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...in which...
V = Integrated root-mean-square (RMS) voltage between frequencies f1 and f2;
k =
R =
T =
f1,
The integral imposes "brick wall" (i.e., perfectly rectangular) limits on the
noise bandwidth.
When a resistance or resistive component of impedance remains constant over a
frequency range of interest, the noise integral simplifies to:
V
4kTRB
Equation 2
Thus, for a 51- resistor operating at 290 K, we calculate the noise voltage
produced in a 1-Hz bandwidth as:
V
23
4(1.374
10
) 290
51 1
Pn
Vn2
4R
2
4kTBR
4R
Pn
Pn kTB Equation 3
For a resistor at room temperature (T = 290 K), noise power is -174 dBm
(decibels referenced to 1 mW) for a 1-Hz bandwidth, or approximately 4*10-21
W/Hz of bandwidth. Note that noise power doesn't depend on resistanceonly
upon the defined bandwidth.
...
A nonideal amplifier of gain G delivers noise along with its desired output.
We define a noise factor F as:
SNRinput
SNRoutput
Equation 4
...or...
Si
F
So
Ni
Equation 5
No
...where:
Si
So
Ni
No
=
=
=
=
An ideal amplifier would contribute no noise, and the input and output signal
to noise ratios would be equal, resulting in a noise factor F of unity.
A nonideal amplifier of power gain G amplifies its input signal and input
noise and introduces its own internal random noise power Na, resulting in an
output signal to noise ratio of:
So
G Si
Equation 6
N o N a G Ni
Which, when substituted into equation 5 produces...
F 1
Na
G N i
Equation 7
F 1
Na
Equation 8
G k T B
Likewise, if we can assume that Na also originates from truly random (thermal)
sources, we can define an equivalent noise temperature Teq that corresponds to
the noise power produced by a resistor heated to produce power equivalent to
Na.
k Teq B
Na
Equation 9
G
F 1
Teq
T
Equation 10
EN
T To
To
...or...
T To
EN(db) 10 log(
)
To
In a cascaded system of N stages, each with a differing noise figure Fn and
gain Gn expressed in dB, the overall noise figure becomes:
F F1
F 2 1 F3 1
Fn 1
G1
G1 G2
G1 G2 Gn