic torque of IM

56
 Fig7.8: Speed comparison of PMSM and IM
The above are the graphs of PMSM and IM characteristics with measurement of
speed, currents and electromagnetic torque of the machines changing with respect
to the reference speed generation from MPPT controller.

57
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION
With the above modeling of PVA integrated vector controlled VSI for PMSM
and IM drive with MPPT speed reference controller the PMSM and IM is changing
its speed with respect to change in solar irradiation. The speed of the motors is
changing from 1500rpm to 820 rpm as per the reference speed given by the MPPT
controller. The motor now is operating in required speed with change in solar
irradiation for pumping water and will be stopped when there is no PVA power
input during night time. The settling of speed in PMSM is faster and has reduced
disturbance as compared to IM. The PMSM speed controller with fuzzy system has
better speed response than the PI controller.

8.2 FUTURESCOPE
Some suggestions for future research in relation to either some issues
which were unsolved in the thesis or some ideas that can improve the
performance of electric drive system are demonstrated below.
The modulation method can be improved. Adaptive fuzzy control and
ANN is adopted due to its simplicity and acceptable performances. Experimental
tests should be carried out to further verify the simulation results. However the
performance of the system improves by controlling the speed with this
controller’s hence faster response can be obtained.
That would be fascinating to investigate and test how the motor control
unit behaves experimentally.

58
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