-1-

LI NI U
Vit Nam l mt quc gia c tim nng ln v bin, vi chiu di b bin ln
ti 3260km tri di t Bc xung Nam. tn dng v khai thc ngun ti nguyn
bin, hin nay nc ta c hng ngn, hng vn con tu tham gia hot ng khai
thc thu hi sn. Ko theo l rt nhiu c s, xng sa cha v ng tu c
xy dng trn hu ht cc tnh ven bin c bit l cc xng sa cha v ng tu
g. Nhng hin nay c mt thc trng ng lo ngi l hu ht cc xng ng mi
hin nay u ng tu c theo kinh nghim dn gian m khng c bn v thit k.
Ti c B mn ng tu giao thc hin n: Thit K S B Tu
Cu C Ng i Dng K Tha Kinh Nghim Ca Ng Dn Ph Yn .
n p dng phng php thit k mi ca PGS-TS Nguyn Quang Minh l:
Phng php thit k ti u tu da trn c s kinh nghim dn gian
n c trnh by trong 4 chng:
Chng 1: t vn .
Chng 2: Thit k ti u ng hnh tu.
Chng 3: La chn b tr chung, tnh ton thit b v kim tra tnh nng ca tu.
Chng 4: Cc kin tho lun.
Trong qu trnh thc hin n ny, nh s gip tn tnh ca Khoa ng
Tu, thy gio hng dn PGS-TS Nguyn Quang Minh v cc ch, cc anh lm
vic Chi Cc Bo V Ngun Li Thu Sn Ph Yn , n nay ti hon thnh
xong n. Ti xin chn thnh cm n.
Do trnh chuyn mn cn hn ch, ti liu cn t v thi gian khng
nhiu nn thiu st l iu kh trnh khi. Rt mong qu thy c nh gi, ph
bnh v s ng gp kin ca cc bn.
Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007
Sinh vin thc hin
PHM THANH HO

-2-

Chng 1 .

TNG QUAN

1.1 .KHI QUT CHUNG V NGH CU C NG I DNG NC

TA
1.1.1. Khi qut chung
Ngh cu xut hin rt sm v ph bin vi nhiu phng thc cu khc nhau
nh cu tay, cu cn, cu vng v.v..vi ngh cu khi, ngay t xa xa ng cha ta
dng cc loi tu c nh chy bng sc gi i cu xa b. T qua qu trnh pht
trin, ngh cu c nhiu thay i cho php tu i xa hn. Ngh cu c ng c du
nhp vo Vit Nam vo nhng nm u ca th k XX v hin nay ngh ny cung
cp c xut khu c gi tr v ang c pht trin mnh nc ta.
Trn th gii, ngh cu c ng i dng c t lu vi sn lng ln. Cc
nc c sn lng nh bt ln l Nht Bn, M, Ty Ban Nha, Php, Hn Quc
nc ta, ngh cu c ng i dng mi pht trin nn n cn l mt ngh ht sc
mi m v cn nhiu hn ch lm nh hng n sn lng c ng nh bt c
nh: tu thuyn c cng sut thp, khng c tu chuyn dng, k thut nh bt cha
cao v.v.. tuy vy sn lng c ng i dng khai thc c vn chim mt phn ln
trong tng sn lng thy sn nh bt c t ngh nh bt xa b hng nm ca
nc ta.
Ngh cu c ng i dng nc ta pht trin mnh cc tnh ven bin
min Trung v min Nam Trung B nh, Nng, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha,
Bnh Thun, Vng Tu. Ti cc tnh ny hnh thnh i tu cng sut ln, ch yu
hot ng qun o Trng Sa vi sn lng bnh qun t t 3000 5000
tn/nm
c im ca ngh cu c ng i dng.
-

Cho sn lng nh bt v cht lng cao.

Phng tin nh bt gn nh, ph hp cho lp t trang thit b hin i

p ng c yu cu khai thc di ngy trn bin.

Ng trng khai thc rng.

S dng t nhn lc.

-3-

Bo v ngun li thy sn.

1.1.2. Ng trng, ma v v i tng khai thc ngh cu

Ng trng ngh cu
tin hnh khai thc cn phi c thng tin y v ng trng, tr lng v
kh nng khai thc, ma v, c tnh n mi ca i tng khai thc.v.v..mi thu
c hiu qu v nng sut cao ng thi bo v c ngun li thy sn. Ng
trng khai thc chnh ca ngh cu c ng i dng nm 50 n 150 v Bc
v 110 n 150 kinh ng.
Hin nay, ng dn nc ta ang khai thc c ng vng bin t Tha Thin
Hu vo trong, ln nc su t 100 m tr ra. Ng trng ny nm pha ng
bc qun o Trng Sa, c ly khong 500 km, cch Phan Thit 750 km v pha
ng.
Ma v khai thc
-

V c nam (ma chnh)

V ny ko di t thng 10 n thng 3 nm sau. Trong v ny sn lng c

ng mt to nhiu hn c ng mt vng cht lng c v ny tt nht trong nm.
-

V bc (ma ph )

V ny ko di t thng 4 n thng 9. Sn lng c ng vy vng trong v ny

nhiu hn c ng mt to, cht lng c v ny km hn v trc
Cc i tng khai thc
C ng i dng thuc h c thu ng (Scombridac), l c ni v di c t do,
chng thng tp trung thnh tng n ln. Vit Nam, hin nay c khong hn 10
loi c ng i dng trong c 5 loi c tr lng cao, trng lng ln v c gi
tr kinh t cao. l ng vn, ng vy xanh, ng mt to, ng vy vng v ng vy
di. Trong ng vy vng v ng vy di c nh bt nhiu nht, hai loi ny c
trng lng ln cht lng tht thm ngon nn c th trng th gii a chung
1.2 .TNG QUAN V NGNH TU THUYN V KINH T THU SN
CA TNH PH YN
1.1.

iu kin t nhin ca tnh

-4-

Ph Yn l tnh nm khu vc Nam Trung B, din tch t nhin 5045 km 2 v

tri di t v 130o4428B n v 120o 4236B, t kinh 108o4040 n
kinh 109o2747. Ph Yn c chiu di b bin ko di t Bc (Mi Bn Thang)
n Nam (Chn Hn Na) di khong 190km, c nhiu di ni n ra bin hnh thnh
cc eo vnh, m ph. Cng vi cc vng bi triu nc l, ca sng nhiu dinh
dng to nn vng nc l ven bin khong 21.000 ha l cc bi v sinh
trng tt ca cc loi tm, c con. Chng l ngun b sung tr lng hi sn vng
bin, vng nc mn, nc l ven bin rt thun li cho s pht trin.
Dc b bin Ph Yn c 7 ca sng, vnh l ni ra vo tr u tu thuyn nh
c v l ni nui trng thy sn nc l. Do , t lu i hnh thnh cc cm c
dn ng nghip. T Bc xung Nam c cc ca sng v vnh l: ca m C Mng,
ca vnh Xun i, ca Tin Chu (sng K L), ca Tn Quy (m Loan), ca
Rng (sng Rng), ca Nng (sng Bn Thch), ca vnh Vng R.
Hai vnh Vng R v Xun i l nhng vng nc rng, su, kn gi thch
hp cho cc loi tu ln hn 1000 tn ra vo tr u. Hai ca Rng v Tin Chu
c su trung bnh di 3m ph hp cho cc loi tu thuyn di 90 CV ra vo v
tr u. Cc ca lch cn li hp, cn ch thch hp cho cc loi tu thuyn nh hn
60 CV ra vo khi c thu triu dng.
Lu lng nc ca bin do bn con sng: Sng Cu, K L, Sng Ba, Bn
Thch cung cp, hng nm ra bin khong (1213) t m3 nc mang theo lng
ph sa, bn ct gn 2,3 triu tn v cc cht ho tan khong 0,55 triu tn, to nn
vng sinh thi nc l giu dinh dng cho cc loi thu sinh vt pht trin phong
ph cc ca sng, lch ven bin.
nng su bin ny rt phc tp: su t 200m tr vo chim 46,38%,
trn 200m chim 53,62%. Do bin su nn ngh khai thc c ni l ch yu. Khai
thc c tng y ch thch hp vng thm ven bin c su < 100m tr vo.
Ph Yn c ch hi lu thay i quanh nm rt phc tp. Thi k gi ma
ng bc th dng hi lu chy theo hng Bc Nam, tc dng chy t ti (50
60) m/s (t thng 12 n thng 2 nm sau), nh nht l 25 m/s vo thng 4. Cn thi

-5-

k gi ma Ty Nam th hi lu chy theo hng Nam Bc, tc dng chy t ti

(30 50) m/s v chy rt st b bin min Trung.
vng bin pha nam Ph Yn, hot ng ca hi lu to nn vng nc tri
t thng 4 n thng 8. Vng nc tri nh hng n vng bin ny, cng vi
dng hi lu ma h mang dng nc m t pha Nam ln to thnh vng tp trung
c ni rng ln. Ngoi khi, cn c nhng hon lu kn to nn nhng di gip
nc l ni tp trung cc n c Ng v c khc.
Thu triu vng bin Ph Yn thuc ch nht triu khng u, hng thng c
khong 20 ngy nht triu. Bin thu triu k nc cng t (1,2 2,20)m, k
nc km t (0,5 1)m. Bin thu triu b gim mnh khi truyn vo trong sng,
trong m. Nng mui ngoi khi n nh cao t (33,6 34) , vng ven b
khong (31 32) , cng vo su ca sng, ca m nng mui cng gim. Nhit
nc bin tng mt vo ma h khong (28 29) 0C, ma ng t (24,2 25,5) oC
Vi v tr a l thun li nh vy to iu in thun li cho kinh t Ph Yn
pht trin, ho nhp vo nn kinh t ca vng v c nc.
1.2.
Tnh hnh chung v ngh c v tu c Ph Yn
Ph Yn l mt trong nhng tnh c nn kinh t pht trin, c bit ngnh thu
sn lun ng vai tr quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t tnh nh.
Bin Ph Yn c ngun li thu sn phong ph, gn cc ng trng trong im
v ng trng xa b. Tng sn lng khai thc trn 30.000 tn/nm (tm, c, mc
v.v..). Trong ngun li vng khi cha c khai thc nhiu, ngh khai thc ca
tnh ang pht trin theo hng tch cc, ngy cng gim khai thc vng ven b, tng
lc lng khai thc vng khi xa. Tuy nhin, so vi cc tnh pha Nam th ngh c
Ph Yn vn cn yu km c v s lng tu thuyn, cng sut my, c cu ngh v
k thut nh bt.
Ngh khai thc c ca tnh Ph Yn a phn l cc ngh sau: li ko (gi
co), li vy, li r, cu khi, cu tay, mnh tr, pha xc
1.3. c im ngh c ca Ph Yn
Ngh li ko: nh c bng li ko l mt trong nhng phng thc nh
bt cng nghip c tnh ch ng cao v l mt trong nhng ngh ph bin. Ngh

-6-

ny nh bt theo kiu lc nc ly c, thng thng nh bt cc loi c tng y

v tng gia. Li ko c kt cu nh mt bao h ming. Nng sut nh bt c
quyt nh bi lng nc lc qua li nhiu hay t v mt c trong nc cao hay
thp.
Ngh li ko Ph Yn c chia lm hai v chnh vo cc thng 2, 3, 4, 5
v 9, 10, 11. Thi v ph ri vo cc thng cn li trong nm. Trong thi v ph th
cc tu ny vo cng neo u trnh bo hoc lm mt s cng tc m bo an ton
nh kim tra nh k, co h v sn sa li. Thng th khong 6-7 thng ng dn li
a tu ca mnh vo cc c s, xng sa cha tu lm li cc ng x tre, keo
dn ng thi sn li tu cho mi.
Ngh li vy: y l hnh thc nh bt cng nghip cho nng sut v sn
lng cao ( c nhng m li n 30 tn c, tm). Li vy c kt cu nh mt
tm phng m chiu di gp rt nhiu ln chiu rng. Thc cht ca nh bt c li
vy l dng hng ro li bao bc ly n c, sau dn chng li mt ch ri a
ln tu. Li vy l cng c nh bt tng mt nn khng ph thuc vo a hnh
y bin m ph thuc vo su nh bt.
Ngh li r: Li r l cng c nh bt bng li, c t lu i v c s
dng rng ri trn ton th gii. Li r c cu to thng thng l mt di li gm
nhiu tm li hnh ch nht c lin kt li vi nhau, c chiu di li t vi chc
mt n hng chc kilmt. Vi vic s dng h thng dy ging v trang b phao,
ch v.v.. nn li c hnh dng ging nh mt bc tng li khi lm vic. N c th
c s dng nh bt c mi vng nc, cc trnh v quy m khc nhau, kh
nng kinh t - k thut c th. Cc tu li r c trang b li c chiu di rt ln,
tu thuc vo su. Cc tu li r thng hot ng vo ban m, li c th
vo chiu v thu ln lc sng.
Ngh mnh: y l ngh ch yu nh bt ven b, c nh c ch yu l
cc loi c nh, gi tr kinh t khng cao. Khi nh bt ngi ta dng n thu ht
n c, ngi ta thng dng 4 gin n, mi gin 6 bng n Neon tp trung nh
sng.

-7-

Cc tu tham gia ngh ny thng l cc tu nh, hot ng ven b nn

cng sut cc tu ny tng i thp v thi gian hot ng trn bin ngn, bui
chiu i bui sng v. Tuy nng sut ca ngh ny khng cao nhng vn u t thp
do vy n ph hp vi nhiu ng dn. y cng l mt trong nhng ngh kh ph
bin tnh Ph Yn.
Ngh pha xc: y cng l ngh nh bt v m nhng khc ngh mnh
im n c dng c cng sut cao hn nhiu n Neon. Ngh pha xc l ngh
nh c ni mi c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y tuy nhin sn lng nh
bt tng i cao, mt khc ng c nh bt li kh n gin. N ch l mt tm li
a ln h xung. Khi nh c tm li c h xung nc, dng gin n cng
sut ln tp trung n c vo khu vc tm li v li c nng ln. Gin n
cng sut ln c dng thng c t 16-22 bng.
Ngh cu: y l ngh khai thc c tnh chn lc v hnh thc khai thc nh
sau:
- Mi cu: mi cu thng c dng l: c chun, mc khi
- Th cu: thng nh 2 m trong 1 ngy m, m th nht th vo
lc bt u t 13 hoc 14 gi, kt thc th cu khong lc 16 hoc 17 gi. M th hai
bt u th lc 2h hoc 2h30, kt thc 4h hoc 5h sng ngy hm sau. Trc khi th
cu cn xem xt hng gi, nc, tu phi di hng gi trnh tnh trng dy
ging cu mc vo chn vt.
- Ngm cu: sau khi th xong ngm cu t (2 3)h, chy tu ln
hng gi tt my, th tri cch dn cu mt khong tm nhn thy c hiu (ban m
pin nhp nhy). Nu tu tri mnh phi dng neo ni neo tu.
- Thu cu: sau khi kt thc thi gian ngm cu th tin hnh thu cu.
Trong qu trnh thu cu tu lun di gi trnh dy cu mc vo chn vt.

-8-

Bng 1.1.Tng hp ngh khai thc thu sn Ph Yn tnh n 8/2007

a
phng ng
Ngnh
Ha
ngh
19
Cu

Ph
Ho

Sng
Cu

Tuy An

S tu
Tuy Ho thuyn
(chic)

T l
(%)

19

170

575

783

21,59

36

0,99

44

1,21

Dch v - hu
cn

10

14

Ln

40

Li ko

336

129

61

563

15,25

Li r

382

274

156

76

888

24,49

Li vy

67

17

73

165

4,55

Mnh
Pha xc

53

580

362

79

1074

29,61

60

10

74

2,04

Tng

3627

T bng tng hp ngh khai thc trn ta thy ngh li r chim 24,49%, ngh
cu chim 21,59%, li vy chim 4,55%, li ko chim 15,25%. Theo ta thy,
hnh thc nh bt bng li r v cu c ng dn s dng ph bin. Tuy vy, cho
n nay ng dn Ph Yn khai thc bng th cng l ch yu cho nn hiu qu khai
thc v nng sut cn thp.
Nhn chung, ngh c Ph Yn c pht trin nhng ch yu nm trong tnh
trng t pht, quy m sn xut nh, khai thc tp trung ven b. Mun pht trin vng
chc v vn ln sn xut ln nn cn phi c nhng con tu c cng sut ln hn
phc v cho vic nh bt xa b.
1.4.

Lc lng tu thuyn nh c Ph Yn
Theo s liu thng k ca Chi cc bo v ngun li thu sn Ph Yn nm

2001 th tng s tu thuyn nh bt hi sn l 3125 chic vi tng cng sut l

118.122 CV, trong cng sut bnh qun ca mi tu l 37,80 CV. Cho n 3/2007
ton tnh c tng s tu thuyn nh bt l 3627 chic vi tng cng sut l
169.861 CV, bnh qun cng sut ca mi tu l 44,83 CV. Qua ta thy, tng s
tu thuyn hin c ca Ph Yn tng so vi nm 2001 l 502 chic, tng cng sut

-9-

tng 51,739 CV v cng sut bnh qun ca mi tu tng l 7,03 CV, nhng cn thp
so vi trong khu vc v c nc. iu cho thy, s lng tu thuyn tng khng
ng k nhng cng sut ca mi tu tng ln phc v cho vic nh bt xa b,
c bit l ngh cu c ng i dng.
Nhn chung tu c Ph Yn hu ht l cc tu khng ln lm, lp my c
cng sut nh. Mc tiu hin nay ca tnh l u t c s h tng, cu cng, bn
cng, dch v hu cn ngh c v.v.. tht tt, tng s lng tu thuyn nh bt xa b,
c chnh sch ng n cho ngh c tn dng c tim nng kinh t ca tnh nh.
Nhng s liu nu trn c dn chng c th bng 1.2.
Bng 1.2. Bng thng k tng hp tu thuyn tnh Ph Yn tnh n 8/2007
a
phng

ng Ph

Sng Tuy

Tuy

Ho

Cu

Ho

Ho

An

TT

Phn chia < 20 CV

(20 49)
theo cng
(50 89)
sut
(90 149)
(CV) ng(150 400)

< 12m
12 15
16 18
19 21
22 25

332
143
46
18
9

604
590
136
15
1

347
274
183
56
63

73
182
114
234
206

vi chiu
di
2
3
4

tu

(m)
Tng s tu thuyn (chic)
Tng cng sut (CV)
Bnh qun cng sut mi tu (CV/chic)

3627
169.861
44,83

1.5. Ng trng v ma v khai thc ngh c Ph Yn

Ng trng v ma v khai thc ngh li ko
Do c im a hnh thm lc a hp v dc, su t ngt nn ng trng
khai thc ngh li ko chia thnh: ng trng gn b v ng trng xa b.
Ma v khai thc ngh li ko:

-10-

V chnh: t thng (2 5) v thng (9 11).

V ph: cc thng cn li trong nm.
Ng trng v ma v khai thc ngh li vy
Thi v khai thc t thng 1 n thng 10. Cc loi c khai thc c l: c
nc, c , c ngn, c trch v.v..
Ng trng v ma v khai thc ngh li r

Ng trng khai thc ngh li r gm: ng trng pha Bc t Bnh nh

n Nng, ng trng pha Nam t Khnh Ho n vnh Thi Lan.
Ngh li r c khai thc quanh nm tr cc ngy c trng (t ngy 12
17 m lch hng thng).
Ng trng v ma v khai thc ngh cu
Ng trng khai thc ngh cu rng ln bao gm tt c cc ng trng trong
c nc. Tuy nhin, theo kinh nghim ca ng dn Ph Yn thng nh bt t v
6 17 oN, kinh 111 115 oE.
Qua thc t iu tra v phn nh ca b con ng dn hot ng ngh cu cho
bit ngh cu c ng i dng khai thc t thng 1 n 9 hng nm, thi im khai
thc t sn lng cao vo cc thng 2, 3, 5, 6.
Ma v khai thc: c 2 ma
- V c Bc t thng 10 n thng 3 nm sau.
- V c Nam t thng 4 n thng 9.
Cc loi c khai thc c: ng vy vng, ng mt to, c nhm, c c
bm,c c kim, c nc heo v.v..
1.3 CC TU CU C NG I DNG CA TNH PH YN, THC
TRNG CNG TC THIT K TU
1.1.

Yu cu v kinh t - k thut i vi tu ng mi

Tu thuyn l mt cng trnh kin trc ni trn mt nc. N hot ng trong

iu kin chu tc dng ca ngoi lc phc tp. Do , cn phi m bo cc yu cu
kinh t - k thut sau:

-11-

- Tu ng mi phi m bo c tnh nng hng hi nh tnh ni, n nh,

lc, chng chm, iu khin, tc v.v..
- bn thn tu v tin cy lm vic ca my mc thit b cao.
- Kch thc, trng lng kt cu cn c gng tht nh gn, nhng vn m
bo bn.
- Yu cu v an ton: tu ng mi m bo c bn v an ton cn
trang b cc thit b sau:
+ Trang b phng tin cu sinh.
+ Ht kh, chng chm.
+ Phng chy v cha chy: C th trang b bm v bnh cha chy.
+ Trang b phng tin thng tin.
+ Trang b phng tin tn hiu.
+ m hiu: Ci, chung hoc kng.
- Hnh dng hp l.
- Gi thnh ng mi khng cao lm, cht lng tt, chi ph vn hnh thp,
tnh hiu qu trong khai thc cao v chi ph bo dng, sa cha thp.
1.2.

c im cc tu cu c ng i dng ca tnh Ph Yn

1.3.2.1. c im ng hnh tu
Hnh dng mi tu nh hng rt nhiu n tnh nng hng hi ca tu. Cc
tu cu Ph Yn hnh dng ging cc tu khc, u c dng thu kh ng hc
gim tc dng ca lc cn vo thn tu. Sng mi thng, hi nghing v pha trc
mt gc (hp vi mt phng ngang mt gc 650 700). Vi sng mi nh vy d ch
to, tu to dng kho, ct sng tt ng thi quay tr thun tin v trnh va p
sng, ngn sng tro ln mt boong. Mt ct ngang pha mi tu c dng ch V, cng
ln cao mt boong cng c m rng, thun tin cho cng tc khai thc, thc t
chng minh vi c im nh vy th lc cn chng lc kh tt.
- c im hnh dng ca ui tu:

-12-

Hu ht tt c cc tu g ca tnh Ph Yn hin nay u c dng ui vung,

mt ct ngang phn ui c hnh ch U. Kt cu vm ui tu c nh hng rt
nhiu n tnh n nh ca tu.
ui tu nghing mt gc nht nh v pha sau, ngp nc khng qu su
trnh sc cn tng ln nht l hin tng va p sng khi tu li, gp phn tng
din tch sinh hot trn tu. Tuy nhin do ui tu qu bo nn lm gim tc ca
tu, tnh quay tr ca tu km v khi tu li th b v sng mnh.
- Hnh dng mt boong:
Tt c cc tu hin nay u c mt boong dng mu ra to iu kin cho
nc thot nhanh khi sng tro ln mt boong.
- Hnh dng phn chm di nc:
Phn chm di nc ca tu tng i n gin, na trc ca thn tu
thun u v mi va m bo tnh c ng , va c tc dng lm gim sc cn cho
tu.
1.3.2.2. c im kt cu tu
- Ky chnh, l mt cy g thng, di c khi lng tng i ln. Ky chnh
cng vi cc x dc, x ngang, to nn b khung xng ca tu. Cc tm vn v
c ghp vi khung xng bng cc bulng v inh thp, v tu c lm kn nc
bng mt hp cht kt dnh c bit. Khi ng tu v g ngi ta phi dng xong
khung xng ri mi tin hnh ghp cc vn v vo b khung xng, sau ta chn
x tre vo cc khe h ri dng chai ph dn li.
- Khung xng y bao gm cc ngang y v cc dc y c kch
thc v tit din ph thuc vo tng con tu.
- Khung xng mn bao gm cc sn mn v cc x dc mn c b tr
hai bn mn tu to thnh hnh dng mt ct ngang ca tu.
- Phn boong tu bao gm cc x ngang boong v x dc boong, chng c
lin kt vi khung xng y v khung xng mn to thnh mt b khung xng
vng chc cho tu gip tu chu c p lc ca nc, hng ho v sng gi.

-13-

- Sng mi tu thng l mt cy g ln c cht lng tt do mi tu l ni

thng xuyn chu va p ca sng bin v cc vt ni. Sng mi thng nghing v
pha trc gim lc cn ca nc v lm tng kh nng ct sng ca tu.
- Kt cu v tu l nhng vn g di c un cong theo nhiu chiu c
ghp li vi nhau. gn c cc vn g vo khung xng tu theo ng tuyn
hnh l mt cng vic ht sc kh khn, i hi ngi th phi c nhiu kinh
nghim. Ngi ta phi dng la v cc vt gi, un cong c tm g theo
mun.
1.3.2.3. Kt cu thng tng
Kt cu thng tng c nh hng n tnh n nh ca tu. Thng tng cng cao
th tnh n nh ca tu cng gim. Cc tu c Ph Yn hin nay u c cabin t
ui tu. Cabin l ni ngh ngi ca thu th ng thi l bung iu khin ca con
tu.
1.3.2.4. Bung my
Cc tu c Ph Yn c bung my t pha sau ui tu. Vic b tr bung
my pha ui tu c nhiu u im nh li dng c din tch pha ui tu, gim
c chiu di h trc, gim c cng sut tiu hao trn trc, vic bo dng trc
c d dng hn. Bung my ca cc tu cu c ng i dong Ph Yn c trang
b rt n gin c my chnh, cc thng cha nhin liu, bnh cqui v mt bm ht
kh v.v..
1.3.2.5. Cc hm cha
Cc hm cha c b tr t bung my v pha trc mi tu. Thng thng
cc tu cu c ng i dng hin nay c b tr 3 5 hm cha ty theo chiu di
ca tu.
1.3.2.6. H thng iu khin
Cc tu cu hin nay thng s dng kiu li c kh. V lng iu khin t
cabin li, iu khin trc li thng qua h thng truyn ng kiu c kh, bao gm h
bnh rng, puly hng cp, cc a xch v cp truyn ng. Kiu li ny tng i
n gin ph hp vi cc loi tu thuyn ngh c hin nay.

-14-

1.3.2.7. Trang b ng lc tu
Cc tu c Ph Yn thng c b tr mt h trc chn vt, khng c trc trung
gian, my chnh thng dng l my ca hng YANMAR, HINO, MITSUBISHI,
ISUZU v.v..
Ph Yn hin c 21 c s ng sa tu thuyn, trong 5 hp tc x kiu mi
v 16 t hp t nhn m bo c phn ln yu cu ng sa tu thuyn ca ng
dn. Ton tnh, hng nm ng mi (200 300) chic v sa cha khong (300
400) chic.
Theo d n u t c s h tng trung tm dch v hu cn ngh c Ph Yn,
trong giai on 2005 2010 nhu cu hon ci, ng mi v sa cha cc tu thuyn
c cng sut > 90 CV ngy cng nhiu. Tng s tu thuyn ng mi bnh qun
(100 200) chic/nm, sa cha ln 600 chic/nm.
1.3.2.8. H thng khai thc
Cc tu cu c ng i dng trang b my mc c b tr trn tu cu l
my thu, th cu, ng c l dn cu cng h thng nh sng, khoang cha, thit b
cp ng v.v.. trong my thu cu c dn ng bng cch trch cng sut t my
chnh hin nay u dng my thu cu. Trn tu thng c trang b hai neo, neo
mi v neo li. M neo c trng lng vo khong 50 200 kg tu vo kch thc
ca tu.
1.4 . S CN THIT PHI TNH TON THIIT K S B TU NH C
Trc yu cu ca thc t cuc sng, hng nm s lng tu thuyn vn
c tng ln, hu ht cc loi tu thuyn ny c ng theo kinh nghim dn gian
khng c thit k. Vic ng tu theo kinh nghim dn gian c c kt t nhng
u im thc t qua nhiu nm, tuy vy cng gy ra mt s vn kh khn phc
tp trong vic t chc qun l v nht l vn an ton trn tu.
Do yu cu ca ngh nghip, tu thuyn ngh c phi lm vic lin tc trn
bin di ngy, trong khi tu lun phi mang ti trng khi ri bn, ti trng ny l
lng thc, thc phm, nhin liu, du bi trn, mui, v.v.. khi v bn thay vo
lng d tr ni trn l lng c nh bt c.

-15-

Mt khc, iu kin hot ng ca tu trn bin ht sc phc tp, tu lun

chu tc dng ca cc lc c phng, chiu, ln thay i. l cc lc do sng
v gi.
-Qua thi gian i thc t tnh Ph Yn ti thy rng: vic thit k tu ch
yu da vo tu mu. V vy hu ht cc loi tu thuyn nh c Ph Yn u
ng theo kinh nghim dn gian m khng c thit k. Trong s cc tu thuyn
c ng theo kinh nghim dn gian ngoi nhng chic c tnh nng kh tt do
ngu nhin, cn li cc tu u tn ti nhng vn cn gii quyt. Thc t mt s
tu cho thy nhng chic ng ra khng m bo an ton. Cc con tu nh vy th
hot ng km hiu qu, trong iu kin lm vic phc tp kh khn th rt d xy
ra tai nn, gy thit hi rt ln v ngi v ca.
- y l mt thc trng gy ra nhiu kh khn cho cng tc ng kim cng
nh cng tc qun l v khai thc cc tu ny. c cp giy php hot ng th
ch tu ch np h s hon cng cho ng kim duyt, cc h s ny c lp khi
con tu ng mi c ng.Vic ng tu theo kinh nghim dn gian Ph Yn
mc d c truyn thng lu i, nhng trc thc t nh vy kh m p ng y
tnh an ton cho con tu, nht l i vi vic ng mi nhng con tu tng i ln.
hn ch ti a cc nguyn nhn dn n lt tu nhm m bo an ton cho tu,
cn quan tm ngay t khu thit k bng cch tin hnh cc tnh ton mt cch khoa
hc.
- Trong thi gian nghin cu khoa hc ca mnh, PGS-TS Nguyn Quang
Minh cng b nhiu cng trnh khoa hc trong c cng trnh nghin cu khoa
hc: Gii thut tnh ton n nh theo phng php mi, trong c a ra hai
phng trnh l phng trnh n nh v phng trnh lc, qua gip cho vic gii
bi ton thit k tu d dng v nhanh hn m vn m bo c cc tnh nng hng
hi v cc thng s k thut ca con tu.
1.5 .CC PHNG PHP THIT K TU
Thit k tu l mt cng vic rt phc tp, n nh hng trc tip n cht
lng con tu.

-16-

Cht lng ca con tu thit k khng nhng c quyt nh bi quan im

thit k m cn quyt nh bi phng php thit k. Hin nay, nh s pht trin
ca khoa hc k thut v s tr gip ca my tnh nn ngy cng c nhng phng
php thit k tin b hn so vi trc kia. C rt nhiu phng php thit k, mi
phng php u c u v nhc im ring, sau y l mt s phng php thit
k c dng ph bin hin nay:
-Thit k theo truyn thng.
-Thit k theo tu mu.
-Thit k ti u.
1.5.1. Phng php thit k truyn thng
Hin nay, vic thit k tu thuyn ni chung v vic thit k tu c ni ring
vn dng phng php thit k truyn thng. Phng php ny c thc hin theo
trnh t sau:( hnh 1.1)
Nhim v
thit k

- Pt trng lng
- Pt ni
- Pt sc chc
- Pt tc

Cc yu t
hnh hc

ng hnh
l thuyt

B tr
chung
Kt cu

Khng t yu cu

Kim tra
n nh

Trang
thit b
Hon thin thit k, ch to

t yu cu

Hnh 1.1. S thit k theo phng php truyn thng

* Bc 1: Xy dng nhim v th thit k.
Trn c s mc ch s dng v cc yu cu khc ca ngi t hng, t cc
c s khoa hc, t cc kinh nghim ngi ta xy dng c nhim v thit k v
cn c vo nhim v ny ta bt u thc hin cc bc tip theo.
* Bc 2: Gii quyt h phng trnh thit k.

-17-

Kh khn nht trong qu trnh thit k l vic gii h phng trnh thit k.
Trong phng php ny, h phng trnh thit k c thnh lp t cc phng
trnh sau:
Phng trnh trng lng: y l phng trnh c thit lp t cc
trng lng thnh phn ca con tu nh trng lng v, trng lng my, trng
lng trang thit b, trng lng nhin liu, trng lng thuyn vin, trng lng
lng thc thc phm v.v..
P = Pi

(1.1)

Phng trnh ni: y l phng trnh c thit lp t quan h

gia trng lng tu v th tch chim nc ca tu.
D = V = LBT = f (,L,B,T) (1.2)
Phng trnh sc cha: L phng trnh c thit lp t quan h
gia th tch chim nc ton phn ca tu v cc th tch thnh phn nh th tch
cc khoang, th tch cc kt cu v.v..
V = Vi

(1.3)

Phng trnh tc : c thit lp t quan h gia cng sut c ch

trn trc chn vt vi cc thng s tnh nng ca tu.
D 2 / 3 .v 3
R.v
ESP =
=
Ce
75

(1.4)

y l cng thc kinh nghim, trong :

R: sc cn ca v tu.
v : tc ca tu.
D: trng ti tu.
Ce: hng s hi qun.
* Bc 3: Tnh cc yu t hnh hoc
L bc tnh tip theo sau khi gii cc phng trnh ca h phng trnh thit k
*Bc 4: Thit k ng hnh.
L bc thit k tip theo khi ta tnh c cc yu t hnh hc ca tu. Khi
thc hin bc ny xong ta c hnh dng l thuyt ca con tu.

-18-

*Bc 5: Thit k b tr chung, thit k kt cu, thit k trang thit b.

c thc hin sau khi thit k ng hnh, cc bc ny thng c thc
hin kt hp gia kinh nghim, tu mu v quy phm.
*Bc 6: Kim tra n nh.
y l bc rt quan trng, n nh gi s thnh cng hay tht bi ca qu
trnh thit k. Khi tin hnh c hai kh nng xy ra:
Nu t yu cu th thc hin cc bc tip theo l thit k k thut
v thit k cng ngh.
Nu khng t yu cu th bt buc ta phi lm li t u bng cch
iu chnh nhim v thit k.

u im.

+ Thit k c nhng con tu hon ton mi.

+ L phng php thit k mang tnh cht khoa hc v cc thng s k
thut ca tu c c da trn cc php tnh ton hc chnh xc, c c s phn tch
la chn c khoa hc cng nhn, kt qu a ra c tin cy cao.
+ C th nghin cu mt con tu bng cch nghin cu h s ca n.

Nhc im.

+Vic gii h phng trnh thit k xc nh cc yu t hnh hc ca tu

cn gp nhiu kh khn do s n nhiu hn s phng trnh thit lp c. Cho nn
vic tm ra cc nghim ca h mt rt nhiu thi gian.kt qu thu c mang tnh
th ng, v n bc kim tra n nh ta vn cha bit con tu ang c thit k
c m bo yu cu hay khng. Thng con tu khi kim tra khng t yu cu ta
phi thc hin li nhiu ln, n khi khi n t yu cu th kt qu ny cng ch
mang tnh may mn. Nh vy, vi phng php ny ta khng nn qu lm dng.
+ Phng trnh thit lp ht sc phc tp i hi ngi thit k phi c
trnh chuyn mn cao
+ Gi thnh ca con tu tng i cao do mt nhiu thi gian v cng sc
cho cng vic thit k.
1.5.2. Phng php thit k theo tu mu

-19-

Da vo mt hay nhiu tu mu c cc thng s k thut gn st vi cc yu

cu ca con tu c thit k.
Theo phng php thit k ny th sau khi nhn nhim v th thit k, tin
hnh la chn nhiu tu mu c tnh nng k thut v cc yu cu k thut tng t
vi yu cu t ra t nhim v th thit k, kt hp phn tch la chn nhng
mu tu hp l nht lm c s cho nhim v th thit k.

u im

Phng php thit ny l n gin thun tin, rt ngn c thi gian thit
k, m bo c tnh kinh t cho tu ng thi gim mc gi thnh ca tu.

Nhc im

Phng php thit k tu da vo tu mu, ngi thit k thng tip nhn

s liu ca tu mu mt cch my mc, d di, khng c c s l lun cht ch,
thiu phn tch nh gi u nhc im ca mu tu c chn, hn ch tnh sng
to ca ngi thit k. Thng thng cc kt lun a ra thiu tnh cht thuyt
phc, tin cy ca con tu c thit k ra hon ton ph thuc vo tin cy ca
tu mu.
1.5.3. Phng php thit k ti u
Cc phng php thit k ch c bn khc nhau bc thit lp v gii quyt
h phng trnh thit k. Trong h phng trnh thit k, cc phong trnh bt
phng trnh c thnh lp cng nhiu th cng c c s la chn v kt qu t
c cng st vi yu cu ca nhim v th, bi v khi vng kt qu la chn s
c thu hp li do ta d dng chn ra c kt qu ti u. Kt qu ny mang
tnh ch ng.
Phng php thit k ti u c ra i da trn c s ca phng php
thit k tu truyn thng, bng cch b sung thm vo h phng trnh thit k hai
phng trnh mi do PGSTS Nguyn Quang Minh tm ra l: phng trnh n
nh v phng trnh lc, gi y thay v mt nhiu thi gian v cng sc gii h
4 phng trnh phc tp ta ch phi gii h 2 phng trnh m vn m bo c
tnh chnh xc v khoa hc trong cng tc thit k. Phng php ti u c ra i

-20-

gp phn tho g nhng lng tng lu nay trong phng php thit k tu. Theo
phng php xc nh cc yu t ng hnh l thuyt tu ta cn c vo cc yu
cu t ra trong nhim v th, sau da vo th la chn cc kch thc c
bn cho tu ti u tha mn iu kin n nh v iu kin lc ca tu.
iu kin n nh:
iu kin lc:

B B
29 2 B

H H
10
Z Z

CB
h0

c kt qu ti u sau khi la chn cc kch thc c bn, tu thit k tha

mn iu kin n nh v iu kin lc th ta phi kim tra li mt s tnh nng ca
tu da vo phng trnh trng lng, phng trnh tc v.v... phng php thit
k ti u c trnh by trong lun vn tt nghip khng nn xem l phng php
hon ton mi, m l bc pht trin mi, cho php khc phc c nhng nhc
im ca phng php thit k truyn thng, cho php ngi thit k la chn,
phn tch mt cch ch ng cc u im chnh ca tu mu, kt qu phn tch ph
thuc vo ngi thit k do pht huy tt tnh sng to trong k tha v pht trin.
T cc yu cu v tnh nng k thut ca con tu c t ra trong nhim v th, b
sung v hon thin vic thit lp v gii cc phng trnh trong h phng trnh
thit k, v i n li gii hp l l con tu p ng tt nht cc yu cu t ra.

u im.

+ L phng trnh thit k mang tnh khoa hc su sc.

+ C s phn tch chn lc c khoa hc cng nhn, a c cc yu t
vo ng hnh m lu nay cha c.
+ Kt qu a ra c tnh thuyt phc cao.

Nhc im.

Do y l phng php mi, cha c ph bin mt cch rng ri nn

vic p dng trong thit k cng nh thi cng cn hn ch.
1.5.4. La chn phng php thit k

-21-

Ngh cu c ng i dng lm vic trong iu kin sng gi ht sc khc

nghit nn yu cu con tu c tnh n nh cao v bn. Phng trnh n nh v
phng trnh lc ra i ph hp vi cc tu c nc ta ni chung v ca tnh Ph
Yn ni ring. V vy, cng tc thit k m bo c cc tnh nng ca tu, tu
lm vic an ton nht, hiu qu kinh t cao nht v ph hp vi iu kin t nhin
ca tng vng th ti chn phng php thit k tu :phng php thit k ti u kt
hp vi phng php thit k theo tu mu ( nhm k th kinh nghim ng dn )
xc nh cc yu t ng hnh l thuyt tu thit k. Bi v, khi lng cng vic
lm thit k rt ln, song thi gian thc hin ti thit k c gii hn. V vy ti p
dng phng php thit thit k ti u v thit k theo tu mu, nhm rt ngn c
thi gian thit k v m bo c tnh nng cho tu thit k.
1.6 . NHIM V V MC TIU CA N
Nhim v ca n ny l thit k mt tu cu mc khi ti u, tc l tu thit
k m bo cc tnh nng hng hi, tnh an ton, kinh t, ph hp vi ngh cu c
ng i dng v iu kin t nhin ca tnh Ph Yn. lm c iu n
ny c xy dng trn c s l thuyt c trang b ti trng i hc Nha Trang,
p dng cc cng thc ton hc v phng php tnh ton thit k ti u ca thy
PGS-TS Nguyn Quang Minh v k tha nhng kinh nghim qu bu ca ng dn
Ph Yn.
Gii thiu rng ri hn na phng php thit k ti u ca thy PGS-TS
Nguyn Quang Minh, khng nh li nhng u im ca phng php thit k ti
u. Qua khuyn khch cc nh thit k tu p dng phng php thit k mi. Khi
thit k tu theo phng php ti u s gim c thi gian thit k m tu vn m
bo c cc tnh nng k thut, tnh kinh t, yu cu ca ch tu v ph hp vi
kinh nghim ng tu ca tng a phng.
1.7 . NI DUNG NGHIN CU TRONG N
Tuy kinh nghim dn gian trn thc t l ng v rt hay nhng n cn
nhc im l thiu c s khoa hc. Do , rt ra c nhng kinh nghim hay
v khc phc c nhng nhc im trn, ng thi b sung cc kinh nghim

-22-

qu bu ca dn gian vo trong cng tc nghin cu khoa hc nn ti chn

ti:
Thit K S B Tu Cu C Ng i Dng K Tha Kinh Nghim
Ca Ng Dn Ph Yn .Lnh vc nghin cu trong ti ny rt rng, trong
khong thi gian c hn, ti ny ch b hp li mt s ni dung sau:
Chng 1: t vn .
Chng 2: Thit k ti u ng hnh tu.
Chng 3: La chn b tr chung, tnh ton thit b v kim tra tnh nng ca tu.
Chng 4: Cc kin tho lun.

Chng 2. THIT K TI U NG HNH V TNH

TON TNH THY LC
2.1. XY DNG NHIM V TH THIT K.
Xy dng nhim v th thit k l bc u tin trong trnh t thit k. N l
ti liu gc ch yu trong cng tc thit k tu, c tnh cht quyt nh n cht
lng ca con tu thit k. lp nhim v thit k ta da ch yu vo cc yu cu
sau:

-23-

Da trn c s mc ch cng tc thit k.

Cn c vo cc yu cu khch hng .

Cn c vo c im ng trng, ngun li v i tng nh bt.

Cn c vo cng dng, c loi.

Cn c vo yu cu quy phm hin hnh.

Nh vy ta c th xy dng ni dung nhim v th thit k nh sau:

-

Cng dng v loi hnh: Tu c thit k l loi tu cu c ng

i dng , v g, hot ng xa b v thit k theo mu dn gian.

-

Vng hot ng: Hot ng xa b v thuc vng hn ch II, cch

ni tr n khng qu 150 hi l, trong iu kin sng gi cp 6 7.

-

Sc ch: 28 tn ( k c v mui)

Tc hng hi t do: 9 (hi l/gi).

Qui phm: tu thit k theo Quy phm phn cp v ng tu c

bin c nh (TCVN 71111:2002).

-

Bin ch thuyn vin: 12 ngi.

Thi gian mt chuyn bin: 18 ngy.

B tr bung my: Pha ui tu.

Trang thit b khai thc: Ph hp vi ngh cu c ng i dng

hin nay ca tnh Ph Yn.

2.1.1 iu tra, thng k mt s tu mu cu c ng i dng Ph yn
Tp hp tu mu:
Cc tu mu c la chn trong tp hp tu mu ny l cc tu nh bt xa
b theo mu dn gian ca ng dn tnh Ph Yn. Cc s liu ny c ly t s liu
thng k ca S thy sn tnh Ph Yn.(bng 2.1).
c im la chn v phn tch tp hp tu mu:
Tp hp tu mu y l cc tu nh c xa b, tuy nhin n c chiu di
khng ln, ch t 15,9 n 18,2m c cng sut tng i ln so vi cng sut trung
bnh ca tu nh c trong ton tnh, cng sut my chnh t 165 n 240 m lc.
Bng 2.1: Tp hp mt s tu mu cu c ng i dng tnh Ph Yn.

-24-

KH tu
PY92285
TS

PY90530
TS

PY90965
TS

17
16
4.85
4.6
2.2
1.68
77
0.61
0.87
0.93
3.4
2.09
1.3
20
240

15.10
13.68
4.20
4.09
2.00
1.65
61.32
0.64
0,85
0,90
3.34
2.04
1.21
20.0
165

15,95
14,43
4,6
4,3
2,4
1,6
64
0,625
0,84
0,92
3,35
1,79
1,5
20,74
240

PY92070
TS

PY93078
TS

PY92278
TS

16.75
15.6
4.8
4.47
2.4
1.6
72
0.63
0.87
0.92
3.49
2.0
1.5
25
230

18,0
16,60
5,15
4,87
2,15
1,7
87,36
0,61
0,88
0,93
3,40
2,26
1,26
26
240

18,30
17,08
5,6
5,23
2,35
1,72
109,2
0,63
0,88
0,93
3,26
2,10
1,36
26
240

PY92618
TS

PY92198
TS

PY92071
TS

14,9
13,75
3,9
3,7
1,83
1,4
42
0,59
0,86
0.90
3,71
1,9
1,22
15,2
165

16,7
15,2
4,2
4,0
2,2
1,5
72,00
0,63
0,85
92
3,8
2,18
1,2
20,65
160

PY92143
TS

PY92699
TS

PY92115
TS

16,75
15,6
5,10
4,78
2,25
1,80
86,67
0,63
0,89
0,92
3,46
2,12
1,25
25
165

15.50
13.82
4.50
4.42
2.1
1.75
70.6
0.64
0.88
0.91
3.12
2.10
1.20
20
165

18,20
16,87
5,15
4,92
2,30
1,84
95,49
0,61
0,89
0,91
3,42
2,13
1,25
30
240

Thng s tu
Lmax (m)
Ltk (m)
Bmax (m)
Btk (m)
H (m)
T (m)
D (T)

L/B
B/H
H/T
PC (T)
Ne (cv)

16,2
14,7
4,5
4,25
1,9
1,6
63,37
0,62
0,88
0,90
3,45
2.23
1,35
21,8
165

KH tu
Thng s tu
Lmax (m)
Ltk (m)
Bmax (m)
Btk (m)
H
(m)
T (m)
D
(T)

L/B
B/H
H/T
PC (T)
Ne (cv)

T bng 2.1 ta thy:

- Mn nc T c gi tr trong khong (1,4 T 1,84) (m)

-25-

- T s H/T nm trong khong (1,2 H/T 1,36)

- T s L/B nm trong khong (3,12 L/B 3,80)
- T s B/H nm trong khong (1.79 B/H 2.26)
- H s nm trong khong (0,84 0,89)
- H s nm trong khong (0,90 0,93)
- H s nm trong khong (0,59 0,64)
2.2. C S L THUYT THIT K TI U TU C XA B THEO KINH
NGHIM DN GIAN
2.2.1. Mc tiu thit k theo quan im ti u
Tu thuyn l mt cng trnh ni, n thng xuyn phi hot ng trong
nhng iu kin sng gi phc tp. V vy m theo quan im ti u th tu khng
b lt v trnh nhng nguyn nhn dn n lt tu, tnh n nh l iu kin u tin
c t ra. i vi tu c, tnh n nh l mt vn quan trng, tu mt n nh
s lt bt ng gy thit hi ln v ngi v ca. Vic la chn cc kch thc c bn
ca tu cho tu c tnh n nh tt nht l rt cn thit nhng cha v rng
iu kin lm vic, sinh hot trn tu khng cho php iu bi v tu lc qu
mnh.
Mc tiu ca quan im thit k tu ti u l dung ha mu thun ny, tu
va c tnh n nh hp l m bo hot ng an ton trn bin, li va c tnh
lc ph hp vic sinh hot, sn xut trn tu c thun tin nht nhm nng cao
hiu qu phc v ca con tu.
Vi mc tiu nh trn, ta s tin hnh tnh ton la chn cc kch thc c
bn cho tu tha mn ng thi iu kin n nh v iu kin lc. Phng php
tnh ton s da vo th.
T iu kin n nh ca tu ta tm cch lp mi quan h gia B/H v T
B/H 1(T).
Sau biu din quan h ny ln th (B/H,T).
Trong : -Trc tung biu th t s B/H.

-26-

-Trc honh biu th chiu cao mn nc T.

B/H
(m)
B/H= 1(T)

Hnh 2.1
T iu kin
cng lp mi quan

lc ca tu ta
0

T(m)

Sau cng biu

h B/H v T.
din ln trc ta

( B/H, T), phi hp 2 th ny la chn cc kch thc c bn cho tu thit

k. Min la chn gii hn bng cc hm :
B/H 1(T) v B/H 2(T)

B/
H
(m)

B/H= 1(T)
B/H= 2(T)

Hnh 2.2
Da vo mn nc T ca tu c chn trc, t s B/H ca tu thit k
c chn tha mn vng la chn ni trn. Sau khi la chn c t s ny th
chiu di ca tu s c xc nh da vo phng trnh ni. Con tu c kch thc
0
T(m)
c la chn tha mn ng thi hai iu kin, iu kin n nh v iu kin lc
l con tu ti u cn tm. Vi con tu ny ta s tin hnh kim tra li mt s tnh

-27-

nng ca n da vo h phng trnh thit k : phng trnh trng lng, phng

trnh tc , phng trnh sc cha v.v..
2.2.2. H phng trnh thit k tu theo quan im ti u
H phng trnh thit k tu theo phng php truyn thng gm 4 phng
trnh: phng trnh trng lng, phng trnh tc , phng trnh sc cha,
phng trnh tnh ni. Vi h phng trnh ny ta tin hnh gii mt cch m
mm v s n nhiu hn s phng trnh thit lp c, thi gian thit k di, kh
thc hin. Khi thit k, nu kim tra li khng t n nh ta phi quay li bc xy
dng nhim v thit k nn tn rt nhiu thi gian, khng hiu qu. H phng
trnh thit k tu theo quan im ti u c ra i khc phc c nhng hn
ch ca phng php thit k c. Phng php thit k ny b sung thm vo h
phng trnh thit k truyn thng 2 phng trnh mi: Phng trnh n nh v
phng trnh lc.
Phng trnh trng lng:

P=Pi =Pv+Pm+Pc+Pnl+Plttp+Ptt+Pbt+Pl.

Trong :
- Pv: trng lng v tu.
- Pm: trng lng my chnh, my ph, h trc chn vt.
- Pc: trng lng c (k c v mui).
- Pnl: trng lng nhin liu.
- Plttp: trng lng lng thc, thc phm (k c nc ngt).
- Ptt: trng lng thu th on.
- Pbt: trng lng du bi trn.

(2.1)

-28-

- Pl: trng lng ca li.

Tt c cc trng lng thnh phn u c tnh bng tn.
Phng trnh ni:

P = D = .V = LBT.

(2.2)

Trong :
- D: trng lng tng cng ca tu (T), lc ny thng ng hng t
trn xung, t ti trng tm tu.
- V: th tch khi nc m tu chim ch (m3).
- : trng lng ring ca nc bin (T/m3).
- .V: c gi l lc ni, lc ny cn bng vi trng lng D ca tu.
im t ca lc ny nm ti trng tm ca khi nc m tu chim ch,
hng t di ln.
Phng trnh sc cha:

V = Vi = Vm+Vc+Vp.

(2.3)

Trong :
- Vm : th tch khoang my.
- Vc : th tch khoang c.
- Vp : th tch cc khoang cn li.
Phng trnh tc :

EPS =

D 2/ 3 V 3
.
C0

(2.4)

Trong :
- D: lng chim nc (T).
- V: tc tu (hl/h).
- C0: hng s hi qun.
- EPS: cng sut c ch trn trc chn vt (ML).
Phng trnh n nh
n nh l mt trong nhng tnh nng hng hi quan trng bc nht ca tu.
m bo n nh cho tu nht l tu c, l mt trong nhng vn bc thit
nhm m bo an ton cho tu thuyn, an ton cho thu th on khi tu tu hot
ng trn bin.

-29-

Mun nh gi mt con tu v mt n nh, thng thng da vo cc tiu

chun n nh. Tiu chun n nh l thc o cn thit v n nh, mc n nh
cn thit i vi tu ang xt. C nhiu tiu chun n nh khc nhau nh: tiu
chun vt l (in hnh l tiu chun thi tit ca Lin Bang Nga), tiu chun thng
k (in hnh l tiu chun ca t chc quc t IMO-1974), tiu chun n nh ca
ng Kim Vit Nam v.v.. tt c cc con tu thit k ch to u phi tun theo cc
tiu chun ny. Tiu chun c p dng ph bin nht l tiu chun ca t chc
quc t IMO-1974. Trn c s kt qu thng k ca gn 100 tu b lt vo nhng
nm 60, em so snh cc th n nh ca cc tu b lt vi th ca cc tu tt
cng loi rt ra c th ti thiu vi 6 iu kin:
1. Chiu cao tm n nh ban u

h00,35m.

2. Cnh tay n n nh tnh ti 300

l300,2m.

3. Cnh tay n n nh ng ti 300

l300,055m.

4. Cnh tay n n nh ng ti 400

l400,09m.

5. Hiu

l40 - l30 0,03m.

6. Gc ng vi tay n n nh tnh cc i

max 250300

u im ca tiu chun IMO l ph hp vi thc t (nu phng php thng

k chnh xc), tin cy kh cao, c p dng cho tt c cc loi tu c boong.
Tuy nhin n ch l kinh nghim nn thng lc hu, bo th, khng pht huy tnh
sng to, hn na 6 tiu chun ny li ngang quyn nhau, xut pht t mt cng
thc nn cng knh, kh p dng, khng cht ch, kh ph bin.
Cc tiu chun trn l cc yu t quy nh dng th ti thiu hay cn gi l
th Read. th ti thiu phn bit: nhng con tu m bo n nh khi th
nm trn thi ti thiu, cn nhng con tu c th nm di th ti thiu s
khng m bo n nh.

-30-

0,2

0,1
0

30

Hnh 2.3. th n nh
Ngy nay, da vo cng trnh nghin cu ca thy PGS.TS Nguyn Quang
Minh khc phc c nhng nhc im trn.
i vi tp hp tu ngh c Vit Nam, sau khi tin hnh so snh 6 tiu chun
ni trn ta nhn thy rng tiu chun s 2 tc: l 300,2m l tiu chun gay gt nht.
iu c ngha l trn tp hp tu ang xt, ch ring tiu chun ny l bao hm
tt c cc tiu chun cn li. Tu ngh c tha mn tiu chun ny, l tha mn tt
c cc tiu chun nh ra trong h tiu chun IMO-1974.
T tiu chun ny, qua cc bc bin i tnh ton dn v t l B/H gii hn,
thy PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Minh rt ra c kt qu l:
29 2 B
B

(Tiu chun Nguyn Quang Minh)

10
H

B/H

Nh vy, tu tha mn tiu chun ny s m bo n nh tng ng vi

tiu chun IMO.
Phng trnh lc
- Lc l chuyn ng mang tnh chu k ca tu, xut hin khi tu chy trn
sng hoc trn nc tnh. Dao ng lc ca tu bao gm: lc ngang, lc dc, lc
ng v.v.. trong cc loi dao ng lc trn, dao ng lc ngang l nguy him nht.

-31-

- Cc chuyn ng dng lc ngang, lc dc, lc ng vi bin , cng

thay i to nn cm gic kh chu cho ngi lm vic trn tu, gim tc tu,
gy nn vic ph nc mt boong lm t hng ho, nh hng s lm vic ca
my mc, sc bn thn tu. Yu cu t ra cho cc tu l c tnh i bin tt: lc m,
gia tc chuyn ng khng ln, khng b lt khi tu chy trn sng ui hoc ct
cho hng sng, nc khng ph ln boong.
- Bin php khc phc: Lc l mt thuc tnh ca tu nn khng t vn l
xo b hon ton. hn ch hu qu ca dao ng lc th ch c th tm cch dung
ho hp l cc mu thun, bng cch to ra cc mmen ngc vi chiu lc nh:
dng cc thit b th ng sn c trn tu (vy gim lc,kt nc gim lc). Ta c
th lm cho tu lc m hn bng cch tng chu k lc nhng tnh n nh ca tu
khng cho php lm iu . Nhim v ca ngi thit k l dung ho hp l mu
thun ny. Theo l thuyt tu, chu k lc ca tu c xc nh theo cng thc:
CB

= h .
0

(2.5)

Trong :
+ : chu k lc ngang ca tu.
+ C: h s qun tnh.
+ B: chiu rng tu.
+ h0: cao tm n nh ban u.
2.2.3. Trnh t tnh ton thit k ti u tu nh c xa b.
Theo thc t tm hiu i tu ngh c xa b tnh Ph Yn v theo s liu ca
Chi Cc Bo V Ngun Li Thu Sn Ph Yn cung cp th tu c Ph Yn tng
i hon chnh, ph hp vi sng gi v lung lch Ph Yn, t xy ra tai nn do
tnh nng k thut v em li hiu qu kinh t cao trong s dng. Nhm nng cao
cht lng ca con tu c thit k v tip nhn nhng u im ca tu mu
dn gian hin nay, ta tin hnh chn mt s thng s cho tu thit k da vo tu
mu, mt s thng s khc s c la chn da vo c s l lun. Vi cch tin

-32-

hnh ny tu c thit k ra s khc phc c nhng nhc im vn c ng

thi pht huy c nhng u im ca tu mu.
Trc ht cn la chn mt s thng s c bn ca tu, vic la chn ny s
da vo h thng tu mu ca tp hp tu ngh cu c ng i dng Ph Yn ng
thi kt hp vi nhng l lun mang tnh cht l thuyt. Sau y l phn trnh by
c s l thuyt la chn cc yu t c bn cho tu.
1. La chn mn nc T
Mn nc T l mt trong nhng kch thc c bn ca tu. Mn nc T ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong iu kin t nhin ni m tu s hot ng l yu
t quan trng nht. Qua thc t tm hiu c bit hu ht cc lung lch, cng c
ti Ph Yn c su kh ln.
Theo s liu thng k c t thc t cc tu cu c ng i dng Ph
Yn c mn nc T nm trong khong 1,401,84(m).
Nh vy, ph hp vi nhim v th thit k l tu cu c ng i dng,
hot ng xa b th chn mn nc T nm trong khong 1,40T1,84(m).
2. La chn t s H/T
T s H/T c nh hng n tnh n nh v sc cn ca tu. Khi la chn t
s ny cn ch n mt s im sau:
-

Bo m mn kh tho mn yu cu qui phm.

lc ni d tr.

dung tch ca tu.

Ch n tnh n nh ca tu.

* Nu gi nguyn mn nc T, tng chiu cao mn tu H th:

- Tnh n nh ca tu tng.
- Gim bt tnh trng nc ph boong tu.
- Chiu cao mn kh tng, lc cn do gi tc dng vo tu tng khng c li
cho tu v mt tc v n nh.
- Trng tm ca tu b nng cao, nh hng n tnh n nh ban u ca tu.
- Gy kh khn trong thao tc khai thc.

-33-

* Nu gi nguyn mn nc T, gim chiu cao mn H:

- Trng tm ca tu tng i thp, n nh ban u ca tu c tng ln.
- Lc cn do gi tc dng vo tu gim.
- Thun tin trong khai thc nh bt.
- Chiu cao mn kh thp nn nc ph boong tu. iu ny rt nguy him
v tu hot ng xa b trong iu kin sng gi ht sc phc tp.
* Nu gi nguyn H, gim mn nc T ca tu: sc cn tc dng vo tu gim,
tc ca tu tng ln. Tuy nhin tnh n nh cng nh tnh lc ca tu s gim
mnh. iu ny rt nguy him khng th chp nhn c.
* Nu gi nguyn H, tng mn nc T ca tu: s c li v c hai mt n nh v
lc. Tuy nhin mn nc T ca tu b khng ch bi iu kin t nhin ni m tu
hot ng.
Theo s liu thng k mt s tu mu Ph Yn, t s H/T c gi tr nm
trong khong 1,2H/T1,36.
3.La chn h s th tch nc chim
H s c xc nh:

V
.
LBT

(2.6)

Trong :
- V: th tch chim nc ca con tu (m3).
- L,B,T: chiu di, chiu rng v chiu chm ca tu (m).
Cng nh h s , h s c nh hng ln n cc tnh nng ca tu, c
bit i vi tu c cn sc ch ln.
Nu h s ln th sc cn tc dng vo tu s ln, cng sut c ch ca tu
b gim, nhng b li sc ch ca tu s tng ln.
Khi h s ln th bn knh n nh ngang r 0 ca tu gim (r0=
thi cng lm gim cao tm ni ban u Z C0 (ZC0 =

2B2
), ng
12T

T ) v chiu cao tm n

-34-

nh ban u h0 gim (h0 = r0 + ZC0 - Zg). iu ny lm cho tnh n nh ca tu xu

i khng th chp nhn c.
Ngc li:
Khi h s b th tnh n nh ca tu tng ln, sc cn ca tu gim, tc
ca tu tng nhng sc ch ca tu gim, khng p ng c yu cu thc t trong
nhim v th.
i vi tu cu c ng i dng, hot ng xa b, thi gian mt chuyn
bin di, do cn sc ch tng i ln c th ch c nhiu sn phm nh
bt, cha lng thc, thc phm, nhin liu d tr v.v.. km theo cho mt
chuyn bin. Vy h s c chn tng i ln. b li vic tnh n nh ca
tu b gim, ta s dng cc bin php nh tng h s din tch mt ng nc
hoc tng chiu rng B ca tu.
Theo s liu thng k mt s tu mu Ph yn, h s c gi tr nm trong
khong 0,590,64.
4.La chn h s din tch mt ct ngang
H s c xc nh:

BT

(2.7)

Trong :
- : din tch mt ct ngang (m2).
- B: chiu rng ca tu (m).
- T: chiu chm ca tu (m).
H s t nh hng n tnh n nh cng nh tnh lc ca tu, nn y h
s c chon da theo h thng tu mu Ph yn. Theo s liu thng k bng
2.1 h s c gi tr nm trong khong 0,900,93. Gi tr ph bin nht hin nay
l: = 0,92.
5. La chn h s din tch mt ng nc
H s c xc nh:
Trong :

S
.
LB

- S: din tch mt ng nc (m2).

-35-

- L: chiu di tu (m).
- B: chiu rng tu (m).
H s c nh hng nhiu n mt s tnh nng ca tu. Nu h s ln th
bn knh n nh ngang ban u r 0 (r0=

2B2
) s ln, lc ny tnh n nh ca tu
12T

s tng. Mt khc, khi h s ln th din tch S s tng ln, lc ny mt boong

c m rng thun tin cho thao tc nh bt v i li trn tu. Tuy nhin lc ny
tnh n nh hng ca tu s gim.
Ngc li:
Nu h s qu b s nh hng n nhiu tnh nng ca tu, c bit l tnh
n nh. Lc ny tnh n nh ca tu s gim, iu ny khng th cho php i vi
tu c. Khi nh din tch mt boong b thu hp, khng thun tin trong thao tc
nh bt, i li trn tu nhng trn c s vn n nh cho tu.
Theo s liu thng k mt s tu mu Ph Yn, ta thy h s nm trong
khong 0,84 0,89.
6. La chn cc kch thc c bn ca tu theo iu kin n nh

Phng trnh n nh ca tu c vit: B/H

H
B

29 2 B
(2.8).
10

Ta c th vit li (2.8) nh sau:

B/H

29 2( B / H ) ( H / T ) T
.
10

B/H

29
10 2( H / T ) T

= y1 .

(2.9)

Ta bit rng min xc nh ca cng thc (2.8) theo cng trnh nghin cu
ca thy PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Minh l 1,75B/H2,75. Do min xc nh ca
hm s y1 l: 1,75y12,75.

-36-

T biu thc ny ta c th nhn thy t s B/H v mn nc T t l nghch.

Ngha l khi tng gi tr mn nc T th t s B/H s gim. Ta c th biu din quan
h ny ln h trc (B/H;T) nh hnh 2.4

Hnh 2.4
Vi mn nc T1 c chn trc, tu tho mn iu kin n nh th t
s B/H c chn sao cho: B/H = m m1, . V d im M.
Trong m1, l nghim ca phng trnh:
29

B/H = 10 2( H / T ) T .
1
7. La chn cc kch thc c bn ca tu theo iu kin lc
Theo l thuyt tu, chu k lc ngang ca tu c xc nh:

CB
h0

C 2B2
h0
2 (2.10)

Trong :
- h0: l cao tm n nh ban u

h0 = r0 +ZC0 - Zg =

2 B2

.T .H . (2.11)
12 T

- C = (0,780,82): l h s qun tnh.

Thay h0 vo (2.10) ta c:

-37-

2 B2 H 2

C2
2
2

H
/
T

B / H H / T T .2

2
2
2

T
12 H

2
C2

T H /T
2

12

B / H 2 H /T 2

2 2

C2
H /T

12

1/ 2

(H / T )

= y2

(2.12)

T biu thc trn ta c th nhn thy t s B/H v T t l thun nhau nhng

khi T tng n mt gi tr ti hn (Tth) no th biu thc trn v nghim. Trong
phm vi kho st nhng gi tr T ca ti ny th biu thc trn lun lun c
nghim (T<Tth), iu ny s c minh chng phn tnh ton c th sau. C th
biu din quan h ny ln h trc to (B/H;T) nh hnh v 2.5.
B/H
2,75
mi
m

1,75
0

T1

T(m)

Hnh 2.5
Vi mn nc c chn T=T1 th tu tho mn iu kin lc t s B/H
phi c la chn sao cho tho mn iu kin l:
B/H = m1 m1, . V d im N.
Trong : m1, l nghim ca phng trnh:

-38-

2 2

C2
H /T

1
2

12

1/ 2

(H / T )

(2.13)

8. La chn t s B/H cho tu ti u

tu thit k ra c ti u, p ng c yu cu t ra, th cc kch
thc c bn ca tu phi c la chn trong vng gii hn ca cc ng y 1,y2 v
B/H =1,75; B/H=2,75. Theo s liu thng k tu mu Ph Yn t s B/H c gi tr
nm trong khong: (1,79 2,76).
9. La chn chiu di L/B cho tu thit k
Chiu di tu c chn b khng ch bi iu kin lung lch, bn bi ni
m tu hot ng. Chiu di L khng nn qu di tng tnh c ng cho tu.
Nhng chiu di tu qu b th tnh n nh hng ca tu s gim.
Theo s liu thng k h thng tu mu Ph Yn ta thy t s L/B ca tu
cu c gi tr nm trong khong: 3,12 L/B 3,80.
T phng trnh ni (2.2):
P = D = .V = LBT =
D

L B2 H 2

T 3 .
B H2 T2
1

L/B = ( B / H ) 2 ( H / T ) 2 T 3 .

(2.14)

Trong : = 1,025 (T/m3) l trng lng ring ca nc bin.

Da vo lng c nh bt (k c v mui) trong nhim v th ta s xc
nh c lng chim nc D v t tm ra c chiu di ca tu.
10. Kim tra phng trnh trng lng:
Phng trnh trng lng c vit nh sau:
P =Pi =Pv+Pm+Pc+Pnl+Plttp+Ptt+Pbt+Pl.
Ta tin hnh xt tng trng lng thnh phn:

-39-

- Tnh Pv: Trng lng v tu Pv c tnh theo cng thc gn ng ca

Herner Verhosek:
Pv = P(LBT).

(2.16)

Trong :
L,B,T: l cc kch thc c bn ca tu (m).
P: l khi lng thn tu trn mt n v th tch thn tu (T/m 3). Gi tr ny
c tnh phn sau.
- Tnh Pm: Trng lng my Pm (k c h trc tu) c tnh theo cng thc
gn ng sau:
Pm =n.Ne.

(2.17)

Trong :
n: l khi lng n v tnh theo cng sut my (T/ml).
Ne: cng sut my chnh (Ml).
Theo ngh ca Simpson, i vi tu c th khi lng my c th ly gn
ng nh sau:
Pm = 2MNe.

(2.18)

Vi:
MNe: l khi lng ca my chnh (T).
+ Tnh Pnl: Trng lng nhin liu c tnh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
Pnl =

2q
l
q
Ne
N e t.
1000
v 1000

(2.19)

Trong :
t: l thi gian nh bt (h).
q: lng tiu hao nhin liu ca my chnh (kg/ml.h).
l: khong cch gia ng trng v bn (hl).
V: tc tu (hl/h).
Ne: cng sut my chnh (ml).
Ne =

Nt
.
m

(2.20)

-40-

Vi:
Nt =

D 2 / 3 .V 3
: L cng sut trn trc chn vt.
C0

C0: l hng s Hi Qun. i vi tu c C0 = (100200)

m: l hiu sut truyn ng, i vi tu c truyn ng gin tip qua hp s
c th ly m = 0,95.
- Tnh Pbt: Lng du bi trn c tnh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
Pbt = (0,020,06)pnl.

(2.21)

- Tnh Ptt: Trng lng ton b thu th on (k c hnh l mang theo) c

tnh nh sau:
Ptt = 0,07i (T).

(2.22)

Trong :
i: l s thu th.
0,07: l trng lng bnh qun ca mi thu th (T).
- Tnh Plttp: Khi lng lng thc, thc phm (k c nc ngt) c tnh
da vo bin ch thuyn vin, thi gian nh bt v nh mc cho tng ngi.
Plttp = it 2 3 30 (T).

(2.23)

Vi:
t: l thi gian mt chuyn bin.
nh mc 1 ngy 30 lt nc v (23) kg lng thc, thc phm cho 1 thu
th.
- Tnh Pl: Trng lng li ph thuc vo kch c ca tu. y ta tnh P l
da vo h thng tu mu.
Vy vi gi tr cc ti trng thnh phn c tnh trn thay vo phng
trnh trng lng kim tra, sau so snh vi gi tr lng chim nc D c
tnh theo lng c nh bt Pc.

-41-

11. Kim tra phng trnh tc

Kim tra phng trnh tc ca tu theo cng thc Hi Qun.

D 2 / 3V 3
L / B B / H 2 H / T 2 .T 3
EPS =
=
C0
C0

2/3

EPS C 0
B
3 2/3 2/3
=>
2/3
4/3
2
H V L / B H / T T

2.3.

.V 3

3/ 4

(2.24)

XC NH CC KCH THC CH YU V CC H S NG

HNH L THUYT CA TU
2.3.1. La chn mn nc T(m)
Nh trnh by phn 2.2.3, mn nc T ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin t
nhin ca vng tu hot ng.
Cn c vo yu cu ca nhim v th sc ch ca tu P c=28 tn, ta em so
snh vi h thng tu mu (bng 2.1) c sc ch gn vi tu thit k th mn nc
T c gi nm trong khong 1,6 T 1,84(m).
+ Pc=25 tn; T=1,6(m) l ca tu PY-9207.
+ Pc=26 tn; T= 1,70(m) l ca tu PY-93078.
+ Pc= 30 tn; T= 1,84(m) l ca tu PY-92115.
Qua thc t tm hiu v phn tch tu mu ti nhn thy rng mn
nc T=1,7(m) l ph hp vi lung lch v cng c m tu ra vo. Vy gi tr mn
nc T s c chn l: T=1,7(m).
2.3.2. La chn t s H/T
T s ny c nh hng n tnh n nh v sc cn ca tu. Theo s liu
thng k tu mu t s H/T c gi tr nm trong khong 1,20 H/T 1,36.
Chn H/T=1,25.
2.3.3. La chn h s th tch nc chim

-42-

Cn c vo nhim v th thit k, trn c s phn tch nh phn 2.1 trn ta

tin hnh la chn h s theo h thng tu mu. Theo h thng tu mu ngh cu
Ph Yn h s nm trong khong: 0,59 0,64 (bng2.1).
Tnh cc trng lng thnh phn
* T phng trnh trng lng ca tu :
D = PI = PV + Pm + PC + Pnl + Plttp+ Ptt+ Pl + Ppt
Theo s tay k thut ng tu: Tp I, tr. 16 ta c :

PC

PC

Trong : : h s ti trng ca tu c ; (0,3 0,4). Chn = 0,345.

28
81.10 (T)
0,345

* Tnh cc trng lng thnh phn

+ Tnh Pm:
T nhim v th: sc ch ca tu Pc=28 (T); V= 9 (hl/h).
Ta c:
D 2 / 3V 3 81.10 2 / 3 9 3
137( ML) .
Nt =
=
C0
100

N e*

Vi:

Nt
Nt
137

162.1( ML) .
t t . mt . hs 0,98.0,88.0,98

t = 0,98 l hiu sut trn trc.

mt = 0,88 l hiu sut mi trng.
hs = 0,98 l hiu sut hp s.

Ne = N e* K dt

Vi Kdt: l h s d tr Kdt = (1,1 1,2). Chn Kdt=1,12.

Ne = 162,11,12 = 182 (ML).
V my chnh cn phi lai h thng thit b ph v tu lm vic vi khong
cch ng trng ln, trong iu kin sng gi phc tp nn cn d tr cng sut

-43-

ln. Vy ta chn my chnh l ng c: 6LAAE c cng sut nh mc N e =

240(ML), do hng YANMAR ca Nht sn xut lm my chnh cho tu.
ng c chnh c khi lng Me = 1820(kg) =1,82 (T).
Khi :
Pm= 2Me = 2 1,82 = 3,64(T).
+ Tnh Pnl:
Pnl =

2q
l
q
Ne
N e t.
1000
v 1000

Trong :
l: l khong cch gia ng trng v bn. l = 150(hl).
t: thi gian mt chuyn bin, tnh trung bnh mt ngy tu di chuyn 8
gi th: t = 186=108(h).
q: lng tiu hao nhin liu ca my chnh q =175(g/ml.h) = 0,175(Kg/ml.h)
Pnl =

2.0,175
150 0,175
240

240 108 5,90(T )

1000
9,0 1000

+ Tnh Pbt:
Pbt = (0,020,06)Pnl. Chn Pbt = 0,03Pnl.
Pbt = 0,035,90 = 0,18(T).
+ Tnh Ptt:
Ptt = 120,07 = 0,84(T).
+ Tnh Plttp:
Plttp = 1218(30+2,5) = 7(T).
+ Tnh Pl:

-44-

Da vo tu mu c sc ch P c gn vi sc ch ca tu thit k th trng
lng thit b nh bt: Pl = 1.2 (T).
+ Tnh Pv:
Trng lng v tu (pv) c tnh theo cng thc gn ng ca Helnel
Verhosek nh sau:
Pv = P(LBT).
Hay c th vit di dng:
V

Pv = P(LBTH/T) = P

H
D H
P

T
T

Trong :
: trng lng ring ca nc bin. = 1,025 (T/m3 )
: h s th tch nc chim.
P: khi lng ca tu trn mt n v th tch thn tu (T/m 3). H s P ny c
th xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim sau:
P=

P P
i

/( LBH ) 0 i

. (2.26)

Vi:
P0/(LBH)0i : L khi lng v tu trn mt n v th tch thn tu ca tu
mu th i.
Theo s liu tnh ton cho mt s tu cu ca s thu sn Ph yn th h s P
khi tnh ton theo cng thc (2.26) s c gi tr l: P = 0,220 (T/m3).
Vi = 1,025(T/m3); H/T = 1,25.
Khi ta c:
81,10

Pv = 0,220 1,025.

1,25

81,10

= 0,220 1,025. p 1,25 .

M phng trnh trng lng:

D =Pi =Pv+ Pm+Pc+Pnl+Plttp+Ptt+Pbt+Pl.

-45-

Pv = D-(Pm+Pc+Pnl+Plttp+Ptt+Pbt+Pl).
Pv = 81.10 - (3,64+28+5,90+7+0,84+0,18+1,2) = 34,49(T).
81,10

= 0,220 1,025 34,49 1,25 0,63 .

Vy = 0,63.
Nh vy trong dy s = 0,590,64 (Thng k tu mu Ph Yn) ta chn
c mt v ch mt h s = 0,63 khi thit k theo phng php ti u n tho
mn iu kin v bc kim tra trng lng tu thit k. V trong phng trnh
trng lng ch c Pv l ph thuc vo , cn tt c cc thnh phn cn li khng
ph thuc .
2.3.4. La chn h s din tch mt ct ngang
H s ca tu cu Ph Yn nm trong khong: 0,90 0,93. H s ny t
nh hng n tnh nng ca tu.
Chn = 0,91.
2.3.5. th la chn
* La chn t s B/H : Theo iu kin n nh vi H/T =1,25 v T =1,7(m).
iu kin n nh c vit li nh sau:
29

y1 = 10 2( H / T )T B/H.

y1 =

29
10 2,5T

B/H.

xc nh t s B/H = f(T) ta kho st mt s gi tr T in hnh.

+ T = 1,4m

B/H = 2,14

+ T = 1,6m

B/H = 2,07

-46-

+ T = 1,7m

B/H = 2,03

+ T = 1,75m B/H = 2,01

+ T = 2,0m

B/H = 1,93

Min xc nh ca hm s y1 l 1,75 y1 2,75. Do vi mn nc

T =1,7(m) c chn trc th t s B/H c chn sao cho tho mn iu kin n
nh, tc l: 1,75 B/H 2,75. Theo s liu thng k ca tu mu Ph Yn t s
B/H c gi tr nm trong khong: (1,79 2,26).
Ta c: 1,79

B
H

1,75

2,26 (Thng k tu mu).

(*)

B
2,75 (Kt qu nghin cu ca PGSTS Nguyn Quang
H

Minh).
Vi mn nc T = 1,7 (m) chn trc th t s B/H c chn sao cho tha
mn iu kin ( * ). Ta chn: B/H = 2,1.
* La chn chiu di L cho tu:
T phng trnh ni D = .V = LBT
L B2 H 2
Hay D = 2 2 T 3 .
B H
T

L/B

81,10

1,025.0,63. 2,10 .1,25 .1,7

2

D
1
1
1

3
2
2
( B / H )
(H / T )
T

3,71

Vy L/B = 3,71.
Gi tr ny tho mn iu kin ang xt l: 3,12 L/B 3,8.

-47-

Do cc yu t hnh hc c bn ca tu thit k l:
L
3,71
B

L = 16,54(m)

B
2,1
H

B = 4,46(m)

H
1,25
T

T 1,7

T = 1,7(m)
H = 2,125(m)

0,63

= 0,63

0,91

= 0,91

* La chn h s din tch mt ng nc

Theo l thuyt tu, chu k lc ngang ca tu c xc nh theo cng thc:

CB
h0

CB

2 B2
T
H

12 T

2 B2
B H
2
T
H C 2

T

12

T
H
T

=> 2

(2.27)

Vi:
C = (0.780.82): H s qun tnh. Chn C = 0,8.
: h s cao trng tm tng i c ly gi tr ( 0,70,8). Chn =
0,75.
B = 4,46 (m): chiu rng tu.
H =2,125 (m): chiu cao mn tu.
T = 1,7 (m): mn nc tu.
: chu k lc ngang ca tu.

-48-

- Khi = 4(s) thay cc gi tr trn vo (2.27) ta c phng trnh:

1,553 +0,9752 -0,689 -1,505 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny ta c = 0,94 khng thuc khong (0,840,89)
- Khi = 4,5(s) ) thay vo phng trnh (2.27) ta c phng trnh:
1,553 +0,9752 - 0,522 -1,400 = 0
Gii ra ta c = 0,90 khng thuc khong (0,840,89)
- Khi = 5(s) thay vo phng trnh (2.27) ta c phng trnh:
1,553 +0,9752 0,402 - 1,324 = 0
Gii ra ta c = 0,86 thuc khong (0,840,89)
m bo iu kin n nh cho tu ti u th h s c chn phi nm
trong khong ang xt: 0,84 0,89.
Vy trong 3 trng hp trn ch c = 5(s) nhn c gi tr tho mn
iu kin ang xt:(0,840,89).
Do ta chn h s = 0,86 cho tu thit k.
Mt khc theo cng thc (2.12) vi iu kin lc ta c:

2 2

C2
H /T

12

1/ 2

(H / T )

= y2

- Khi = 4 (s); = 0,94; =0,63; C = 0,8; = 0,75; H/T = 1,25;

Thay cc gi tr trn vo (2.12) ta c:
B 5,41

H 2,8 T

1/ 2

+ T = 1,3m

B/H = 1,90

+ T = 1,4m

B/H = 1,96

-49-

+ T = 1,6m

B/H = 2,12

+ T = 1,7m

B/H = 2,21

+ T = 1,8m

B/H = 2,32

+ T = 2,0m

B/H = 2,6

Khi = 4,5(s); = 0,90; =0,63; C = 0,8; = 0,75; H/T = 1,25;

B 7,37

H 3,30 T

1/ 2

+ T = 1,3m

B/H = 1,91

+ T = 1,4m

B/H = 1,96

+ T = 1,6m

B/H = 2,08

+ T = 1,7m

B/H = 2,15

+ T = 1,8m

B/H = 2,21

+ T = 2,0m B/H = 2,38

- Khi =5(s); = 0,86; =0,63; C = 0,8; = 0,75; H/T = 1,25;
B
9,3

H
3,78 T

1/ 2

+ T = 1,3m

B/H = 1,93

+ T = 1,4m

B/H = 1,97

+ T = 1,6m

B/H = 2,06

-50-

+ T = 1,7m

B/H = 2,10

+ T = 1,8m

B/H = 2,16

+ T = 2,0m B/H = 2,28

* Kim tra phng trnh tc

D 2 / 3V 3
L / B B / H 2 H / T 2 .T 3
EPS =
=
C0
C0

2/3

.V 3

EPS C0
B
3 2/3 2/3
2/3
4/3
2
H V ( L / B) ( H / T ) T

3/ 4

= y3

(2.28).

Vi EPS: l cng sut c ch trn trc chn vt:

EPS = Nt = 137(ml).
C0 = 100; L/B = 3,71; H/T = 1,25; V= 9(hl/h); = 0,63; = 1,025(T/m3 );
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (2.28) ta c:
B 7,80

H T 2

3/ 4

= y3

+ T = 1,4m

B/H = 2,81

+ T = 1,6m

B/H = 2,30

+ T = 1,7m

B/H = 2,10

+ T = 1,8m

B/H = 1,93

+ T = 2,0m B/H = 1,65

-51-

Biu din c 3 hm y1, y2, y3 ln cng mt h trc to (B/H;T) ta c th la

chn nh hnh v 2.6.
Vi T= 1,7(m) v V= 9(hl/h) th ta ch chn c mt con tu c kch thc l: Do
cc yu t hnh hc c bn ca tu thit k l :
L =16,54m; B = 4,46m;

H =2,125m; T =1,7m;

L/B = 3,71; B/H = 2,10; H/T = 1,25;

= 0,86;

= 0,90;

= 0,63;

-52-

OTHLA CHON
B/H

1.7

3
2.75
V = 9hl/h

y
2

s
s
2.10
Vung la chon toiu

2
1.75

y
1
y3

Hnh 2.6: th la chn.

1.6 1.84 2 T(m)

1.4 1.7

-53-

2.4. THIT K NG HNH TU:

Hin nay c nhiu phng php xy dng ng hnh tu, mi phng php
c nhng u nhc im ring. Trong phm vi thit k ca ti ny, ti chn
phng php xy dng ng hnh da trn tu mu v iu chnh cho ph hp vi
cc thng s kch thc chn, ng thi p ng ng v cc yu cu t ra
trong nhim v th. Khi ta c bn v ng hnh trn hnh 2.7.
T bn v ng hnh trn ta tin hnh o v thit lp bng to ng
hnh v cho kt qu bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3: Bng to ng hnh.
Na chiu rng

Chiu cao

N
N0N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 Boong MCS
Sn
0

0.5

CD0

CDI CDII CDIII CDIV Boong MCS

1466

1895

1966

1698 1698

1698 1729

2591

2856

1734 1855

2027

2080

1212 1212

1212 1347

2471

2735

1764 1872 1960

2095

2145

895

895

895

1038

2443

2350

2620

1763 1882 1959 2023 2079

2200

2216

335

335

335

490

1844

2196

2438

1544 1744 1909 1985 2042 2103 2150

2228

2246

-3

-3

-3

155

1469

2096

2337

16771825 1943 2021 2085 2150 2197

2249

2266

-51

-51

-51

59

1270

2061

2342

16081817 1950 2051 2107 2166 2230

2261

2279

-11

-11

-11

100

1177

2107

2405

- 1801 1930 2010 2081 2142 2192

2266

2292

46

46

46

167

1160

2219

2504

- 1671 1798 1890 1957 2021 2117

2261

2295

101

101

101

350

1766

2411

2665

- 1191 1470 1653 1754 1871 1968

2219

2292

157

157

137

944

2192

2641

2922

357

614

837

1072 1320 1554

2058

2109

212

583

1331 1938

2992

3260

9.5

176

276

410

594

811

1014

1826

1882

240

1190 1989 2775

3176

3436

10

155

1151

1272

1700

2473 3640

3369

3640

2.5. TNH TON CC YU T NG HNH L THUYT TU

2.5.1. Tnh ton v v cc yu t thu lc
ng cong thu lc biu din cc tr s tnh nng ca tu trng thi ng
vi mn nc bt k. thun li v chnh xc cc yu t thu lc ca tu s
c tnh theo phng php gn ng theo quy tc hnh thang. Tnh thu lc ca
tu bao gm cc yu t : S, V, Xc, Xf , Zc, , , , R0, r0.

-54-

Din tch mt ng nc: S (m2)

S=2

1/ 2

1 / 2

ydx 2L( y 0 y1 ... y n

L =

Trong :

yo yn
) S
2

(2.29)

L
n

+ n: s khong sn l thuyt.
+ L: chiu di thit k.
+ S: din tch hiu nh u li v mi.
+ yi: tung ca sn.
Th tch nc chim: V (m3)
V=

Tm

sdx T ( S 0 S1 ... S m

Trong :

S 0S m
)
2

(2.30)

+ Sm: din tch mt ng nc tng ng.

+ T: khong cch cc mt ng nc, T=
+ m: s mt ng nc.

Cc h s hnh dng v tu:

H s th tch nc chim:

Vi
Li Bi Ti

(2.31)

H s din tch mt ng nc:

Si
Li Bi

(2.32)

H s ng nc mt ct ngang:

ni
Bi Ti

(2.33)

Honh trng tm din tch mt ng nc: XF (m)

T
m

-55-

Xf =

M Sioy

(2.34)

Si

Trong :
MSioy: l mmen tnh ca din tch i vi oy.
MSioy
2

L/2

L / 2

=
xydx L2 10( y10 y 0 ) 8( y 9 y1 ) 6( y8 y 2 ) 4( y 7 y 3 ) 2( y 6 y 4 ) M Sioy

Vi: MSioy : l mmen tnh hiu nh.

(2.35)

Tnh to tm ni: Zc, Xc (m)

+ Cao tm ni:
ZCi =

M Vixoy

(2.36)

Vi

+ Honh tm ni:
Xci =

M Viyoz

(2.37)

Vi

Trong :
Mvixoy - mmen tnh ca th tch Vi i vi mt phng to xoy v c
tnh theo cng thc:
MVixoy =

Tm

S m Z m d z T 2 S1 2 S 2 ... (m 1) S m 1 mS m

S0 Sm
2

(2.38)

MViyoz - mmen tnh ca th tch Vi i vi mt phng to yoz v c

tnh theo cng thc:
MViyoz =

Tm

S m X Fm d z T S 0 X F 0 S1 X F 1 ..... S m X Fm

Bn knh n nh ngang: r0 (m)

r0 =
Trong :

Ix
Vi

(2.40)

S 0 X F 0 S m X Fm
2

(2.39)

-56-

Ix: L mmen qun tnh ca din tch MN i vi trc x

3

y 03 y10
2 L/2 3
2 3
3
3
y
dx

L
y

.....

Ix = L / 2
0
I x
1
10
3
3
2

(2.41)

Vi Ix: l phn hiu nh u mi v li.

Bn knh n nh dc: R0 (m)
R0 =

Iy
Vi

(2.42)

Trong : Iy: L mmen qun tnh ca din tch MN i vi trc y v c

tnh theo cng thc:
Iy=2

L/2

L / 2

52

( y10 y0 ) 4 2 ( y9 y1 ) 32 ( y8 y2 ) 2 2 ( y7 y3 ) ( y6 y4 ) I y
2

x 2 ydx 2L3

2.43
Vi Iy: L phn hiu nh u mi v li.
Da vo cc cng thc trn ta tin hnh tnh ton v cho kt qu bng 2.4.

-57-

Bng 2.4: Cc yu t tnh thu lc.

TT
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Yu t V
S
B
L
T
V
Mvixoy
Mviyoz
Xf
Xc
Zc
Ix
Iy
r0
R0

m
m
m
m
m3
m4
m4
m
m
m
m4
m4
m
m
T

0
12,74
3.49
3,9
0
0.81
13,81
70,55
17,05
87,1
0,93
-

1
40,09
3,87
13,35
0,284
7,13
3,21
0.24
-0.04
0,03
0,43
32,59
302,9
4,57
42,5
0,75
0,52
0,91
7,66

Mt ng nc
2
3
4
5
6
47,80 52,10 56,58 60,74
63,71
4,12
4,24
4,31
4,40
4,46
14,35 15,25 16,21 16,47
16,54
0,568 0.852 1,136
1,42
1,70
18,72 33,01 48,44 64,58
81,86
10,25 22,56 42,53 71,22 109,25
1,37
-1,82 -5,64 -11,56 -18,38
-0,27 -0,32 -0,40
-0,43
-0,48
0,07
-0,05 -0,12
-0,18
-0,22
0,52
0,67
0,87
1,09
1,32
52,33 63,36 69,38 78,29
89,71
661,5 845,9 900,40 960,47 1230,2
2,79
1,92
1,43
1,21
1,10
35,33 25,63 18,59 14,87
15,03
0,77
0,81
0,83
0,84
0,86
0,60
0,60
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,91
0,91
20,11 34,31 50,08 67,09
83,91

th thy lc c biu din hnh 2.8, vi cc t l c ghi trc tip trn th

Hnh 2.8: th thy tnh

Z
c
(
1
:
2
0
0
)

T
A
U

A
N

H
C
A

V
O

G
O

2
4
0
c
v

(
)

(
+
)
C
N
T
h
i
e
t

k
e

V
e

K
i
e

m
t
r
a
D
u
y
e
t

N
4

N
3

N
6

N
5

(
1
:
1
5
0
)

T
R

N
G

A
IH

O
C

N
H
A
T
R
A
N
G
B
O

M
O

N
T
A
U

T
H
U
Y
E
N

4
5
T
T

T
H

N
H
T
H
U
Y

S
L
:
1

K
L

H
o

&
T
e
n

P
.
T
.
H
o
a
P
.
T
.
H
o
a
N
Q
M
i
n
h
N
Q
M
i
n
h

N
1

C
B
(
+
)

r
(
1
:
2
0
0
(
m
/
m
m
)
)

(
1
:
1
0
0
)

(
1
:
1
0
0
)

R
(
1
:
3
0
(
m
/
m
m
)
)

N
2

(
)

X
f
(
1
:
2
0
0
)

N
2

D
(
1
:
1
0
(
T
/
m
m
)
)

X
c
(
1
:
2
0
0
)

V
(
1
:
1
0
(
m
3
/
m
m
)
)

N
1

C
B

N
4

N
3

N
5

N
6

S
(
1
:
1
0
(
m
2
/
m
m
)
)

K
y

N
g
a

-58-

-59-

2.5.2. Tnh ton v v th Bonjean:

Vi mi sn tu, t kt qu tnh din tch phn chm v mmen tnh phn
chm so vi y, c th v hai ng cong miu t bin thin ca hai gi tr trn
theo chiu chm T. Tp hp ton b cc ng cong kiu ny, lp cho tt c sn
tnh ton s c th c tn gi t l Bonjean.
H ng cong trn th Bonjean l c s tnh th tch phn chm gi nh,
tm ni theo chiu dc, chiu cao trc khi h thu tu, ng thi l c s tnh
chng chm, phn khoang tu.
Din tch mt sn tnh n mn nc T.
T

(T) = 2 ydz 2T

i 0

y0 yn

(m2)

(2.44)

Mmen tnh so vi trc oy ca mt sn:

T

2
M(T) = 2 yzdz 2T

i. y
i 0

y0 yn

(m3)

(2.45)

Gi tr ca th Bonjean c tnh v cho kt qu bng 2.5.

Bng 2.5: Bng tnh gi tr Bonjean.
Sn
DN
DN
0
DN
1
DN
2
DN
3
DN
4
DN
5
DN
6
MB

(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,45
0,77

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,5
0,57
1,53
1,89
2,62
3,60

0
0
0
0
0,5
0,28
1,54
1,02
2,63
2,11
3,76
3,56
4,92
5,38

0
0
1,40
0,14
2,44
0,59
3,55
1,38
4,69
2,52
5,87
4,02
7,07
5,91

0
0
1,47
0,15
2,54
0,61
3,66
1,41
4,83
2,57
6,03
4,11
7,22
6,04

0
0
1,43
0,15
2,50
0,61
3,63
1,41
4,80
2,58
6,01
4,13
7,26
6,08

(m2)

1,46

3,78

6,14

8,32

8,53

8,53

M(T.m)

2,65

5,75

7,64

8,51

8,37

8,44

-60-

Sn
DN
DN
0
DN
1
DN
2
DN
3
DN
4
DN
5
DN
6
MB

(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)
(m2)
M(T.m)

10

0
0
0,51
0,15
1,57
0,60
2,69
1,40
3,85
2,56
5,05
4,09
6,28
6,02
7,55
8,35

0
0
0,47
0,13
1,46
0,56
2,31
1,31
3,06
2,40
4,73
3,84
5,90
5,68
7,15
7,98

0
0
0,34
0,1
1,09
0,43
1,98
1,57
2,95
2,03
3,98
3,35
5,07
5,06
6,26
7,26

0
0
0,1
0,03
0,38
0,16
0,79
0,46
1,33
1,01
2,01
1,88
2,83
3,17
3,85
5,08

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,04
0,08
0,42
0,24

th Bonjean c biu din hnh 2.9 vi cc t l c ghi trc tip trn

th

3
.
7
4

2
.
7
2

0
.
5
6
6
0
.
2
8
3
0
0

1
.
7

2
.
0
4

2
.
3
8

(
1
:
1
0
0
(
m
2
/
m
m
)
)

Tyle1:1

3
.
4
3
.
0
6

0
.
8
4
9

1
.
4
1
5
1
.
1
3
2

4
5

7
8

Hnh 2.9: th Bonjen

M ()
o
y
(
1
:
2
0
0
m
3
/
m
m
)

9
T
y

l
e

1
:
2

1
0

-61-

-62-

Chng 3. THIT K B TR CHUNG V TNH TON

THIT B NNG LNG CHNH
3.1. B TR CHUNG:
Thit k b tr chung ton tu nh hng trc tip n yu cu s dng, tnh
nng hng hi v tnh kinh t ca con tu. Tu thu khng ch l mt phng tin
giao thng vn ti, nh bt m cn l mt cng trnh kin trc ni trn mt nc.
Do thit k b tr chung ton tu ngoi vic m bo an ton, cng dng, hp l
v k thut v.v.. cn phi ch n tnh thm m, tm sinh l ngi s dng.
Thit k b tr chung ton tu l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh thit k
mi mt con tu. Khi thit k b tr cn ch nhng nguyn tc sau:
+ Dung tch cc khoang c hay khng.
+ nh hng b tr cc khoang i vi nghing ngang, nghing dc v chiu
cao trng tm ca tu.
+ m bo iu kin thun li trong thao tc nh bt v sinh hot trn tu.
+ Lp t thit b hp l, thao tc d dng, an ton.
+ Khi b tr cn phi tun th ng yu cu ca Qui phm.
- c im b tr ca tu:
Do tu thng xuyn lm vic trong iu kin sng gi ht sc phc tp nn
vic thit k b tr chung ton tu, trc ht phi xt ti yu cu v an ton trong
nh bt v iu kin sinh hot ca thu th on trn tu.
Trong khi la chn kch thc v hnh dng thn tu cng nh vic b tr
phi ch c bit n tnh n nh v tnh nng hng hi ca tu.
Qua thc t tm hiu mt s tu ngh cu Ph Yn th vic b tr nh vy l
ph hp vi cc nguyn tc nu trn v tm sinh l ngi s dng. Do vy, trong
phm vi ti ny ti chn phng n thit k b tr chung theo mu v b sung
thm cho ph hp vi yu cu thc t s dng.
Tu thit k gm c 41 sn, khong cch sn : a = 400(mm).

-63-

3.1.1. B tr pha trn boong.

+ T sn s 0 4 : l boong sinh hot, b tr hm ln xung khoang li.
+ T sn s 4 16 : l thng tng.
+ T sn s 5 8 l b tr nh bp bn mn tri v nh v sinh bn mn
phi, b tr np hm ln xung bung my.
+ T sn 7 12: sp ng ca thu th.
+ T sn 12 16: l bung li trong bung li b tr bn li, Vlng li.
+ T sn 27 29: l b tr my thu cu.
+ T sn 17 35: l mt boong khai thc c b tr np hm ln xung.
+ T sn 35 40 : l boong dng cao hn so vi boong khai thc, trn
boong b tr 2 neo mi.
3.1.2. B tr di boong.
Tnh t pha li v pha mi tu c chia nh sau:
-T sn s 0 4 l khoang li cha secto li, tr li v cc thit b khc
ng thi b tr 2 kt nc ngt d tr.
-T sn 4 16 l Bung my. Trong bung my b tr my chnh Yanmar
cng sut 240CV, cc h thng ton tu, ng ng tu. Cc kt du d tr c t
trong khoang ny.
-T sn 16 35 l khoang cha c, b tr 5 hm c c bc cch nhit c
th:

+ Sn 16 20: khoang c 1.
+ Sn 20 24 : khoang c 2.
+ Sn 24 28 : khoang c 3.
+ Sn 28 32 : khoang c 4.
+ Sn 32 35 : khoang c 5.
-T sn 35 38: khoang ng c.
-T sn 38 n mi : Khoang cha dy neo.

3.2. LA CHN KT CU, TRANG THIT B CHNH THEO TU MU:

-64-

3.2.1. La chn kt cu theo tu mu:

Tu c kt cu ngang bng h thng : giang kn x ngang. Khong
cch trung bnh gia 2 l 400 mm, lin kt gia u v u cong giang bng
Bulng M16, gia d ngang vi ky chnh v my bng Bulng M18.
Bng 3.1.Bng kch thc kt cu ngang.
Tn chi tit
ngang

Quy cch
100 x 200

Cong giang

80 x 160

X ngang

80 x 100

Vn vch

30

Tu c kt cu dc bng h thng : Ky chnh - Sng mi - Sng chnh B

vin Vn v. Lin kt gia vn v vi khung bng Bulng M16 v cht g xen
k, ti sng mi vn c lin kt bi inh ch 10x10x120 v cc Bulng M16, cc
u Bulng m vo phn g v trt ma tt kn nc. V tu c h xm bi x tre,
chai ph v c sn 2 sn bo v.
Bng 3.2: Bng kch thc kt cu dc .
Tn chi tit

Quy cch(mmxmm)

Tn chi tit

Quy cch(mmxmm)

Ky chnh

250 x 250

my chnh

300 x 40

Sng mi

420 x 400

Tr chnh cabin

150 x 150

Sng li

80 x 200

Tr ph cabin

80 x 160

B chp

80 x 250

X ngang cabin

50 x 140

B vin trn

80 x 250

Vn nc cabin

20

B vin di

80 x 270

Vn sp ng

20

Vn st ky

50

Vn np hm

20

Vn mn

40

Vy gim lc

50 x 250

Vn y

50

Ng neo

150 x 220

Vn boong

40

Tr neo

150 x 220

-65-

3.2.2. La chn trang thit b theo tu mu

Trang b cu sinh: Theo quy nh v an ton lao ng, tu c trang b h
thng cu sinh, cu nn bao gm: 12 phao c nhn, 1 phao b cho 10 ngi t
trn nc cabin, phao trn 4 ci, dy km d = 50 (m)
Trang b cu m: Tu c trang b 1 bm ht kh loi 20m 3/h, cao su
tm dy 0,05m : 0,5 m3
H thng cu ha: 2 bnh CO2 v mt bm li tm trang b khu vc Bung
my.
Tn hiu : n hnh trnh gm : n mn phi, n mn tri, n ui, n
s c, C Vit Nam 1l , Pho sng 6 qu, pho hiu mu 6 qu, n pha 3 b.
Thit b hng hi: La bn 1 ci, my nh v, my o su v d c mt
ci, hi khu vc Vit Nam 1 b, my thng tin tm gn v tm xa 1 b.
H thng li: Tu lp mt bnh li kiu na cn bng, h thng iu khin
bng v lng quay tay t trong ca bin qua h thng li dy cp v xch truyn n
secto li.
H thng neo: Tu s dng 1 neo chnh ,1 neo ph v dy neo bng x si
tng hp d =35 mm di 100 m x 2, th v ko neo bng ti trch lc v sc ngi.
3.3. TNH SC CN V CHN NG C CHNH
3.3.1. Tnh sc cn
Tnh di chuyn ca tu l kh nng pht huy vn tc chuyn ng tnh tin
ca tu. Khi s dng mt cch c hiu qu cng sut ng c chnh. Tnh di chuyn
ca tu ph thuc vo kch thc tu, tuyn hnh, trng thi ca b mt thn tu,
kiu tu, cng sut ng c v iu kin kh nng khai thc ca tu.
Tnh sc cn l mt cng trnh rt phc tp tri qua nhiu cng on tnh
ton nhm phc v cho qu trnh tnh ton my, trang b cho h thng ng lc,
cng nh to phng tin cho qu trnh xy ng cc ng c tnh cn thit ca
tu.

-66-

nh gi c tnh di chuyn ca tu trong cc iu kin khc nhau cn

phi bit c gi tr lc cn ca tu mi vn tc xc nh v c trng ca thit
b y tu.
Phng php tnh.
tnh sc cn ca tu, ta p dng cng thc tnh sc cn theo Vin thit k
tu Lningrad :
R = . .V1.285 + 1.45 (24 -

L
)
B

5
2

D
. V4 (1)
L2

Trong :
+ D: lng chim nc tu.
+ : h s din tch mt ng nc.
+ V: vn tc tu.
+ : h s lc cn ma st; = 0,17
+ : h s bo; = 0,63
+ L: chiu di thit k; L = 16,54 (m)
+ B: chiu rng thit k; B= 4,46 (m)
+ : khi lng ring ca nc; = 1,025 (T/m3)
+ T: chiu chm thit k ; T = 1,7 (m)
H s din tch mt ng nc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
= L. 2T 1,37 0,274 B
= 16,54 2 1,7 1,37 0,63 0,274 4,46 = 92,122 (m2)
Th vo (1) ta c:
5

R = 0,17 92,122 V 1.825 1,45 24

16,54
81,10 4
V
0,63 2
4,46
16,54 2

= 15,666V1.825 + 2,75V4
Ta c gi tr ng cong sc cn c gii thiu bng 3.1.

-67-

Bng 3.3: Bng gi tr ng cong sc cn

V,hl/h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

V,m/s
0,515
1,030
1,545
2,060
2,575
3,090
3,605
4,120
4,635
5,14

V1.825
0,30
1,06
2,21
3,74
5,62
7,84
10,38
13,25
16,43
19,838

V4
0,07
1,13
5,70
18,01
43,97
91,17
168,90
288,13
461,53
697,99

15,666*V1.825
4,650
16,476
34,531
58,375
87,717
122,347
162,095
206,826
256,424
310,789

2.75*V4
R,kG
0,192
4,822
3,071
19,547
15,548
50,079
49,139
107,514
119,968 207,685
248,766 371,112
460,869 622,964
786,222 993,048
1259,375 1515,799
1919,487 2230,276

Sc cn l mt hm s ca tc , R = f(V), biu din trn th hnh 3.5.

R(kG)
3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

V(Hl/h)

Hnh 3.3: th sc cn v tu
3.3.2. Tnh chn ng c chnh
3.3.2.1. Thit k chn vt chn my cho tu thit k
1.Tnh chn cc thng s ban u:

-68-

ng knh chn vt :Chn vt c ng knh cng ln s vng quay cng

nh th hiu sut cng tc cng cao, song ng knh chn vt khng th qu
ln v mn nc v hnh dng ui tu khng ch.
Tu mt chn vt : Dmax (0,7 0,9) T
Vi T l chiu chm pha ui tu c gi tr: T = 1,7(m).
Dmax = (0,7 0,9) T = 0,73x1,7 (m) = 1,24(m)
Da theo bn v ng hnh v cn c vo ui tu thit k chn: D max = 1,24
(m)
Cc h s nh hng thn tu:
= 0,77 0,28

0,63

0,692
0,91

= 0,77 0,692 0,28 = 0,253

H s dng ht: Ph thuc vo hnh dng ui tu v rt kh xc nh mt
cch chnh xc gi tr gn ng ca h s dng ht i vi tu c:
t = 0,77 0,3 = 0,77 0,692 0,3 = 0,233
Lc y chn vt:
P

R
1515.799

1976.46
1 t
1 0,233

( kG)

Tc tnh tin chn vt:

Vp = (1- ) v = (1- 0,253) 4,635 = 3,455 (m/s)
ng knh ti u chn vt: Dt
Dt =

8P
0,4V p2

Trong :

+ P: lc y chn vt (kG)
+ : mt nc bin; = 104,5( KGs2/m4)
+ Vp: tc chn vt (m/s)

Dt =

8 1976.46
0,4 3,14 104,5 3,455 2

Dt > Dmax ; Chn Dmax = 1,24(m).

= 3.18(m)

-69-

S cnh chn vt: Z

Khi chn s cnh chn vt cn ch n cc yu t sau:
+ Hiu sut cng tc.
+ Hin tng bt kh.
+ S gy nn chn ng.
S cnh chn vt c nh hng n tn s v bin cc lc kch thch sinh
ra trong lc chn vt lm vic.
S lng cnh chn vt nm trong khong t (26) cnh. Ring cc
tu c s cnh chn v thng 3 4 cnh, theo l lun thit k chn vt ca papmiel
xt trn quan im lm vic tt khi h s :

Kd = Vp.Dcv.

= 3,4551,24

104,5
1976,46

= 0.98 < 2.

Chn s cnh chn vt : Z = 4;

Chn Z = 4 cnh.
T s mt a: L t s gia din tch mt dui cnh (S 0) v din tch ng
trn c ng knh bng ng knh chn vt (S).

S0
0,3 1,2
S

Khi thit k chn vt ta phi chn t s mt a sao cho va bn, va

khng xy ra hin tng sinh bt kh trn mt cnh chn vt, va phi m bo hiu
sut cng tc cao.
m bo bn ca cnh chn vt th t s mt a thit k m bo
iu kin:
t

'
min

C'
Z
0,375

cv
max

2
3

m , .P
10000

Vi:
- C: h s c trng bn chn vt.
Do chn vt lm bng hp kim ng-Mangan nn chn C= 0,055
- m: h s kh nng ca chn vt, m= 1,15

-70-

- max = (0,08 0,10): dy tng i ca cnh chn vt bn knh tng i;

Chn max = 0,09
=>

0,055
4
0,375

1,24
0
,
09

'
min

2
3

1,15 1976.46
0,281
10000

'
Vy min
(tha mn iu kin).

m bo trnh hin tng sinh bt kh trn b mt cnh chn vt th: t

phi tho mn:
''
t min
130

Kc
ncv D 2
P1

Trong :
+ ncv: tc quay chn vt, (v/ph)
Chn s b ncv = 420 (v/ph) = 7 (v/s)
P1 = P0 Pd = 10330 + hs Pbh (kG/m2)
hs: chm trc chn vt
hs = Td 0,54D = 1,7 0,54 1,42 = 0,93
Pbh: p sut hi bo ha (tra bng 3.2)
Bng 3.4: Bng gi tr p sut hi bo ha
ToC
Pbh(KG/m2)

0
62

5
89

10
125

15
174

20
238

25
323

30
435

35
573

40
635

Chn T = 200C Pbh 238 (kG/m2)

Vy P1 = 10330 + 1,025 0,93 238 = 10092,95 (kG/m2)
+ : h s thc nghim c gi tr nm trong khong (1,3 1,6) ; Chn = 1,5
+ D = Dcv = 1,24 (m)

+ Kc = f p ,

+ Chn
+ p

, Z : h s c trng bt kh cnh chn vt.

D

H
= 0,6
D

Vp
Dcv ncv

3,455
0,398
1,24 7

45
728

-71-

Tra th hnh 1 trang 11 Gio trnh Hng dn thit k chn vt tu thy

ca Nguyn Xun Mai ng vi: Z = 4 ; P = 0,398;
Suy ra min
''

130 1,3

H
0,6 ta c: Kc = 0,15
D

0,15
7 1,24 2 0,218
10092,95

'
''
, min
) ; Chn = 0,4.
Vy tho mn iu kin khng si bt th: max( min

3.3.2.2. Tnh chn vt chn my

Tnh chn cc thng s ban u.
- Hiu sut thn tu: k
k =

1 t
1 0,233

1,026
1 1 0,253

- Hiu sut xoy R: vi nc bin R = 1,025

- Lc y chn vt: P = 1976.46 (kG)
- Tc tin chn vt: Vp = 3,455 (m/s)
- Tc tu: V = 4,63 (m/s)
- Hiu sut hp s: hs = 0,98
- Hiu sut ng trc: t = 0,98
- Hiu sut mi trng: mt = (0,88 0,9); Chn mt = 0,88
- H s nh hng thn tu a: Vi tu 1 chn vt th a = 1,05
- S cnh chn vt: Z = 4 cnh
- T s mt a: = 0,4
- H s d tr: Chn Kdt = 1,12

Bng 3.5: Bng tnh chn vt chn my.

STT

i lng cn
xc nh
S vng quay
gi thit n

V
V/s

Gi tr
6

10

11

12

-72-

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Vp

Kn =

ncv

p = f(Kn)
tra th.
p = a.p
( a= 1,05).
D=
K1 =

Vp
ncv ' p

P
.n .D 4
2
cv

H/D=f( K1,p )

0,586 0,552

0,524 0,500

0,478

0,44

0,37

0,33

0,32

0,30

0,39

0,36

0,462 0,410

0,389 0,378

0,347 0,336

0,315

m 1,246 1,205

1,180 1,095

0,997 0,935

0,914

0,281 0,183

0,193 0,219

0,191 0,205

0,188

0,72

0,71

0,68

0,455 0,440

0,43

0,8

0,78

0,76

0,55

0,52

0,495 0,475

R.V
75. p . k . R

ML 161

170

179

187

195

210

206

Nd
t . mt

ML 187

198

207

216

226

234

239

ML 209

221

232

240,5

253

262

tra th
p= f( K1,p )
tra th
Nd

0,676 0,626

Neycc =

Ne* = Kdt.Neycc
(Kdt = 1.12)

0,74

268

Cc hng 3;7;8, tra trong bng th papmiel vi Z =4; = 0,4. T bng tnh trn ta
dng th chn my, biu din mi quan h gia D, p, Ne vi tc quay chn
vt.

Ne

1
8
0

1
9
0

2
0
0

2
2
0
2
1
5
2
1
0

2
3
0

2
4
0

2
5
0

2
6
0

2
7
0

(M
L
)

0
.9

1
,1
1
,0
7
1
1
,0

1
,2
4
1
,2

1
,3

1
,4

1
,5

D
(m
)

0
,4

0
,5
0
,7
1

0
,6

0
,7
4
0
,7

0
,8

0
,9

1
,0

H
D

D =
1
,2
4m
m
a
x

3
0
0

3
5
0

6HA - HTE; i = 4,59; n = 436(v/ph)

4
0
0

4
5
0
4
3
6

6HA - HTE; i = 4,00; n = 500(v/ph)

5
0
0
4
6
9

6LAAE; i = 4,05; n = 536(v/ph)

5
5
0
5
3
6

6
0
0

6
5
0

MD136TI; i = 2,91; n = 691(v/ph)

7
0
0
6
9
1

7
5
0

8
0
0
7
9
1

MD136TI; i = 2,78; n = 791(v/ph)

D
H
D

Ne
N
e

Ne
y
c

1
0
0
0

1
0
5
0

?th
?
c
h
?
nm

9
5
0

6
L
A
A
E
N
=2
4
0M
L
i =3
,5
5
;4
,0
5
n
c
v=5
3
6
;4
6
9(v
/p
h
)

9
0
0
8
9
1

MD136TI; i = 2,26; n = 891(v/ph)

H
n
h
3
.2
:

8
5
0

dc

1
9
0
0

1
9
5
0

2
0
0
0

2
0
5
0

2
1
0
0

6
H
A
-H
T
E
N
=2
4
0M
L
i =4
,0
;4
,5
9
n
c
v=
5
0
0
;4
3
6(v
/p
h
)

2
1
5
0

2
2
0
0

2
2
5
0

2
3
0
0

2
4
3
0
5
0

M
D
1
3
6T
I
N
=2
3
0M
L
i=2
0
,2
6;2
,7
8
;2
,9
1
n
c
v=
9
7
3
;7
9
1
;6
9
0(v
/p
h
)

2
4
5
0

2
5
0
0

n
(v
/p
h
)

-73-

6LAAE; i = 3,55; n = 469(v/ph)

-74-

T th chn my ta tin hnh xc nh vng ng knh chn vt c th chn cho

tu thit k t gi tr D D max . Vng cho php chn ng knh chn vt tu l
vng bn phi ca ng gii hn Dmax trn th.
Cng thc nh mc ca ng c k c phn d tr cng sut:
Ne = Neycc . Kdt +NK(ML)
Trong :
NK: tng cng sut my ph do my chnh lai.
Coi cc thit b ph hot ng c lp nn NK= 0.
Da vo bng danh mc ng c, chn ng c chnh cho tu :
My MD136TI ca hng DAEWOO
- Cng sut nh mc : Ne = 230 ML.
- Tc quay nh mc: nm = 2200 v/ph.
- Sut tiu hao nhin liu: ge = 0,158 (Kg/HP.h).
- S xy lanh : i = 6.
- Khi lng : M= 900 (Kg).
- T s truyn hp s XY71-4: ihs = 2,26; 2,78; 2.91.
- S vng quay chn vt : ncv = 973; 791; 690 (v/ph).
- Kch thc (L x B x H): 1599.45 x 736 x1096(mm).
My YANMAR 6HA-HTE.
- Cng sut nh mc : Ne = 240 ML.
- Tc quay nh mc: nm = 2000 v/ph.
- Sut tiu hao nhin liu: ge =0,163 (Kg/HP.h).
- S xy lanh : i = 6.
- Khi lng : M=1230 (Kg).
- T s truyn hp s YX-4: ihs = 4,0; 4,59.
- S vng quay chn vt : ncv = 500; 436 (v/ph).
- Kch thc (L x B x H): 1947 x 939 x 1250 (mm).
My YANMAR 6LAAE.
- Cng sut nh mc: Ne = 240 ML.

-75-

- Tc quay nh mc: nm = 1900 v/ph.

- Sut tiu hao nhin liu 1900v/ph: ge = 0,175 (Kg/HP.h).
- S xy lanh: i = 6.
- Khi lng: M=1820 (Kg).
- T s truyn hp s: ihs = 3,55; 4,05.
- S vng quay chn vt: ncv = 469; 536 (v/ph).
- Kch thc (L x B x H): 1703 x 921 x 1275,5(mm).

Biu din cc thng s c bn ca cc ng c ln th chn my v

tin hnh phn tch chn my nh sau

*ng c 1
Khi tc quay chn vit ncv = 691(v/ph)

Neycc = 237 (ML)

Ne = Neycc .1,12 = 237.1,12 = 260 (ML).

Cng sut nh mc ca ng c l 230 (ML), nh hn cng sut yu cu

ng c (Neycc) khi ng c 1c tc quay nh mc 2200(v/ph), tc quay
chn vt 691(v/ph) ng vi t s truyn 2,91 (khng tho mn).
* ng c 2
Khi tc quay chn vit ncv = 500 (v/ph).

Neycc = 210(ML).
Ne = Neycc .1,12 = 210.1,12 = 235 (ML).

Cng sut nh mc ca ng c l 240 (ML), ln hn cng sut yu cu ng c

(Neycc) khi ng c 2 c tc quay nh mc 2000(v/ph), tc quay chn vt
500(v/ph) ng vi t s truyn 4,05, phn d cng sut khng ng k (tho mn).
* ng c 3
Khi tc quay chn vit ncv = 536 (v/ph).

Neycc = 215(ML).
Ne = Neycc .1,12 = 215.1,12 = 240 (ML).

-76-

Cng sut nh mc ca ng c l 240 (ML), bng cng sut yu cu ng c v

phn cng sut d tr khi ng c 3 c tc quay nh mc 2000(v/ph), tc
quay chn vt 536(v/ph) ng vi t s truyn 4,05(tho mn).
Tin hnh i chiu cc phng n khc chn ng c chnh cho tu.
Cn c vo cc thng s trn ta thy c hai ng c 6LAAE v 6HA-THE
c th chn lm ng c chnh. ng c 6LAAE c sut tiu hao nhin liu, g e =
0,175 (Kg/HP.h) ln hn mt cht so vi ng c 6HA-THE ge =0,163 (Kg/HP.h),
nhng kch thc nh hn v cng sut yu cu v phn cng d tr ph hp vi
nhim v th t ra tu chy vn tc 9(hl/h) nn ta chn ng c 6LAAE lm ng
c chnh. vi cc thng s ca chn vt:
Z = 4; = 0,4; p = 0,53; H/D = 0,74; D = 1,071 m.
* V ng c c chn c cng sut ng vi cng sut yu cu nn vn tc tu
t gi tr 9Hl/h bng tc hng hi t do.
Kim tra li iu kin bn v khng sinh bt kh ca chn vt .
'
Ta c: min

C'
Z
0,375

Dcv max

4
0.055'
0,375

0.09
1,071

Vp
ncv .Dcv

2
3
3

2
3

m , .P
10000

1.15 1665.8
0.29
10000

3,463
0,35
8,93 1,071

Vi Z = 4; p = 0,35; H/D = 0,74 ta c Kc = 0,25.

''
min
130

Kc
ncv D 2
P1

''
min
130 1,3

0,25
8.93 1,071 2 0,38
10093

Vy tho mn iu kin = 0,4 (0,29; 0,38).

3.3.2.3. Xy dng c tnh thy ng hc ca chn vt trong nc t do
-Mc ch ca vic xy dng c tnh thy ng hc ca chn vt trong nc
t do l gip cho vic nghin cu s lm vic ca chn vt cc ch khc vi
ch tnh ton.Trnh t tnh ton c thc hin bng 3.6.

-77-

-Cch xy dng: Cho cc gi tr p v tnh theo bng 3.6 trong hng 2,3
tra th papmeil ng vi : z = 4 ; = 0,4 ; H/D = 0,74.
Gi tr dng ht ng vi ch buc tu ( p = 0).
t0 = ttt( 1-

ptt
1

(3.5)

Trong :
- ttt l h s dng ht tng ng vi ch tnh ton (hng hi t do)
ttt = thhtd =0,223.
- ptt bc trt tng i ng vi ch tnh ton.
ptt = phhtd =

0,515(1 ).V

D.ncv

0,515.(1 0,253).9

0.36 .

1,071.8,93

-1 h s bc trt ng vi K1 = 0.Tra th papmeil ta c 1 = 0,82.

=>

t0 = 0,223( 1-

0,36
0,82

) = 0,12.

Ti v tr tng ng vi K2 = 0.Tra th papmeil ta c p =0,92.

Bng 3.6: Bng tnh c tnh thy ng hc ca chn vt trong nc t do.
STT
1
2
3
4

i lng cn
tnh hoc xc nh
p( t cho).
K1 =f(H/D, p)
tra th
K2 =f(H/D, p)
tra th

Gi tr
0

0,4

0,30

0,19

0,031

0,02

0,55

0,141

0,285

K1 p
p = K 2 2

5
t=

t0
p

0,6
0,11
5
0,01
5
0,73
2
0,58
5

0,73

0,76

0,79 0,82

0,07

0,055

0,04

0,009

0,008

0,006 0,004

0,856

0,83

0,83

1,852

3,704

0,88
-

T kt qu xc nh bng 3.7 ta xy dng th biu din mi quan h

gia K1, K2 , p , Kd, t vi p.

-78-

t p K1, 10K2

4,0

3,5

t
0,31

K2

3,0 1.0 0,3

0,9
2,5

2,0

K1

0,8
0,7

0,2

0,6
1,5 0,5
0,4
1,0

0,5

0,3

0,1

0,2
0,1

0,1
0

0,2

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0.8

0.9

Hnh 3.5: th c tnh thy ng hc ca chn vt trong nc t do.

3.3.2.4. Xy dng th vn hnh.
c tnh vn hnh tu l nhm cc ng cong biu th s phi hp lm vic
gia My v tu chn vt. N bao gm hai phn c b tr chung trn mt bn
v. Phn th nht bao gm cc ng cong biu din lc, phn th hai bao gm cc
ng cong biu din cng sut tng ng. Ngoi ra cn c phn b sung biu th
momen. Tt c cc ng cong u ph thuc vo tc tu (V) v tc quay
chn vt.

-79-

tnh ton xy dng c tnh vn hnh tu, ta tnh Me, Ne, Pe, V nh sau:
Pe = K1..D4.(1-t).ncv2 = Cp. ncv2 (KG).
Me = K2..D5. ncv2 = CM. ncv2 (KG.m)
5
2 K 2 . .D
.
Ne =
.n3cv = CN. n3cv (ml).
75 hs . t . mt

p .D

V = 0,515(1 ) .ncv = CV.ncv (hl/h).

Tin hnh tnh ton cc gi tr t p = 0 n ptt =0,36 cho mt lot cc tc
quay chn vt (5 7 gi tr).
Trnh t tnh ton c tin hnh theo bng 3.7, 3.8.
Bng 3.7: Bng tnh tc quay chn vt
STT
1
2
3
4

i
lng

n2cv

n
v
v/ph
v/s
v2/s2

467,4
7,79
60,68

n3cv

v3/s3

472,73 515,46 560,70

ncv

481,1
8,02
64,29

Gi tr
494,76 508,44
8,25
8,47
68,00
71,81
608,51

522,12
8,70
75,72

536
8,93
79,74

658,96

712,12

thun tin ta i tnh cc h s Cp ,CM ,CN ,CV cho cc trng hp.

Bng 3.8: Bng tnh c h s
TH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

p
0,000
0,100
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,363

K1
0,30
0,275
0,260
0,250
0,236
0,222
0,190

K2
0,031
0,0290
0,0270
0,0255
0,0240
0,0235
0,0210

t
0,141
0,154
0,162
0,180
0,200
0,220
0,260

CP
34,868
31,479
29,481
27,738
25,546
23,430
19,024

CM
4,480
4,191
3,902
3,685
3,468
3,396
3,035

Trng hp 1:
p = 0,5; K1 = 0,3; K2 = 0,031; t = 0,141; = 0,253.

CN
0,444
0,415
0,387
0,365
0,344
0,336
0,301

CV
0,000
0,278
0,416
0,555
0,694
0,833
1,008

-80-

Cp = 34,686; CM = 4,48; CN = 0,444; CV = 0.

Gi tr
STT
1

i lng
V= Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

2116

2242

2371

2504

2640

2781

Me = CM.n2cv

Kg.m

272

288

305

322

339

357

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

210

229

249

270

292

316

Trng hp 2:
p =0,1; K1 =0,275; K2 =0,029; t = 0,154l; = 0,253.
Cp = 31,479; CM = 4,191; CN = 0,415; CV = 0,278.
Gi tr

STT
STT

i lng
V= Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

2,16

2,23

2,29

2,35

2,42

2,48

STT

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1910

2024

2140

2260

2384

2510

Me = CM.n2cv

kGm

254

269

285

301

317

334

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

196

214

233

253

274

296

Trng hp 3:
p = 0,15; K1 = 0,26; K2 = 0,027; t = 0,162; = 0,253.
Cp = 29,481; CM = 3,092; CN = 0,387; CV = 0,416.
Gi tr

STT
1

i lng
V= Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

3,24

3,34

3,43

3,53

3,62

3,72

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1789

1895

2005

2117

2232

2351

Me = CM.n2cv

kGm

237

251

265

280

295

311

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

183

199

217

235

255

275

Trng hp 4:
p = 0,2; K1 = 0,25; K2 = 0,0255; t = 0,180; = 0,253.

-81-

Cp = 27,738; CM = 3,685; CN = 0,365, CV = 0,555.

Gi tr

STT
1

i lng
V= Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

4,33

4,45

4,58

4,71

4,83

4,96

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1683

1783

1886

1992

2100

2212

kGm

224

237

251

265

279

294

ML

173

188

205

222

241

260

6,04

6,20

2
cv

Me = CM.n

Ne = CN.n3cv
Trng hp 5:

p = 0,25, K1 = 0,236, K2 = 0,024, t = 0,20, = 0,253.

Cp = 25,546, CM = 3,486, CN = 0,344, CV = 0,694.
STT i lng
1
V=Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

5,41

5,56

Gi tr
5,72
5,88

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1550

1642

1737

1834

1934

2037

Me = CM.n2cv

kGm

210

223

236

249

263

277

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

162

177

193

209

226

245

7,25

7,44

Trng hp 6:
p = 0,3; K1 = 0,222; K2 = 0,0235; t = 0,220; = 0,253.
Cp = 23,430; CM = 3,396; CN = 0,336; CV = 0,833.
STT i lng
STT V=Cv.ncv

/v
Hl/h

6,49

6,68

Gi tr
6,87
7,06

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1422

1506

1593

1682

1774

1868

Me= CM.n2cv

kGm

206

218

231

244

257

271

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

159

173

189

205

222

240

Trng hp 7:
p = 0,36; K1 = 0,19; K2 = 0,021; t = 0,260; = 0,253.
Cp = 19,024; CM = 3,035; CN = 0,301; CV = 1,008.

-82-

STT i lng
STT V=Cv.ncv

Gi tr

/v
Hl/h

7,85

8,08

8,31

8,54

8,77

9,00

Pe = CP.n2cv

kG

1154

1223

1294

1366

1441

1517

Me= CM.n2cv

kGm

184

195

206

218

230

242

Ne = CN.n3cv

ML

142

155

169

183

198

214

T kt qu tnh ton bng 3.8, ta xy dng th vn hnh tu gm cc

ng cong Pe = f(V), Ne = f(V), trn ba phn th ng vi cc gi tr tc quay
chn vt ncv khng i. Sau ta t cc ng cong R = f(V) vo th lc ri
dng tng ng trn th cng sut ng c tnh chn vt. Trn th momen,
dng ng momen nh mc khng i, t xy dng ng lc ko gii hn
trn th lc v cng sut i hi ca ng c trn th cng sut.
th c tnh vn hnh ta c xy dng hnh 3.6.

-83-

Me (kGm)
40

30

Me

Megh

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V (Hl/h)

Pe, R (kG)
30 0

250

20 0

150

Pegh

10 0

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V(Hl/h)

10

20
Negh
Ne
30
40
Ne (ML)

Hnh 3.6: th c tnh vn hnh tu.

-84-

Kt lun:
Da vo th c tnh vn hnh tu hnh 3.9 ta thy t hp My V Chn vt lm vic ph hp v ng c lm vic tc quay nh mc n cv=536
v/ph th s pht ra cng sut 215 ML v tu t c vn tc 9 Hl/h. Vy vic chn
ng c chnh YANMAR 6LAAE vi cng sut nh mc 240 ML, tc quay
chn vt ncv=536 v/ph v ng knh chn vt D=1,071m; Z = 4; = 0,4; p = 0,53;
H/D = 0,74; l ph hp vi v tu trong iu kin m bo phn d tr cng sut.
3.4. KIM TRA TNH NNG CHO TU THIT K.
3.4.1. nh gi tc cho tu thit k.
kim tra tc tu ta da vo th vn hnh tu. T th vn hnh tu
ta thy khi ng c chnh lm vic vi tc quay chn vt n cv= 536 v/ph th cng
sut ca ng c Ne= 215 ML v tu chy vi vn tc V= 9 Hl/h.Vy tc ca tu
tha mn iu kin tc V= 9 Hl/h t nhim v th thit k.
3.4.2 . Kim tra n nh cho tu thit k
i vi tu thit k trn, ti hon ton c c s khng nh tu m bo
n nh v trong qu trnh tnh ton chn cc yu t hnh hc ca tu ti xt n
iu kin n nh. Tuy nhin khng nh li mt ln na, tu thit k trn c m
bo n nh hay khng ti tin hnh cc bc kim tra n nh. Mc ch ca bc
kim tra n nh l khng nh thm cho phng php thit k tu ti u ca
thy PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Minh v theo yu cu ca c quan ng Kim.
3.4.2.1. Tiu chun n nh:
Tiu chun n nh l nhng ch tiu, nhng nh mc m bo cho con
tu c mt n nh nht nh cn thit, ng thi n cn l cn c xc nh v
nh gi tnh trng ca con tu. y l mc n nh ti thiu m tu phi c.
Hin nay c 2 loi tiu chun n nh l tiu chun vt l v tiu chun
thng k.
Tiu chun vt l: in hnh nht l tiu chun thi tit ca Lin Bang
Nga.
M gh

k= M 1.0
ng

-85-

Trong :
+ Mgh: l momen nghing gii hn.
+ Mng: l momen nghing do gi tc ng.
Tiu chun thng k:

Tiu chun thng k l nhng tiu chun c xy dng

t c s thng k t nhng v tai nn m tu. xy dng tiu chun sau khi xc

nhn nhm, i tng nghin cu, ngi ta xem xt la chn cc yu t n nh ca
cc tu b lt, xc nh cc gii hn ti thiu ca nhng yu t v xem n l cc
yu t tiu chun n nh.
- in hnh l tiu chun ca t chc IMO (trc y gi l IMCO) ginh cho tu
vn ti c ghi r:
+ Chiu cao tm n nh ban u: h0 0,35 (m)
+ Cnh tay n n nh tnh ti 300 : l 30 0,2(m)
+ Cnh tay n n nh ng ti 300 : ld 30 0,055(m)
+ Cnh tay n n nh ng ti 400: ld 40 0,09 (m)
+ Hiu: ld 40 ld 30 0,03 (m)

+ Gc ng vi tay n tnh cc i: max 250 30 0

3.4.2.2. Tnh ton tay n n nh cho tu thit k.
Khi nim n nh tu thu c hiu nh kh nng chng lt khi tu b
nghing, l mt trong nhng tnh nng quan trng nht m bo an ton cho tu i
bin.
Tay n n nh l tc l tay n ca momen chng lt ni trn ca tu, c
biu din trn hnh v v c tnh theo cng thc sau y:
l = yc cos + (Zc-Zco)sin - (Zg-Zco)sin.

(3.7)

Trong :
+ l : tay n n nh ti gc nghing .
+ Zco: cao tm ni khi tu cha nghing.
+ yc,Zc: to tm ni khi tu nghing n gc .
+ Zg : cao trng tm tu.

-86-

Z
g

C
Co
l

Yc

Zco

Z
c

Hnh 3.7: Tay n n nh tnh.

Tnh tay n n nh theo biu thc trn thc cht l dn v tnh to tm
ni ca tu ti gc nghing ang xt, hay ni y hn, l vic xc nh qu
o ca tm ni khi tu nghing ( thng xt t 0900 ).
Tay n n nh tnh c tnh theo cng thc gn ng c tha nhn
rng ri ca tc gi Vlaxv.
l = yC90f1() + (ZC90 ZC0)f2() + r0f3() + r90f4() (Zg-ZC0)Sin. (3.8)
Trong :
- ZC0,r0 : c tnh theo cng thc le.
ZC0: cao tm ni ca tu ti gc nghing = 00.
ZC0 =

T.

(3.9)

r0 : bn knh n nh ca tu ti gc nghing = 00.

r0 =

2 B2
.
12 T

(3.10)

- y C90,ZC90 : To tm ni ca tu ti gc nghing = 900, c tnh

theo cng thc ca PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Minh.

-87-

yC90 =

2
H (
k C2 / ( )
(1 )(2 )
T

ZC90 =

k C / H .

Vi: kc = 1+

1)

.B / 4 .

(3.11)

(3.12)

Vb
; h s th tch di boong
VH

- r90: bn knh n nh ca tu ti gc nghing = 900, c tnh theo

cng thc ca Pazdianhom:
3

( Z Z Co )
r90 = C 90
r0 .
y C 90

(3.13)

Zg: cao trng tm tu: Zg=.H

Tay n n nh ng c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:

d

l = l d yC Sin d ( Z C Z C 0 )Cos d a (Cos d 1) .

(3.14)

Cc trng hp ti trng ca tu:

m bo cho tu hot ng an ton mi tnh hung, ta tin hnh tnh
ton n nh cho tu cc trng hp ti trng c th m tnh n nh ca tu
ng lo ngi nht. Vi cc trng hp ny m tu vn m bo n nh th tu c
xem l m bo n nh trong mi trng hp v c php hot ng .
Ta tnh ton n nh 4 trng hp ti trng:
- Trng hp 1: Tu ra ng trng vi 100% d tr.
- Trng hp 2: Tu t ng trng tr v vi 100% ti trng hm v 10% d tr.
- Trng hp 3: Tu t ng trng tr v vi 20% ti trng hm v 70% mui
v 10% d tr.
-Trng hp 4: Tu ti ng trng vi 25% d tr, mt m c v li t trn
boong.

-88-

Khi tnh ton vic xc nh ta ca cc thnh phn trng lng c o

trn bn v b tr chung.
Xt cc trng hp ti trng:
Trng hp 1: Tu ra ng trng vi 100% d tr.
Bng 3.9: Bng ta ca cc thnh phn trng lng trng hp 1.
STT Cc thnh phn ti trng
1
Tu khng
2
Thuyn vin+ hnh l
3
Lng thc,thc phm
4
Nc ngt
5
Nhin liu+ du nhn
6
Ng c
7

8
Tng cng

P(T)
34,4
0,84
1,2
5,8
6,08
1,2
15
64,52

X(m)
-0,62
-4,9
-6,5
-7,6
-4,2
7,1
4,1
-0,50

Mx(T.m)
-21,328
-4,116
-7,8
-44,08
-25,536
8,52
61,5
-32,84

Z(m)
1,36
3,6
2,5
2,15
1,65
1,7
1,2
1,47

Mz(T.m)
46,784
3,024
3
12,47
10,032
2,04
18
95,35

Khi lng P = 64,52 T ; Trng tm Xg = -0,50 m; Zg = 1,47 m.

Trng hp 2: Tu t ng trng v, 100% ti trng hm, vi10% d tr.
Bng 3.10: Bng ta ca cc thnh phn trng lng trng hp 2.
STT Cc thnh phn ti trng
1
Tu khng
2
Thuyn vin+ hnh l
3
Lng thc,thc phm
4
Nc ngt
5
Nhin liu+ du nhn
6
Ng c
7
v c
8
v c
9
Tng cng
Khi lng P = 65,74 T ;

P(T)
34,4
0,84
0,12
0,58
0,608
1,2
20
8
65,74

X(m)
-0,62
-4,9
-6,2
-7,6
-4,2
7,1
2,9
-1
0,38

Mx(T.m)
-21,328
-4,116
-0,744
-4,408
-2,553
8,52
58
-8
25,37

Trng tm Xg = 0,38(m) ;

Z(m)
1,36
3,6
2,2
1,85
0,8
1,7
1,2
1,2
1,32

Mz(T.m)
46,784
3,024
0,264
1,073
0,486
2,04
24
9,6
87,27

Zg = 1,32 m

Trng hp 3: Tu t ng trng v, 20% ti trng hm, 70% v 10% d tr:

-89-

Bng 3.11: Bng ta ca cc thnh phn trng lng trng hp 3.

STT

Cc thnh phn ti
trng

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Tu khng
Thuyn vin+ hnh l
Lng thc,thc phm
Nc ngt
Nhin liu+ du nhn
Ng c

v c
Tng cng

P(T)

X(m) Mx(T.m)

34,4 -0,62
0,84
-4,9
0,12
-6,5
0,58
-7,6
0,608 -4,2
1,2
7,1
10,5
4,1
7
-1
55,248 0,20

Khi lng P = 55,248 T ;

-21,328
-4,116
-0,78
-4,408
-2,55
8,52
43,05
-7
11,38

Trng tmXg = 0,2 m

Z(m)

Mz(T.m)

1,36
3,6
2,2
1,85
0,8
1,7
1,2
1,2
1,35

46,784
3,024
0,264
1,073
0,48
2,04
12,6
8,4
74,67

Zg = 1,35 m

Trng hp 4: Tu ti ng trng vi 25% d tr, mt m c v li t trn

boong.
Bng 3.12: Bng ta ca cc thnh phn trng lng trng hp 4.
STT Cc thnh phn ti trng
1
Tu khng

P(T)
34,4

X(m)
-0,7

Mx(T.m)
-24,08

Z(m)
1,2

Mz(T.m)
41,28

Thuyn vin+ hnh l

0,84

-2,87

-2,410

3,6

3,024

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Lng thc,thc phm

Nc ngt
Nhin liu+ du nhn
Ng c
v c
v c
Tng cng

0,3
1,45
2,02
1,2
20
8
68,21

-6,1
-5,3
-1,5
4,37
2,9
-1
0,23

-1,83
-7,685
-3,03
5,244
58
-8
16,20

2,3
1,95
0,9
1,7
1,2
1,2
1,25

0,69
2,827
1,818
2,04
24
9,6
85,27

Khi lng P = 68,21 T ;

Trng tm Xg = -0,23 m ;

Zg = 1,25 m.

3.4.2.3. Tnh cn bng dc v chiu cao tm n nh ban u:

Phn ny s xc nh vi gc nghing dc cc trng hp ti trng
nu trn v tnh cc thng s c trng cho n nh ban u. T c s liu

-90-

kim tra n tnh cho tu gc nghing khc nhau. Cc thng s cn xc nh s

tra th cc yu t thy lc da vo lng chim nc bit, ngoi ra cn s
dng cc cng thc sau tnh :
h0 = r0 + zc - zg = r0 (zg - zc ) = r a

(3.15)

Vi a = zg - zc
H0 = R a = R + zc zg.
Tm = (

L
- xf ) T/L
2

Tm = T + (
Tl = (

(3.17)

L
- xf ) T/L
2

L
+ xf ) T/L
2

Tl = T - (

(3.16)

(3.18)
;

(3.19)

L
+ xf ) T/L
2

(3.20)

T =( xg - xc )L/H0

(3.21)

Kt qu tnh c ghi bng sau:

Bng.3.13: Bng tnh cn bng dc v tm n nh ban u.

TT

i lng tnh

K
hiu

n
v

Lng chim nc

Cc trng hp ti trng
1
2
3
4
64,52 65,74 55,25 68,21

-91-

Th tch chim nc

m3

62,94

64,13

53,90

66,54

3
4

Mn nc
Honh tm ni

T
XC

m
m

1,38
-0,164

1,40
-0,167

1,22
-0,126

1,44
-0,175

Honh trng tm

Xg

-0,50

0,38

0,21

0,24

Cao trng tm

Zg

1,47

1,32

1,35

1,25

Cao tm ni

ZC

1,06

1,07

0,93

1,10

Hiu

Xg -XC

-0,33

0,55

0,332

0,412

R0
H0
T
Xf

m
m
m
m

16,84
16,43
-0,329
-0,427

16,65
16,40
0,538
-0,435

18,63
18,20
0,285
-0,410

16,29
16,14
0,415
-0,430

Tm
Td
r0

m
m

-0,173
0,156

0,284
-0,252

0,150
-0,135

0,,218
-0,196

1,216

1,215

1,330

1,180

Tm
Td
h0

m
m
m

1,527
1,856
0,806

1,984
1,348
0,965

1,850
1,565
0,907

1,918
1,504
1,031

9
Bn knh n nh dc
10 Chiu cao n nh dc
11
Nghing dc
12 Honh trng tm N
13
14

Nghing dc mi
Nghing dc ui

15
16
17
18

Bn knh n nh
ngang
Chiu chm mi
Chiu chim ui
Chiu cao tm n nh

19
20

H s bo
H s din tch MN

0,63
0,835

0,63
0,836

0,63
0,835

0,63
0,846

21
22

Chiu di tu
Chiu rng tu

L
B

m
m

16,108
4,312

16,13
4,320

16,65
4,260

16,25
4,300

T cc gi tr ca hm fi() ng vi cc gc nghing ca ca tu theo kt

qu ca PGS-TS Nguyn Quang Minh c cho bng sau:

Bng 3.14: Bng gi tr ca hm fi()

fi()

F1()

10

0,0194

F2()

F3()

F4()

sin()

-0,0086

0,1618

0,0010

0,1736

-92-

20
0,1441
-0,0626
0,2531
0,0074
30
0,4270
-0,1770
0,2298
0,0201
40
0,7304
-0,3153
0,0943
0,0335
50
1,2168
-0,3883
-0,0978
0,0356
60
1,3835
-0,2792
-0,2512
0,0143
70
1,1539
0,0887
-0,2702
-0,0306
80
0,5423
0,6455
-0,1313
-0,0671
90
0,0000
1,0000
0,0000
0,0000
Vi lng chim nc ca tu, da trn th tnh thy lc ta

0,342
0,5
0,6428
0,766
0,866
0,9397
0,9848
1
tm c cc

thng
s c bn ca tu v t tnh c cc thng s hnh hc quy i ca tu
nh trong bng sau:
Bng 3.15: Bng cc thng s hnh hc quy i ca tu.
TT Cc thng s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

H s
H s
Mn nc T
Honh trng tm xG
Honh tm ni xC
Cao trng tm zC
r90
zc0
r0
yc90
zc90

1
0,835
0,63
1,38
-0,55
-0,164
1,06
0,319
0,787
1,849
0,845
1,257

Cc trng hp ti trng
2
3
0,836
0,83
0,63
0,63
1,40
1,22
0,38
0.21
-0,167
-0,126
1,07
0,93
0,310
0,798
1,829
0,829
1,257

0,335
0,694
2,042
1,023
1,254

4
0,846
0,63
1,44
-0,24
-0,175
1,10
0,290
0,825
1,764
0,799
1,263

T cc thng s hnh hc quy i trn ta i xc nh tay n n nh tnh l

v tay n n nh ng l cho tu cc gc nghing.
Trng hp 1: Tu ra ng trng vi 100% d tr.
Bng 3.16: Bng tnh tay n n nh tnh v ng trng hp 1.

l=[2]+[3]+[4]+
YC90.f1() (ZC90-ZC0).f2() r0.f3() r90.f4() (Zg-ZC0)Sin()
[5]-[6]

[7]

ld=1/2[8]

-93-

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

10

0,0237

-0,0071

0,2925

0,0008

0,1189

0,1909

0,1909

0,0166

20

0,1700

-0,0497

0,4238

0,0052

0,2337

0,3156

0,6976

0,0608

30

0,4767

-0,1302

0,3217

0,0135

0,3417

0,4200

1,4333

0,1250

40

0,8425

-0,2070

0,0447

0,0195

0,4305

0,5090

2,3623

0,2060

50

1,2721

-0,2185

-0,2472

0,0160

0,5235

0,5416

3,4129

0,2976

60

1,0970

-0,1017

-0,4003

0,5918

0.41890

4,3734

0,3814

70

0,7893

0,1179

-0,3317

-0,0213

0,6424

-0.08812

4,7041

0,4103

80

0,3266

0,3562

-01266

-0,0294

0,6697

-0.14293

4,4731

0,3901

90

04700

0,6834

-0.21341

4,1168

0,3590

Trng hp 1: D = 64,52Tan ; Zg = 1,47m

LLd (m)

07

Lcp = 0,175

0,6
L

0,5

L d

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

-30

-20

-10
23,83

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

57,3

Hnh 3.8: th tay n n nh ca tu trng hp 1.

Trng hp 2: Tu t ng trng v, 100% ti trng hm, vi10% d tr.

Bng 3.17: Bng tnh tay n n nh tnh v ng trng hp 2.

YC90.f1()

(ZC90ZC0).f2()

r0.f3()

r90.f4() (Zg-ZC0)Sin()

l=[2]+[3]+[4]
+[5]-[6]

[7]

ld=1/2[8]

-94-

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

10

0,0232

0,0069

0,2894

0,0007

0,0907

0,2157

0,2157

0,0188

20

0,1669

-0,0485

0,4192

0,0051

0,1784

0,3644

0,7958

0,0694

30

0,4679

-0.1270

0,3183

0,0131

0,2608

0,4115

1,5717

0,1370

40

0,8270

-0,2020

0,2100

0,0190

0,286

0,5253

2,5086

0,2188

50

1,2487

-0,2133

-0,2445

0,0155

0,3995

0,4068

3,4408

0,3001

60

1,0768

-0,0993

-0,3510

0,4517

0,1747

4,0224

0,3508

70

0,7748

0,1151

-03018

-0,0207

0,4903

0,0771

4,2742

0,3728

80

0,3206

0,3477

-0,1253 -0,0286

0,5112

0,0032

4,3546

0,3798

90

0,4588

0,5216

-0,0628

4,2951

0,3746

Tr
ng hp 2: D = 65.74 Ta
n ; Zg = 1,32m

L, Ld (m)

Lcp = 0,16m

0,7
0,6

L
Ld

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2

-30

-20

-10
0
18.13

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0,1
0

90

57,3

Hnh 3.9: th tay n n nh ca tu trng hp 2.

Trng hp 3: Tu t ng, trng v, 20% ti trng hm, 70% v 10% d tr.
Bng 3.18: Bng tnh tay n n nh tnh v ng trng hp3.

YC90.f1()

(ZC90ZC0).f2()

r0.f3()

r90.f4() (Zg-ZC0)Sin()

l=[2]+[3]+[4]
+[5]-[6]

[7]

ld=1/2[8]

-95-

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

10

0,0287

-0,0085

0,2712

0,0008

0,1142

0,1780

0,1780

0,0155

20

0,2059

-0,0592

0,4301

0,0055

0,2245

0,357

0,7139

0,0622

30

0,5773

-0,1551

0,3955

0,0142

0,3282

0,5037

1,5755

0,1374

40

1,0204

-0,2466

0,1520

0,0205

0,4135

0,5328

2,6121

0,2278

50

1,5407

-0,2603

-0,3510

0,0168

0,5028

0,4433

3,5883

0,3129

60

1,3286

-0,1212

-0,4421

0,5684

0,1967

4,2284

0,3688

70

0,9560

0,1405

-0,3663 -0,0224

0,6170

0,0907

4,5159

0,3938

80

0,3956

0,4244

-0,1399 -0,0309

0,6433

0,0059

4,6126

0,4023

90

0,5600

0,6564

-0,0963

4,5222

0,3944

L Ld (m)

Trng hp 3: D = 55,25 Tan ; Zg = 1,35m

0,7

Lcp = 0,18m

0,6
L
Ld

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2

-30

-20

-10
0
19.48

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0,1
0
o
90

57,3

Hnh 3.10: th tay n n nh ca tu trng hp 3.

Trng hp 4: Tu ti ng trng vi 25% d tr, mt m c v li t trn

boong.
Bng 3.19: Bng tnh tay n n nh tnh v ng trng hp 4.

-96-

YC90.f1() (ZC90-ZC0).f2() r0.f3()

r90.f4()

(Zg-

l=[2]+[3]+[4]
+[5]-[6]

[7]

ld=1/2[8]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

ZC0)Sin()
[6]

10

0,0224

-0.0066

0,2791

0,0007

0,0738

0,2217

0,2217

0,0193

20

0,1608

-0,0463

0,4043

0,0047

0,1452

0,3784

0,8219

0,0716

30

0,4509

-0,1212

0,3569

0,0123

0,2123

0,4866

1,6870

0,1471

40

0,8135

-0,1512

0,0920

0,0151

0,2475

0,5219

2,6955

0,2351

50

1,2033

-0,2034

-0,2614

0,0145

0,3252

0,4277

3,6451

0,3179

60

1,0376

-0,0947

-0,3819

0,3677

0,1932

4,2661

0,3721

70

0,7466

0,1098

-0,3165

-0,0193

0,3991

0,1214

4,5808

0,3995

80

0,3089

0,3317

-0,1208

-0,0267

0,4161

0,0769

4,7792

0,4165

90

0,4376

0,4246

0,0130

4,8692

0,4241

Trng hp 4 :

L, L d (m)

D = 68,21 Tan ; Zg = 1,25m

Lcp=0,17

0,6

0,5

L d

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

-30

-20

-10
22.58

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

57,3

Hnh 3.11: th tay n n nh ca tu trng hp 4.

3.4.2.4. Tnh din tch v chiu cao tm hng gi cch chun:

Trng hp 1:
Bng 3.20: Bng tnh din tch v chiu cao tm hng gi trng hp 1.
TT

B mt chu gi

Ai(m2)

Zch (m)

Ai.Zch(m3)

90

-97-

Mn kh

22.07

1.9

41.933

2
3
4

Thng tng
ng khi
Tng

13.8
0.05
35.92

3.5
0
2.51

48.3
0
90.23

Chiu cao cch chun:

Zch = 2,51 m
Trng hp 2:
Bng 3.21: Bng tnh din tch v chiu cao tm hng gi trng hp 2.
TT

B mt chu gi

Ai(m2)

Zch (m)

Ai.Zch(m3)

Mn kh

21.7

1.89

41.013

Thng tng

13.8

3.5

48.3

3
4

ng khi
Tng

0.05
35.55

0
2.51

0
89.31

Chiu cao cch chun:

Zch = 2,51 m
Trng hp 3:
Bng 3.22: Bng tnh din tch v chiu cao tm hng gi trng hp 3.
TT

B mt chu gi

Ai(m2)

Zch (m)

Ai.Zch(m3)

Mn kh

24.57

2.1

51.597

Thng tng

13.8

3.5

48.3

3
4

ng khi
Tng

0.05
38.42

0
2.60

0
99.89

Chiu cao cch chun:

Zch = 2,60 m
Trng hp 4:
Bng 3.23: Bng tnh din tch v chiu cao tm hng gi trng hp 4.
TT
B mt chu gi
Ai(m2)
Zch (m)
Ai.Zch(m3)
1
2

Mn kh
Thng tng

21.2
13.8

1.95
3.5

41.34
48.3

3
4

ng khi
Tng

0.05
35.05

0
2.55

0
89.64

Chiu cao cch chun:

Zch =2,55 m

3.4.2.5. Kim tra n nh khi gi tc ng:

Trong trng hp ny p lc gi c ly theo bng 2.1.2.2 L thuyt tu
Nguyn Th Hip on.

-98-

Bng 3.24: Bng kim tra n nh khi gi tc ng

TT

Thng s tnh

Din tch hng gi

Chiu cao tm
hng gi
p lc gi

3
4

K hiu

n
v

Ai

m2

Cc trng hp ti trng
1
2
3
4
35,92
35,55
38,42 35,05

Zch

2,512

2,600

2,600

2,557

24,5

26,6

26,8

26,2

Mng

T.m

2,21

2,46

2,68

2,35

ho

0,806

0,965

0,907

1,031

B/T
X1

3,12
0,95

3,09
0,89

3,49
0.85

2,99
0.905

Pv

KG/m

6
7

Momen nghing
do gi
Chiu cao tm n
nh ban u
T s B/T
H s X1

8
9

H s X2
T s ho/B

X2

0,955

0,9

0,89

0,951

10
11

H s Y
Bin lc

Y
1r

0,19
32
29,03

0,22
27,6
22,10

0,21
31,4
23,75

0,24
32
27,54

12

m2

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

13

Din tch vy
gim lc
T s(Ak/LB)%

2,16

2,15

2,11

2,15

14

H s k

0.82

0.82

0.82

0.82

15

Bin lc

23,83

18,13

19,48

22,58

0,175

0,16

0,18

0,17

T.m

11,29

10,51

10,22

11,80

5,10

4.3

3,81

5,02

16
17
18

k=f(Ak/L.B)
%

2r

Tay n n nh
lcp
cho php
Momen nghing
Mcp = D.lcp
cho php
H s an ton n= Mcp /Mng

3.4.2.6. Kim tra v kt lun v n nh ca tu.

Qua kt qu bng trn, ly gi tr nh nht trng 4 trng hp em so snh
vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun vt l, tiu chun n nh IMO ta c:
a. Tiu chun n nh vt l:
n = 3,81 (ngh) = 1 (m bo n nh).
b. Tiu chun n nh IMO:

-99-

+ Chiu cao tm n nh ban u:

h0 = 0,806(m) 0,35 (m)
+ Cnh tay n n nh tnh ti = 300
l30 = 0,4115(m) 0,2 (m)
+ Gc ng vi cnh tay n n nh tnh cc i:
max = 30 ( 300 )

+ Cnh tay n n nh ng ti gc nghing 300.

ld30 = 0,125 0,055 (m)
+ Cnh tay n n nh ng ti gc nghing 400
ld40 = 0,206 0,09 (m)
+ Hiu: ld40 - ld30 = 0,081 0,03 (m)
Kt lun
Tu thit k m bo n nh.Qua y ta c th nhn thy rng vic tnh ton cc
bi ton thun (kim tra cc tnh nng i bin ca tu, hoch nh cc tiu chun an
ton i bin cho tu) cn nhiu tr ngi. Vic p dng tiu chun IMO kim tra
n nh cho tu thit k s c chnh xc cao. Tuy nhin tiu chun ny ny qu
cng knh v phc tp. Sau khi p dng tiu chun IMO thy PGS-TS Nguyn
Quang Minh nhn thy rng, tiu chun quyt nh nht l tiu chun 2, l30 = 0,2
(m). Khi tu thit k tha mn tiu chun ny th s tha mn cc tiu chun cn li,
t tiu chun ny c th dn v t l gii hn B/H].
B/H [B/H] =

29 2 B
10

y l mt biu thc ton c vit di dng ht sc n gin, c th dng

tnh chn cc yu t hnh hc cho tu v kim tra n nh cho tu thit k.

Chng 4. KT LUN V XUT KIN

4.1. Kt lun:
+Sau hn 3 thng thc hin ti c giao, vi s lng cng vic tng i
nhiu, nhng c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn PGS.TS Nguyn Quang
Minh cng cc ban ngnh: S Thu Sn Ph Yn, Chi Cc Bo V Ngun Li Thu Sn

-100-

Ph Yn cng mt s thy c v cc bn cng lp. n nay ti c hon thnh vi

nhng kt lun sau:
- Tu thit k m bo c tt c cc iu kin ti u, m bo tnh n
nh, tnh lc, tc , p ng ng v yu cu ca nhim v thit k.
- Vic s dng phng php thit k ti u cho tu c xa b ca thy
PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Minh l phng php thit k mang tnh khoa hc, nng
cao tin cy cho tu v gim bt thi gian cho ngi thit k.

4.2. xut kin:

- Cn ph bin rng ri thut ton thit k ti u ca PGS- TS Nguyn
Quang Minh v phng php mi ny c rt nhiu u im so vi cc phng php
thit k khc.
- Cn p dng phn mm t ng ha v ng hnh tu v hin nay ng
hnh tu thng c v da trn nhng ng hnh tu mu.
- Hng cho ng dn ng tu theo thit k ch khng hon ton theo kinh
nghim tu ng ra m bo n nh, an ton, kinh t v p ng c cc yu
cu ca ng kim v cc c quan qun l.
- Nn c thi gian thc hin ti di hn, tng thi gian thc tp sinh
vin c th tip cn nhiu hn na vi thc t cng nh nghin cu ti liu c
th hon thnh n tt hn na.
Cui cng, qua y ti xin thnh tht by t lng bit n n thy PGS.TS
Nguyn Quang Minh, cc thy trong b mn tu thuyn v cc bn cng lp
gip ti hon thnh tt ti c giao.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn c n v mt s tc gi
S TAY K THUT NG TU - TP 1,2,3
Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut - 1978
2. V Duy Bng
GIO TRNH HNG DN THIT K CHN VT TU THY

-101-

Nh xut bn Nng nghip - 1983

3. Hunh Tn t
LUN VN TT NGHIP
i hc Thy sn - 1998
4. KS.Nguyn Th Hip on
L THUYT TU
i hc Hng Hi Hi Phng - 1995
5. Phm Ngc He L Ngc Phc
N TNH CHO TU I BIN
Nh xut bn Nng nghip - 1980
6. THS. Nguyn nh Long
GIO TRNH TRANG B NG LC.
HNG DN THIT K TRANG B NG LC
i hc Thy sn
7. PGS.TS.Nguyn Quang Minh
BO CO KHOA HC (1995), MT VI KT QU NGHIN CU TI U
HA TNH N NH TU NGH C VEN B CC TNH PHA NAM VIT
NAM .
BO CO KHOA HC TI B GDT QUN L M S 91B-15(1995),
KT QU NGHIN CU PHNG PHP TI U THIT K TU NGH C.
8. Bi Vn Nghip
LUN VN TT NGHIP
i hc Thy sn - 1998
10.TCVN 3003-1984
QUY PHM NG TU V G
(TCVN 71111:2002).

-102-

NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN
H, tn sinh vin

: Phm Thanh Ha

Lp

: 45TT2

Chuyn ngnh

: ng tu

: 18.06.10

Tn ti

: Thit k s b tu cu c ng i dngk tha kinh

nghim ca ng dn Ph Yn.
S trang: 95

S chng: 03

S ti liu tham kho: 10

Hin vt: ........................................................................................................

NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Kt lun:
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Nha Trang, ngy

thng

nm 2007

CN B HNG DN

PGS-TS Nguyn Quang Minh

PHIU NH GI CHT LNG N TN

H, tn sinh vin

: Phm Thanh Ha

Lp

: 45TT2

Chuyn ngnh

: ng tu

: 18.06.10

Tn ti

: Thit k s b tu cu c ng i dng k tha kinh

nghim ca ng dn Ph Yn
S trang: 95

S chng: 03

S ti liu tham kho: 10

Hin vt: ........................................................................................................

NHN XT CA CN B PHN BIN
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
im phn bin:............................................................................................
Nha Trang, ngy
IM CHUNG
Bng s
Bng ch

thng

nm 2007

CN B PHN BIN

Nha Trang, ngy

thng

nm 2007

CH TCH HI NG