cosine : cos q =

ar

The six Basic TRigonoMeTRic funcTions

We define the trigonometric functions in terms of the
co-ordinates of the point P(x, y), where the angles
terminal ray intersects the circle.

y
r

cosecant : cosecq =

sine : sin q =

x
r

tangent : tan q =

Radian MeasuRe
The radian measure q of angle
ACB is defined to belength of
the circular arc AB of unit radius
circle, Since the circumference of
the circle is 2p and one complete
revolution of a circle is 360.
The relation between radians and degrees is given
by the following equation p radian = 180
Radian Measure and arc length :
There is a useful relationship
between the length of an arc
AB on a circle of radius r and
the radian measure q is the
angle that the arc subtends at
the circles centre C.
s
Here = q or s = r q
r

secant : sec q =

r
y

r
x

y
x
cotangent : cot q =
x
y

Here, tanq and secq are not defined if x = 0, This

p 3p
means they are not defined if q is , ,.......
2
2
and similarly cotq and cosecq are not defined for
values of q for which y = 0,
i.e. q = 0, p, 2p, ......
The co-ordinate of any point P(x, y) in the plane
can be expressed in terms of the points distance
from the origin and the angle that ray OP makes
with the positive x-axis.
Y
P(x, y) = (rcos rsin)

We have, x = r cos q, y = r sin q

y
x
= cos q and = sin q
or
r
r

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ar

signs of Trigonometric Ratios:

graphs : When we graph trigonometric functions in the coordinate plane, we usually denote the independent
variable by x instead of q, the variations in the values of the trigonometric ratios may be graphically
represented in the following manner.

Periods of the Trigonometrical functions : As

an angle increases from 0 to 2p radians. i.e., while
the revolving line makes a complete revolution,
its sine first increases from 0 to 1, then decreases
from 1 to 1, and finally increases from 1 to 0,
and thus the sine goes through all its changes,
returning to its original value.
32

Similarly, as the angle increases from 2p radians to

4p radians, the sine goes through the same series
of same changes.
Also, the sines of any two angles which differ by
four right angles, i.e., 2p radians, are same.
This is expressed by saying that the period of the
sine function is 2p.
Similarly, the cosine, secant, and cosecant go
through all their changes as the angle increases
by 2p.
The tangent, however, goes through all its changes
as the angle increases from 0 to p radians, i.e.,
while the revolving line turns through two right
angles. Similarly for the cotangent.
The period of the sine, cosine, secant and cosecant
is therefore 2p radians; the period of the tangent
and cotangent is p radians.
Since the values of the trignometrical functions
repeat over and over again as the angle increases,
they are called periodic functions.
PeRiod : The positive value of a such that
f(x + a) = f(x) then a is called period of f(x).

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TRigonoMeTRic RaTios foR an angLe

of anY MagniTude
complementary angles:
Two angles are said to be complementary when
their sum is equal to a right angle. Thus any angle
q and the angle 90 q are complementary.
supplementary angles:
Two angles are said to be supplementary when
their sum is equal to two right angles, i.e., the
supplement of any angle q is 180 q.

cot( A + B) =

cot A + cot B
cot A cot B + 1

1 + tan2 A
1 + cos2A = 2cos2 A, 1 cos2A = 2sin2 A
2 tan A
tan2A =
1 tan2 A
sin3A = 3sinA 4sin3A
= 4sin(60 A)sinA sin(60 + A)
cos3A = 4cos3A 3cosA
= 4cos(60 A)cosA cos(60 + A)
3 tan A tan3 A
tan 3A =
1 3tan2 A
= tan(60 A)tan A tan(60 + A)

PRoducT of sines/cosines in TeRM of

suMs
z 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A B)
z 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) sin(A B)
z 2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A B)
z 2sinAsinB = cos(A B) cos(A + B)

cot B cot A
sin(A + B)sin(A B) = sin2A sin2B
= cos2B cos2 A
cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2A sin2B
= cos2B sin2A
tan ( A + B + C ) =

tan A + tan B + tan C

tan A tan B tan C
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C
tan C tan A

TRigonoMeTRic RaTios of MuLTiPLes

of an angLe:
2 tan A
z sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A =
1 + tan2 A

C+D
CD
sin
2
2

sin C sin D = 2cos

cos C + cos D = 2cos

C+D
CD
cos
2
2

C+D
CD
sin
2
2
sin( A + B)
z tan A + tan B =
,
cos A cos B
sin( A B)
tan A tan B =
cos A cos B
MaxiMuM and MiniMuM VaLues
o f f(q) = a cosq + bsinq ,
Let a = rsina, b = rcosa so that
z

cos C cos D = 2sin

r = a2 + b2 , r R
Also, acosq + bsinq = r(cosq sina + sinq cosa)
= rsin(q + a)
Now the maximum and minimum values of
sin (q + a) are 1 & 1 respectively.
Hence, r sin(q + a) r
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1 tan2 A

suM of sines/ cosines in TeRM of PRoducT

C + D
C D
z sin C + sin D = 2sin
cos
2
2

cot( A B) =

cot A cot B 1

tan A + tan B
,
1 tan A tan B
1 + tan A
tan(45 + A) =
1 tan A
tan A tan B
tan( A B) =
,
1 + tan A tan B
1 tan A
tan(45 A) =
1 + tan A
tan(A + B) =

ar

cos2A = cos2A sin2A = 1 2sin2A = 2cos2A 1

TRigonoMeTRic RaTios of
coMPound angLes
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or
more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound
angles:
z sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
z sin(A B) = sinAcosB cosAsinB
z cos(A + B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB
z cos(A B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

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TWo siMPLe TRigonoMeTRicaL seRies

z sina+ sin(a + b) + sin(a + 2b) + ...

a2 + b2 a cos q + b sin q a2 + b2

Hence, the maximum value is a2 + b2

and

minimum value is a2 + b2 .

2a + (n 1) b nb
cos
sin
2
2

+ cos{a + (n 1)b} =
b
sin
2
TRigonoMeTRic equaTions
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical
ratios of unknown angle is called trigonometric
equation e.g. cos2 x 4 sinx = 1. It is to be noted
that a trigonometrical identity is satisfied for every
value of the unknown angle whereas, trigonometric
equation is satisfied only for some values (finite
or infinite in number) of unknown angle. e.g.
sin2 x + cos2x = 1 is a trigonometrical identity as
it is satisfied for every value of x R.
soLuTion of a TRigonoMeTRic equaTion
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the
given equation is called a solution of the equation
1
e.g. q = p/6 is a solution of sin q = .
2
geneRaL soLuTion
Since trigonometrical functions are periodic
functions, solutions of trigonometric equations can
be generalized with the help of the periodicity of the
trigonometrical functions. The solution consisting
of all possible solutions of a trigonometric equation
is called its general solution.
We use the following formulae for solving the
trigonometric equations:
If sinq = sina then q = np + ( 1) na, where
p p
a , , n I .
2 2

condiTionaL idenTiTies
When the angles A, B and C satisfy a given relation,
many interesting identities can be established
connecting the trigonometric functions of these
angles. In providing these identities, we require the
properties of complementary and supplementary
angles. For example, if A + B + C = p, then
z sin(B + C) = sinA, cosB = cos(C + A)
z cos(A + B) = cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)
z tan(C + A) = tanB, cotA = cot(B + C)
A+B
C
C
A+B
z cos
= sin , cos = sin
2
2
2
2

idenTiTies
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true
for all values of the angle or angles involved. A
given identity may be established by (i) reducing
either side to the other one, or (ii) reducing each
side to the same expression, or (iii) any convenient
modification of the methods given in (i) & (ii).

2a + (n 1)b nb
sin
sin
2
2

+ sin{a + (n 1)b} =
b
sin
2
cosa + cos(a + b) + cos(a + 2b) + ...

tan

C + A
B
A
B + C
= cos , sin = cos
2
2
2
2

sin

B + C
A
B
C + A
= cot , tan = cot
2
2
2
2

ar

soMe iMPoRTanT idenTiTies:

If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = p),
then
z tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
z cotAcotB + cotBcotC + cotCcotA = 1
A
B
B
C
C
A
z tan
tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot + cot = cot cot cot
z cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
z sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
z
z

34

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4 cosA cosB cosC

A
B
C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos cos cos
2
2
2
A
B
C
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1+ 4 sin sin sin
2
2
2

TYPes of TRigonoMeTRic equaTions :

z Solution of equations by factorising.
z Solutions of equations reducible to quadratic
equations.
z Solving equations by introducing an Auxiliary
argument.
z Solving equations by transforming a sum of
Trigonometric functions into a product.

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p y
p x
If tan + = tan3 + , then
4 2
4 2
2
3 + sin x
equals
sin x
2
1 + 3 sin x
(a) cosy
(b) siny
(c) sin2y (d) 0
1.

2. The number of solutions of the equation

16(sin5x + cos5x) = 11(sinx + cosx) in the interval
[0, 2p] is
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 9
3. Sum of integral values of n such that
sinx(2sinx + cosx) = n, has at least one real solution is
(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 0
4. The equation 2x = (2n + 1)p (1 cosx), (where n is
a positive integer)
(a) has infinitely many real roots
(b) has exactly one real root
(c) has exactly 2n + 2 real roots
(d) has exactly 2n + 3 real roots

ProBlems
SECTION-I
Single Correct Answer Type

Solving equations by transforming a product of

trigonometric functions into a sum.
Solving equations by a change of variable :
Equations of the form
P(sinx cosx, sinx cosx) = 0, can be solved
by the change
cosx sinx = t 1 2sin x cosx = t2.
Consider the equation;
sinx + cosx = 1 + sinx cosx .
Equation of the form of asinx + bcosx + d = 0,
where a, b and d are real numbers and a, b 0
can be solved by changing sinx and cosx into
their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
Consider the equation 3cosx + 4 sinx = 5.
Many equations can be solved by introducing a
new variable e.g. the equation sin42x + cos4 2x
1

= sin2x cos2x changes to 2( y + 1) y = 0

2
by substituting, sin2x cos2x = y.
Solving equations with the use of the Boundness
of the functions sinx and cosx. Consider the
equation;
x

sin x cos 2 sin x

ar

+ 1 + sin 2 cos x cos x = 0

4
TRigonoMeTRic inequaTions
To solve trigonometric inequation of the type
f(x) a, or f(x) a where f(x) is some trigonometric
ratio, we take following steps.
(i) Draw the graph of f(x) in a interval length
equal to fundamental period of f(x).
(ii) Draw the line y = a.
(iii) Take the portion of the graph for which
inequation is satisfied.
(iv) To generalise add pn (n I) and take union
over set of integers, where p is fundamental
period of f(x).

5. If sinA = sinB and cosA = cosB, A > B, then

(a) sin (1/2) (A B) = 0 (b) sin (1/2) (A + B) = 0
(c) cos (1/2) (A B) = 0 (d) cos (1/2) (A + B) = 0

PRoBLeMs Based on BoundaRY condiTions

If the problem involves only one equation
consisting of more than one variable or equation
involves variable of different nature then the
boundary conditions of trigonometric functions
is generally used. It must be noted that |sinx| 1;
|cosx| 1; |secx| 1; |cosecx| 1; |tanx| 0;
|cotx| 0 ems

6. If log0.5 sinx = 1 log0.5 cosx then number of values

of x [2p, 2p] is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

7.

2
If 2 sin x 2 sin x +5

8.

A set of values of x, satisfying the equation

1, then the ordered

2
4sin y
pair (x, y) is equal to (m, n I)
p
p
(a) x = (4n + 1) , y = (2m + 1)
2
2
(b) x = 2np, y = 2mp
p
p
(c) x = (2n + 1) , y = (2m + 1)
2
2
(d) x = np, y = mp
1
1
cos2 px + cos2 qx = 1 form an arithmetic
2
2
progression with common difference
2
2
(a)
(b)
pq
p+q
p
(c)
(d) none of these
p+q
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The value of cos210 cos10 cos50 + cos250 =

4
1
(a)
(b)
(c) 3
(d) 3
5
3
4
10. The least positive values of x satisfy the equation
9.

1+ cos x + cos x + cos x +...

= 43 will be (where |cos x| < 1)

2p
(b)
3

p
3
p
(c)
(d) none of these
4
3 + cot 80 cot 20
11. Value of
is equal to
cot 80 + cot 20
(a) cos50
(b) tan50
(a)

19. The sides of a triangle inscribed in a given

a, b, g at the centre.
circle subtend angles
Then, the minimum value of the A.M of
p
p
p

cos a + , cos b + , cos g + is

2
2
2

(d) none of these

(c) sin50

18. Three positive real numbers x, y, z satisfy the

equations x 2 + 3xy + y 2 = 25, y2 + z2 = 9 and
x2 + xz + z2 = 16 then the value of xy + 2 yz + 3xz
is
(a) 18
(b) 24
(c) 30
(d) 36

1
3 cos q
1
1
3 cos q , then maximum
12. If D = sin q
1
1
sin q
value of D is
(a) 1
(b) 9
(d) none of these
(c) 16

(c)

3
2

3
2

(b)

(d) none of these

2
20. In a scalene DABC, D is a point on the side AB
C
such that CD2 = ADDB, if sin A sin B = sin2
then
2
CD is

(a) Median through C (b) Internal bisector of C

(c) Altitude through C
(d) Divide AB in the ratio 1 : 2

13. Number of ordered pairs (a, x) satisfying the

equation sec2(a + 2)x + a2 1 = 0; p < x < p is
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) none of these

(a)

(b) (3 2 )r
(d) (3 2 2 )r

(a) (2 2 )r
(c) (3 + 2 )r

21. The radii of the escribed circles of DABC are ra, rb

and rc respectively. If ra + rb = 3R and rb + rc = 2R, then
the smallest angle of triangle is
1
tan 1 ( 3 )
(b)
(a) tan 1 ( 2 1)
2
1
tan 1 ( 2 + 1)
(d) tan 1 (2 3 )
(c)
2

(a) A.P.

(b) G.P.

ar

14. If a, b, c be the sides of a triangle ABC and the roots

of the equation a(b c)x2 + b(c a)x + c(a b) = 0 are
A
B
C
equal, then sin2 , sin2 , sin2 are in
2
2
2
(c) A.G.P. (d) H.P.

then
(a)

a+b
c
2

15. In DABC, if cos A + sin A

2
= 0,
cos B + sin B

is equal to
(b) 1

(c)

(d) 2 2

16. In a triangle ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn.

p
p
and ACE =
then the area
8
4
of triangle ABC is equal to
10
25
25
25
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
3
3
9
18
p
17. In a right angled triangle ABC with A = , a circle
2
is drawn touching the side AB, AC and incircle of the
triangle. Its radius is equal to
If AD = 5, DAC =

36

22. With usual notations, in a triangle ABC,

a cos(B C) + b cos(C A) + c cos(A B) is equal to
abc
abc
(b)
(a)
2
R
4 R2
4abc
abc
(c)
(d)
2
R
2R2

A
B 3c
+ a cos2 =
2
2 2
a+c
b+c
+
is equal to
then minimum value of
2c a 2c b
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
23. If in a triangle ABC,

b cos2

24. In an isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC. If vertical

angle A is 20, then a3 + b3 is equal to
(a) 3a2b (b) 3b2c
(c) 3c2a
(d) abc

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25. In acute angled triangle ABC, r + r1 = r2 + r3 and

p
B > then
3
(a) b + 2c < 2a < 2b + 2c
(b) b + 4c < 4a < 2b + 4c
(c) b + 4c < 4a < 4b + 4c
(d) b + 3c < 3a < 3b + 3c
A b+c
, then DABC is
26. If cot =
2
a
(a) isosceles
(b) equilateral
(c) right angled
(d) none of these

32. The solutions of the system of equations

27. In a triangle ABC, (a + b + c) (b + c a) = l bc if

(a) l < 0
(b) l > 6
(c) 0 < l < 4
(d) l > 4

33.

SECTION-II

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

( 3 sin x + cos x )
p
3

= 4 are,

(b)

6 1
1
sin x +
cos x

5 2
3
6
6
(c) cos x + sin x
(d) cos2 x + sin4 x

28. If (1 + k)tan2x 4 tanx 1 + k = 0 has real roots

tan x1 and tan x2, then
(a) k2 5
(b) tan(x1 + x2) = 2
p
(d) for k = 1, x1 = 0
(c) for k = 2, x1 =
4
29. The solution set of |sin x| |cos 2x| contains

p
p
(a) np , np +
6
6
nI

3 sin 2 x cos 2 x +2

p
6
p
2p
(c)
(d)
3
3
34. Which of following functions have the maximum
value unity?
(a) sin2x cos2 x
(a)

Multiple Correct Answer Type

3
3
, cos x cos y =
are
4
4
p p
x1 = + (2n + k ); n, k I
3 2
p p
y1 = + (k 2n); n, k I
6 2
p p
x2 = + (2n + k); n, k I
6 2
p p
y2 = + (k 2n); n, k I
3 2
Values of x (p, p) satisfying the equation

sin x sin y =

np + 2
nI

(c)

np 8 , np + 8

nI

np 4 , np + 4

nI

(d)

ar

(b)

p
30. For 0 < q < , the solution(s) of
2
6

(m 1)p
mp

cosec q +
= 4 2 is/are
4
4
5p
p
p
(b)
(c)
(d)
12
6
12

cosec q +

m=1

(a)

p
4

(b)

31. sin q + 3 cos q = 6 x x 2 11, 0 q 4p, x R

holds for
(a) no value of x and q
(b) one value of x and two values of q
(c) two values of x and two values of q
(d) two pairs of values of (x, q)

35. In a DAEX, T is the mid point of XE, and P is the

mid point of ET. If the DAPE is equilateral of side length
equal to unity then which of the following alternative(s)
is/are correct?
(a) AX = 13
(b) EAT = 90
1
1
(d) AT =
(c) cos XAE =
13
3
36. In DABC, C = 2 A and AC = 2BC, then which
of the following is/are true?
(a) Angles A, B, C are in arithmetic progression.
(b) Angles A, C, B are in arithmetic progression.
(c) DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.
(d) B C 2 + CA 2 + A B 2 = 8R 2 , w here R is t he
circumradius of DABC.

37. If in a triangle ABC, BC = 5, CA = 4, AB = 3 and

D, E are points on BC such that BD = DE = EC , CAE = q
then
(a) AE2 = 73/3
(b) AE2 = 73/9
3
(c) tanq = 3/8
(d) cos q =
73
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38. If A is the area and 2S the sum of sides of a triangle,

then
(a) A <
(c) A >

S2
4
S2

(b)

S2

3 3

(d) A

44. The ratio of the sides of triangle ABC, a : b : c is

(a) 1 : 1 : 1
(b) 13 : 40 : 45
(c) 1 : 2 : 3
(d) 7 : 15 : 45
45. The greatest angle of the triangle is
16
1 16
(b) sin 1
(a) p cos
65
65
1 63
(c) cos
(d) None of these
65

SECTION-III
Comprehension Type

40. The number of solutions of sinpx = |loge|x|| is

(a) 0
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 8

46. Match the following Column- I (Equations) with

Column II (No. of solutions) :
column i

column ii

px
= x 2 2 3x + 4
(A) sin
2 3

(p)

(B) sin4 x = 1 + tan8x

(q)

p
(C) cos 2 x = |sin x |, x , p
2

(r)

(D) If m and n (>m) are positive (s)

integers, the no. of solutions of
the equation n|sinx| = m |cosx|
in [0, 2p] is

Paragraph for question no. 41 to 43

sin 2n+1 q
Given cos 2m q cos 2m+1 q....cos 2n q =
,
2nm+1 sin 2m q
m
where 2 q kp, n, m, k I.
Solve the following:

Matrix-Match Type

39. Number of solutions of |cosx| = 2[x] (where [ ] is

step function) is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) Infinite

SECTION-IV

Paragraph for question no. 39 & 40

If the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersects at n different
points then f(x) = g(x) is said to have n solutions.

9p
11p 13p
.sin
sin
=
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
64
64
8
8
p
p
p
p
42. cos 23 cos 24 cos 25 ...cos 210 =
10
10
10
10
1
(a) 1
(b)
256
128
(c)

ar

41. sin

1
p
sin
512 10

43. cos
(a)

(d)

5 1 3p
sin
512
10

p
2p
3p
11p
cos cos ...cos
=
11
11
11
11

1
32

(b)

1
512

(c)

1
1024

(d)

1
2048

Paragraph for question no. 44 & 45

In triangle ABC, BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. R is the
circumradius and r is inradius and s is the semi
perimeter and it is given that
2

A
B
C

6s
cot + 2 cot + 3 cot = .
2
2
2
7r
38

47. Match the statements/expressions in Column I

with Column II.
column i
column ii
4
(A) The number of solutions of the (p)
equation tanx + secx = 2 cosx
in the interval [0, 2p] is
p
(B) The number of real solutions of (q)
2
2 log x ( x + 3)
the equation x
= 16
is
2
(C) In any t r i ang l e , t h e are a (r)
2
2
b +c
, then best possible
A
l
numerical quantity l is
(D) If the four roots of the equation (s)
|sin q| = k, between [0, 2p]
are in A.P., then the common
difference of A.P. is
(t)

p/3

mathematics today | OCTOBER 15

Academy by IITians

Shankar Nagar, Raipur.

8871050777 ; 8602717001

SECTION-V
Integer Answer Type

p
. If
2
sin(2sinx) = cos(2cosx); then tanx + cotx can be
a
written as c
where a, b, c N. Then the value
p b
a +b + c
of
is
25

48. Let x be in radians with

0<x<

49. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the

1
1
1
equation
=
+
is
p
2p
3p
sin
sin
sin
n
n
n
50. 2cot2x 5 cosecx is equal to 1 for exactly 7 distinct
values of x [0, np], then the greatest value of n is .......

52. The number of ordered pairs (x, y) where

2
x, y [0, 10] satisfying sin2 x sin x + 1 .2sec y 1

2
is 2K then K =

51. The number of solutions of the equation

1
1
sin5 x cos5 x =
(sin x cos x ) is

cos x sin x

53. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle satisfying

a2 + b2 + c2 = 6, then the A.M. of all the integral values
which lie in the interval of ab + bc + ca is

ar

54. In DABC, if R(a + b) = c ab and a = 2 + 2, then

inradius r is
55. In DABC if cosA + 2 cosB + cosC = 2, then the
2s
(where s is the semi perimeter) is
b
56. Points D, E are taken on the side BC of an acute
angled DABC, such that BD = DE = EC. If BAD = x,
DAE = y, EAC = z, then the value of

value of

sin(x + y ) sin( y + z )
sin x sin z

is

mathematics today | OCTOBER 15

Academy by IITians

Shankar Nagar, Raipur.

39

8871050777 ; 8602717001