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Combined Axial Load and Bending: 6.1 General Remarks
Combined Axial Load and Bending: 6.1 General Remarks
6.1
Structural members are often subject to combined bending and axial load
either in tension or in compression. In the 1996 edition of the AISI Specification, the design provisions for combined axial load and bending were expanded to include specific requirements in Sec. C5.1 for the design of
cold-formed steel structural members subjected to combined tensile axial load
and bending.
When structural members are subject to combined compressive axial load
and bending, the design provisions are given in Sec. C5.2 of the AISI Specification. This type of member is usually referred to as a beam-column. The
bending may result from eccentric loading (Fig. 6.1a), transverse loads (Fig.
6.1b), or applied moments (Fig. 6.1c). Such members are often found in
framed structures, trusses, and exterior wall studs. In steel structures, beams
are usually supported by columns through framing angles or brackets on the
sides of the columns. The reactions of beams can be considered as eccentric
loading, which produces bending moments.
The structural behavior of beam-columns depends on the shape and dimensions of the cross section, the location of the applied eccentric load, the
column length, the condition of bracing, and so on. For this reason, previous
editions of the AISI Specification have subdivided design provisions into the
following four cases according to the configuration of the cross section and
the type of buckling mode:1.4
1. Doubly symmetric shapes and shapes not subject to torsional or
torsionalflexural buckling.
2. Locally stable singly symmetric shapes or intermittently fastened components of built-up shapes, which may be subject to torsionalflexural
buckling, loaded in the plan of symmetry.
3. Locally unstable symmetric shapes or intermittently fastened components of built-up shapes, which may be subject to torsionalflexural
buckling, loaded in the plan of symmetry.
4. Singly symmetric shapes which are unsymmetrically loaded.
360
6.2
361
Figure 6.1 Beam-columns. (a) Subject to eccentric loads. (b) Subject to axial and
transverse loads. (c). Subject to axial loads and end moments.
The early AISI design provisions for singly symmetric sections subjected
to combined compressive load and bending were based on an extensive investigation of torsionalflexural buckling of thin-walled sections under eccentric load conducted by Winter, Pekoz, and Celibi at Cornell
University.5.66,6.1 The behavior of channel columns subjected to eccentric loading has also been studied by Rhodes, Harvey, and Loughlan.5.34,6.26.5
In 1986, as a result of the unified approach, Pekoz indicated that both
locally stable and unstable beam-columns can be designed by the simple,
well-known interaction equations as included in Sec. C5 of the AISI Specification. The justification of the current design criteria is given in Ref. 3.17.
The 1996 design criteria were verified by Pekoz and Sumer using the available
test results.5.103
6.2
6.2.1
For the design of tension members using hot-rolled steel shapes and built-up
members, the AISC Specifications1.148,3.150 provide design provisions for the
following three limit states: (1) yielding of the full section between connections, (2) fracture of the effective net area at the connection, and (3) block
shear fracture at the connection.
For cold-formed steel design, Sec. C2 of the 1996 AISI Specification gives
Eq. (6.1) for calculating the nominal tensile strength of axially loaded tension
members, with a safety factor for the ASD method and a resistance factor for
the LRFD method as follows:
Tn AnFy
t 1.67 (for ASD)
(6.1)
362
C2 Tension Members
For axially loaded tension members, the nominal tensile strength, Tn, shall be
the smaller value obtained according to the limit states of (a) yielding in the gross
section, (b) fracture in the net section away from connections, and (c) fracture in
the effective net section at the connections:
6.2
363
(6.2)
t 1.67 (ASD)
t 0.90 (LRFD)
(6.3)
t 2.00 (ASD)
t 0.75 (LRFD)
where Tn
Ag
An
Fy
Fu
From the above requirements, it can be seen that the nominal tensile strength
of axially loaded cold-formed steel members is determined either by yielding
of gross sectional area or by fracture of the net area of the cross section. At
connections, the nominal tensile strength is also limited by the capacities
determined in accordance with Specification Sections E2.7, E3, and E4 for
tension in connected parts. In addition to the strength consideration, yielding
in the gross section also provides a limit on the deformation that a tension
member can achieve.
6.2.2 Members Subjected to Combined Tensile Axial Load
and Bending
When cold-formed steel members are subject to concurrent bending and tensile axial load, the member shall satisfy the following AISI interaction equations prescribed in Sec. C5.1 of the Specification for the ASD and LRFD
methods:
364
Mnxt
bMy
Mnyt
tT
Tn
1.0
(6.4a)
1.0
(6.4b)
and
bMx
Mnx
bMy
Mny
tT
Tn
u 1.0
b Mnxt b Mnyt tTn
(6.5a)
Mux
Muy
Tu
1.0
b Mnx b Mny tTn
(6.5b)
6.3
365
P Mc P M
A
I
A
S
a b
(6.6)
366
P
A
M
c
I
S
(6.7)
or
a b
1.0
F
F
As discussed in Chaps. 3, 4, and 5, the safety factor for the design of
compression members is different from the safety factor for beam design.
Therefore Eq. (6.7) may be modified as follows:
a
b
1.0
Fa Fb
(6.8)
1.0
Pa Ma
where P
Pa
M
Ma
(6.9)
6.3
367
from the applied axial load P and the deflection of the member. The maximum
bending moment of midlength (point C) can be represented by
Mmax M
(6.10)
1
1 P/Pe
(6.11)
1
1 cP/Pe
(6.12)
1.0
Pa
Ma
or
(6.13)
P
M
1.0
Pa (1 cP/Pe)Ma
It has been found that Eq. (6.13), developed for a member subjected to an
axial compressive load and equal end moments, can be used with reasonable
accuracy for braced members with unrestrained ends subjected to an axial
load and a uniformly distributed transverse load. However, it could be conservative for compression members in unbraced frames (with sidesway), and
for members bent in reverse curvature. For this reason, the interaction formula
given in Eq. (6.13) should be further modified by a coefficient Cm, as shown
in Eq. (6.14), to account for the effect of end moments:
P
CmM
1.0
Pa (1 cP/Pe)Ma
(6.14)
368
Cm 0.6 0.4
M1
M2
(6.15)
1.0
Pa0 Ma
(6.16)
6.3
369
tions for the LRFD method (Sec. C5.2.2 of the Specification) can be obtained
by using Pu, Mu, cPn, and bMn.
6.3.2 Open Sections That May Be Subject to
TorsionalFlexural Buckling5.66,6.1
When singly symmetric and nonsymmetric open sections are used as beamcolumns, these members may be subject to torsionalflexural buckling. The
following discussion is based primarily on Ref. 6.1.
The differential equations of equilibrium governing the elastic behavior of
such members are given in Eqs. (6.17) to (6.19):3.2
EIxviv Pv Px0 My 0
(6.17)
EIyuiv Pu Py0 Mx 0
(6.18)
(6.19)
y(x y ) dA 2y
1
x(x y ) dA 2x
I
x
1
Ix
(6.20)
(see Appendix C)
(6.21)
370
Assume that the end moments Mx and My are due to the eccentric loads
applied at both ends of the column with equal biaxial eccentricities ey and ex
(Fig. 6.5). Then the moments Mx and My can be replaced by
Mx Pey
(6.22)
My Pex
(6.23)
(6.24)
EIyuiv Pu Pay 0
(6.25)
(6.26)
where
ax x0 ex
(6.27)
ay y0 ey
(6.28)
I0
A
(6.29)
The solution of Eqs. (6.24) to (6.26) is shown in Eq. (6.30) by using Galerkins method:
6.3
371
Pey P
PayK13
Pex P
PaxK23
PayK31
PaxK32
r02(Pex P)
v0
P2
P2
eK
Pey x 1
P2
eK
Pex y 2
ayex axey
K3
Pey
Pex
u0
(6.30)
where
Pey K11
2EIy
L2
(6.31)
Pex K22
2EIx
L2
(6.32)
Pez
1
2
K33ECw 2 GJ
2
r0
L
(6.33)
u0, v0, and 0 are coefficients for deflection components. The coefficients K
for various boundary conditions are listed in Table 6.1.
6.3.3
Channels, angles, and hat sections are some of the singly symmetric open
shapes. If these members are subject to bending moments in the plane of
symmetry (x-axis as shown in Fig. 5.6), they may fail in one of the following
two ways:*
1. The member deflects gradually in the plane of symmetry without twisting and finally fails by yielding or local buckling at the location of
maximum moment.
2. The member starts with a gradual flexural bending in the plane of symmetry, but when the load reaches a critical value, the member will suddenly buckle by torsionalflexural buckling.
The type of failure mode, which will govern the maximum strength of the
member, depends on the shape and dimensions of the cross section, the column length, and the eccentricity of the applied load.
*If twisting is prevented by properly designed bracing, the member will fail only flexurally by
yielding or local buckling. When the bending moment is applied in any plane other than the plane
of symmetry, the member will fail in the torsional-flexural buckling mode.
372
TABLE 6.1
Coefficients K6.1
Boundary
Conditions
at z 0, L
u
u
u
u
u
u
v
v
v
v
v
v
0
0
0
0
0
0
K11
K22
K33
K1
K2
K3
K13
K31
K23
K32
K23
1.0000
1.0000
4.1223
1.0000
4.1223
1.0000
1.0000
4.1223
4.1223
4.1223
4.1223
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.1223
4.1223
4.1223
1.2732
1.2732
1.2732
1.2732
1.2732
1.2732
0.6597
0.6597
0.6597
1.0000
1.0000
0.5507
1.4171
1.0000
1.4171
1.0000
1.0000
1.4171
0.5507
1.0000
0.5507
1.0000
0.5507
0.5507
1.0000
1.0000
1.4171
1.0000
1.4171
1.4171
0.8834
1.0000
0.5507
1.0000
0.8834
0.8834
1.0000
1.0000
0.8834
1.2732
1.2732
1.2732
6.3
373
Pex P
PaxK23
PaxK32
r (Pex P)
2
0
v0
(6.34)
(6.35)
(6.36)
where
1
(x0 ex)2 2
K 23
r02
(6.37)
Figure 6.5a Hat section subjected to an eccentric load in the plane of symmetry.
374
loading (that is, ex 0, K23 1.0), Eq. (6.36) can be changed to Eq. (6.38),
which was used in Art. 5.4.2 for axially loaded compression members:
PTFO
1
[(Px Pz) (Px Pz)2 4PxPz
2
(6.38)
1.0
PTFO
MT
(6.39)
(6.40)
to the moment PTFex, as done previously in Art. 6.3.1, the interaction formula
can be written as
PTF
CTF(PTFex)
1.0
PTFO (1 PTF /Pe)MT
(6.41)
In the above equation, the factor CTF is the same as Cm used in Art. 6.3.1.
Equation (6.41) can be used to determine the theoretical elastic torsional
flexural buckling load PTF for singly symmetric sections under eccentric loads
applied on the side of the centroid opposite from that of the shear center.
The critical moment MT used in Eq. (6.41) can be obtained from the following equation:
6.3
1
MT 2 yPex
2K 23
( P ) 4K
2
ex
2
23
PexPez
I0
A
375
(6.42)
where
Pez
Pez 1
exyA
I0
K23 K23
K32
(6.43)
(6.44)
For simply supported end conditions, Eq. (6.42) can be simplified and rearranged as
MT Pex j
(6.45)
(6.46)
Pez
Pex
r 20
or
MT Aex j
r 20
t
ex
where
j
y
1
2
2Iy
ex
t
x3 dA
2E
(KxLx /rx)2
xy dA x
2
(6.47)
(6.48)
1
2ECw
GJ
2
Ar 0
(KtLt)2
(6.49)
If the eccentric load is applied on the side of the shear center opposite
from that of the centroid, the critical moment causing compression on shear
center side of centroid, Mc, can be computed as follows:
Mc Aex j
r 20
t
ex
(6.50)
Both Eqs. (6.46) and (6.50) were used in Eq. (4.54) for determining the
elastic critical moment for lateral buckling strength.
376
For the ASD method, the allowable load for torsionalflexural buckling in
the elastic range can be derived from PTF by using a safety factor of 1.80.
The inelastic buckling stress can be computed by the equation that was used
for torsionalflexural buckling of axially loaded compression members (Chap.
5).
So far we have discussed the possible failure modes for a singly symmetric
section under eccentric load. However, the type of failure that will govern the
maximum strength of the beam-column depends on which type of failure falls
below the other for the given eccentricity. This fact can be shown in Fig.
6.6a. For the given hat section having L/rx 90, the section will fail in
flexural yielding if the load is applied in region I. Previous study has indicated
that for channels, angles, and hat sections, the section always fails in flexural
yielding when the eccentricity is in region I (that is, ex x0). When the
eccentricity is in region III (that is, 0 ex), the section can fail either in
flexural yielding or in torsionalflexural buckling. Therefore, both conditions
(flexural yielding and torsionalflexural buckling) should be checked. For the
given hat section shown in Fig. 6.6a, when the load is applied at the center
of gravity, the section will buckle torsional-flexurally at a load PTFO that is
smaller than the flexural buckling load Pey. At a certain eccentricity in region
II (that is, x0 ex 0), the failure mode changes from torsionalflexural
buckling to simple flexural failure. It can also be seen that in this region,
small changes in eccentricity result in large changes in failure load. Thus any
small inaccuracy in eccentricity could result in nonconservative designs.
For bending about the axis of symmetry (i.e., when the eccentric load is
applied along the y-axis as shown in Fig. 6.7), the following equation for
determining the elastic critical moment can be derived from Eq. (6.30) on the
basis of ex 0, ey 0, P 0, and Pey Mx:6.1
Mx r0PeyPez
(6.51)
r0 Aeyt
For the case of unequal end moments, Eq. (6.51) may be modified by multiplying by a bending coefficient Cb as follows:
Mx Cb r0 Aeyt
(6.52)
The above equation was used in Eq. (4.51) for lateral buckling strength
consideration.
6.4
The following are the AISI design provisions included in Sec. C5.2 of the
1996 edition of the AISI Specification for the design of beam-columns:
6.4
377
Figure 6.6 Strength of eccentrically loaded hat section.6.1 (a) Load vs. ex. (b) Stress
vs. ex.
378
Figure 6.7 Hat section subjected to an eccentric load applied along the y-axis.
Pn
cP
Pno
bCmxMx
bCmyMy
1.0
Mnyy
Mnxx
b Mx
Mnx
b My
Mny
1.0
(6.53)
(6.54)
When cP / Pn 0.15 the following equation may be used in lieu of the above
two equations:
cP
Pn
b Mx
Mnx
b My
Mny
1.0
(6.55)
6.4
379
Mnx, Mny nominal flexural strength about the centroidal axes determined in
accordance with Sec. C3
x 1
y 1
cP
(6.56)
PEx
cP
(6.57)
PEy
PEx
2EIx
(Kx Lx)2
(6.58)
PEy
2EIy
(KyLy)2
(6.59)
x-axis
Iy moment of inertia of the full, unreduced cross section about the
y-axis
Lx actual unbraced length for bending about the x-axis
Ly actual unbraced length for bucking about the y-axis
Kx effective length factor for buckling about the x-axis
Ky effective length factor for buckling about the y-axis
Cmx, Cmy coefficients whose value shall be taken as follows:
1. For compression members in frames subject to joint translation
(sidesway)
Cm 0.85
2. For restrained compression members in frames braced against
joint translation and not subject to transverse loading between
their supports in the plane of bending
Cm 0.6 0.4 (M1 / M2)
(6.60)
380
1.0
cPn bMnxx bMnyy
Pu
Mux
cPno bMnx
Muy
1.0
bMny
(6.61)
(6.62)
When Pu / cPn 0.15, the following equation may be used in lieu of the above
two equations:
Pu
Mux
Muy
1.0
cPn b Mnx b Mny
(6.63)
Pu
PEx
(6.64)
y 1
Pu
PEy
(6.65)
b 0.90 or 0.95 for bending strength (Sec. C3.1.1), or 0.90 for laterally unbraced beams (Sec. C3.1.2)
c 0.85
Pn, Pno, Mnx, Mny, PEx, PEy, Ix, Iy, Lx, Ly, Kx, Ky, Cmx, and Cmy are defined in Sec.
C5.2.1.
The subscripts x and y in Eqs. (6.53) to (6.65) indicate the axis of bending
about which a particular moment or design property applies.
The values of Cm are summarized in Table 6.2, which is similar to Refs.
1.148 and 6.6. The sign convention for the end moments is the same as that
used for the moment distribution method (i.e., the clockwise moment is positive and counterclockwise moment negative).
In categories A and B the effective length of the member should be used
in computing Pn. The effective length in the direction of bending is to be
used for computing PEx or PEy whichever is applicable.
TABLE 6.2
Values of Cm6.6,1.148
Loading Conditions
Category
A
cP / Pn 0.15 (ASD)
Pu / cPn 0.15 (LRFD)
Computed moments
maximum at end; no
transverse loading; joint
translation not
prevented
Cm
M2
0.85
M2
Computed moments
maximum at end; no
transverse loading; joint
translation prevented
Remarks
M1
M2
0.60.4
M2
Using Eq. (6.54) or
(6.62)
M2 or M3 (whichever is
larger). Using Eq.
(6.53) or (6.61)
381
cP
PE
(ASD)*
Pu
(LRFD)*
PE
382
cP
(ASD)
PE
Pu
Cm 1
(LRFD)
PE
where
M0
PE
(6.66a)
(6.66b)
( 2EI/M0L2) 1
maximum deflection due to transverse loading
maximum moment between supports due to transverse loading
PEx or PEy whichever is applicable
Values of are given in Table 6.3 for various loading conditions and end
restraints.5.67,1.148,3.150
Example 6.1 Check the adequacy of the tubular section described in Example 5.1 if it is used as a beam-column to carry an axial load of 30 kips
and end moments of 60 in.-kips (Fig. 6.8). The yield point of steel is 40 ksi.
The unbraced length is 10 ft and Kx Ky 1.0. The member is assumed to
be bent in single curvature. Use the ASD and LRFD methods. Assume that
the dead-to-live ratio is 1/5.
TABLE 6.3
Case
ASD
LRFD
1.0
1.0
0.4
1 0.4
0.4
1 0.4
0.2
1 0.2
0.3
1 0.3
0.2
1 0.2
cP
PE
cP
PE
cP
PE
cP
PE
cP
PE
1 0.4
Pu
PE
1 0.4
Pu
PE
1 0.2
Pu
PE
1 0.3
Pu
PE
1 0.2
Pu
PE
6.4
383
Solution
A. ASD Method
1. Sectional Properties of Full Section. From Example 5.1, the sectional
properties of the full section are as follows:
A 3.273 in.2
Ix Iy 33.763 in.4
rx ry 3.212 in.
2. Applied Axial Load and Moments
P 30 kips
Mx 60 in.-kips
My 0
3. Selection of Design Equations. Based on the design procedure discussed in Chap. 5, the nominal axial strength was computed in Example
5.1 as
Pn 78.738 kips
cP/Pn 1.80 (30)/78.738 0.686 0.15
use Eqs. (6.53) and (6.54) to check the adequacy of the tubular section.
4. Application of Eqs. (6.53) and (6.54). Equation (6.53) is used to check
the beam-column for the stability requirement between braced points.
a. Computation of Mnx. The nominal flexural strength about x-axis
should be determined according to Art. 4.2. Consideration should be
given to section strength and lateraltorsional buckling strength.
384
t
0.240 in.
2
Arc length
L 1.57R 0.377 in.
c 0.637R 0.153 in.
Location of neutral axis and computation of Ix and Sx. For the
compression flange,
w 8 2(R t) 8 2(0.1875 0.105) 7.415 in.
w/t 7.415/0.105 70.619 500
O.K.
1.052 w
t
k
1.052
(70.619)
4.0
40
1.368 0.673
29,500
0.22
0.22
/ 1
/1.368 0.613
1.368
Effective Length L
(in.)
Element
Compression flange
Compression corners
Webs
Tension corners
Tension flange
ycg
4.545
2 0.377 0.754
2 7.415 14.830
2 0.377 0.754
7.415
28.298
Distance from
Top Fiber y
(in.)
0.0525
0.1395
4.0000
7.8605
7.9475
Ly
(in.2)
Ly2
(in.3)
0.239
0.105
59.320
5.927
58.931
124.522
0.013
0.013
237.280
46.588
468.352
752.248
124.522
4.400 in. d / 2 8 / 2 4.000 in.
28.298
6.4
385
(compression)
(tension)
k 4 2(1 )3 2(1 )
4 2[1 (0.805)]3 2[1 (0.805)]
19.371
1.052
(70.619)
19.371
O.K.
37.341
0.601 0.673
29,500
be h 7.415 in.
b1 be /(3 ) 1.949 in.
Since 0.236,
b2 be /2 3.708 in.
b1 b2 5.657 in.
Because the computed value of (b1 b2) is greater than the
compression portion of the web (4.1075 in.), the web is fully
386
67.949
(Ly2)
752.248
Iz
820.197 in.3
I x
272.348 in.3
0.36Cb
EIyGJ
FySf
in which
Cb 1.0 for combined axial load and bending
J
2b2d 2t
2(8 0.105)4(0.105)
51.67 in.4
(b d)
2(8 0.105)
6.4
Lu
387
0.36(1)
(29,500)(33.763)(11,300)(51.67)
40 8.44
2,554.7 in.
Since the unbraced length of 120 in. is less than Lu, lateral
torsional buckling will not govern the design.
iii. Nominal moment Mnx. From the above calculations, Mnx
259.960 in.-kips
b. Computation of Cmx. Using Eq. (6.60),
Cmx 0.60.4
0.60.4
M1
M2
60
1.0
60
cP
PEx
where
PEx
2EIx
2(29,500)(33.763)
682.653 kips
2
(KxLx)
(1 10 12)2
x 1
1.80(30)
682.653
0.921
d. Check Eq. (6.53). Substituting the above computed values into Eq.
(6.53),
cP
Pn
bCmxMx
(180)(30)
(1.67)(1)(60)
Mnxx
78.738
(259.96)(0.921)
1.104 1.0 (no good)
3. Application of Eq. (6.54). Equation (6.54) is used to check the beamcolumn for the yielding requirement at braced points.
a. Computation of Pno. The nominal axial strength Pno is computed for
KL/r 0 (i.e., Fn Fy 40 ksi). For stiffened compression elements,
388
1.052
(70.619)
4.0
40
1.368 0.673
29,500
0.22
/1.368 0.613
1.368
Pno
bMx
Mnx
(1.80)(30) (1.67)(60)
82.720
259.96
Based on the above calculations for the ASD method, it can be seen
that the given tubular member is inadequate for the applied load and
end moments.
B. LRFD Method
1. Applied Axial Load and Moments. From the given data,
PD 5 kips
PL 25 kips
MD 10 in.-kips
ML 50 in.-kips
2. Required Strengths. Based on the load factors and load combinations
discussed in Art. 3.3.2.2, the required strengths Pu and Mux can be computed as follows:
From Eq. (3.5a),
(Pu) 1.4 PD PL 1.4(5) 25 32 kips
(Mux)1 1.4 MD ML 1.4(10) 50 64 in.-kips
6.4
389
M1
92
0.6 0.4
1.0
M2
92
Based on (6.64),
x 1
Pu
46
1
0.933
PEx
682.653
390
According to the above calculations for the LRFD method, the given tubular member is also inadequate for the applied load and moments. The difference between the ASD and LRFD methods is less than 1.5%.
Example 6.2 If the I-section used in Example 5.2 is to be used as a beamcolumn as shown in Fig. 6.10, what is the maximum allowable transverse
load P applied at the midspan length? Assume that the axial load is 20 kips
and that the beam is laterally supported at A, B, C, D, and E. Use Fy 33
ksi and the ASD method.
Solution
1. Sectional Properties of Full Section. From Example 5.2, the sectional
properties of the I-section are as follows:
A 2.24 in.2
J 0.00418 in.4
Ix 22.1 in.4
Cw 70.70 in.6
Sx 5.53 in.3
r0 3.435 in.
Iy 4.20 in.4
Sy 1.40 in.3
rx 3.15 in.
ry 1.37 in.
2. Applied Axial Load and Moments. Since the continuous beam is subject
to symmetric loads P in two equal spans, the moment diagram can be
drawn as shown in Fig. 6.11. The positive and negative moments are
6.4
391
5
5
PL
P(10)(12) 18.75 P
32
32
3
3
MC
PL
P(10)(12) 22.5 P
16
16
MB
in.-kips
in.-kips
O.K.
2E
2(29,500)
151.77 ksi
2
(KL/r)
(43.80)2
ii. Elastic torsional buckling. From Eq. (5.22) of Art. 5.4.1 or Sec.
C3.1.2.1(a) of the AISI Specification, the torsional buckling stress
is
Fe t
1
2ECw
GJ
Ar 02
(KtLt)2
1
2(29,500)(70.70)
[(11,300)(0.00418)
2
(2.24)(3.435)
(5 12)2
218.13 ksi
392
Fe 151.77 ksi
c
33
0.466 1.5
FF 151.77
y
e
b. Effective area, Ae, at the stress Fn. From Example 5.2, the flat widths
of edge stiffener, flange and web are
w1 0.5313 in., w1 /t 7.084 14
O.K.
O.K.
n 1/2
Is d 3t/12 (0.5313)3(0.075)/12 0.000937 in.4
C2 Is /Ia 0.000937/0.0022 0.426
C1 2 C2 2 0.426 1.574
D/w2 0.7/2.6625 0.263
Since D/w2 0.8, from Eq. (3.86),
6.4
393
1.052
2.718
(35.50)
30.13
0.724 0.673
29,500
0.22
0.22
/ 1
/0.724 0.962
0.724
1.053
(7.084)
0.43
30.13
0.363 0.673
29,500
d s w1 0.5313 in.
ds C2d s (0.426)(0.5313)
0.226 d s
O.K.
1.052
(102.167)
4.0
30.13
1.717 0.673
29,500
0.22
/1.717 0.508
1.717
394
c. Nominal load, Pn
Pn AeFn (1.553)(30.13) 46.79 kips
4. Selection of Design Equations
cP/Pn (1.80)(20)/46.79 0.769 0.15
t
0.075
0.09375
0.1313 in.
2
2
Effective Length L
(in.)
Element
Compression flange
Compression corners
Compression stiffeners
Webs
Tension stiffeners
Tension corners
Tension flange
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
2.430
0.206
0.184
7.6625
0.5313
0.206
2.6625
ycg
Distance
from Top
Fiber
y (in.)
4.860
0.824
0.368
15.325
1.063
0.824
5.325
28.589
118.612
4.149 in.
28.589
0.0375
0.0852
0.2608
4.0000
7.5656
7.9148
7.9625
Ly
(in.2)
Ly2
(in.3)
0.182
0.070
0.096
61.300
8.042
6.522
42.400
118.612
0.007
0.006
0.025
245.200
60.843
51.620
337.610
695.311
6.4
395
(compression)
(tension)
2 /1 29.29/31.66 0.925
1.052
(102.167)
22.116
31.66
0.749 0.673
29,500
0.22
/0.749 0.943
0.749
396
pression portion of the web (3.9802 in.), the web is fully effective.
The moment of inertia based on line elements is
2I web 2
1
(7.6625)3
12
74.983
2I comp.
stiffener
1
(0.184)3
12
0.001
2I tension
stiffener
1
(0.531)3
12
0.025
(Ly2)
695.311
Iz
770.320 in.3
I x
278.183 in.3
2ECbdIyc
Sf L2
6.4
Therefore, Fe
397
2(29,500)(1.00)(8)(4.20/2)
245.70 ksi
(5.53)(5 12)2
Fe
2(29,500)(1.00)(8)(4.20/2)
245.70 ksi
(5.53)(5 12)2
398
cP
PEx
where
PEx
2EIx
2(29,500)(22.1)
(KxLx)
(1 10 12)2
446.84 kips
Therefore,
x 1
1.80(20)
446.84
0.919
Pn
bCmxMx
(1.80)20 (1.67)(1)(22.5P)
1.0
Mnxx
46.79
(165.96)(0.919)
P 0.936 kips
6. Application of Eq. (6.54)
a. Computation of Pno. For KL/r 0, Fn Fy 33 ksi. Using the
same procedure illustrated in Item 3,
Ae(for Fy 33 ksi) 1.469 in.2
Pn0 AeFn 48.48 kips
b. Allowable load P based on Eq. (6.54)
cP
Pno
bMx
Mnx
(1.80)20 (1.67)22.5P
1.0
48.48
165.96
P 1.137 kips
7. Allowable Load P. Based on Eqs. (6.53) and (6.54), the allowable load
based on the ASD method is 0.936 kips, which is governed by the
stability requirement. For the LRFD method, Eqs. (6.61) and (6.62)
should be used with the load factors and combinations given in Art.
3.3.2.2.
6.4
399
Example 6.3 For the braced channel column shown in Fig. 6.13, determine
the allowable load if the load at both ends are eccentrically applied at point
A (that is, ex 2.124 in.) along the x-axis (Fig. 6.13a). Assume Kx Lx
Ky Ly Kz Lz 14 ft. Use Fy 50 ksi and the ASD method.
Solution
1. Properties of Full Section. From the equation given in Part I of the
AISI Design Manual,1.159 the following full section properties can be
computed:
A 1.553 in.2
x 0.876 in.
Ix 15.125 in.4
J 0.0571 in.4
Sx 3.781 in.3
rx 3.12 in.
Cw 24.1 in.6
j y /2 4.56 in.
Iy 1.794 in.4
r0 3.97 in.
Sy 0.844 in.3
x0 2.20 in.
ry 1.075 in.
2. Applied Axial Load and End Moments
400
O.K.
2E
2(29,500)
11.921 ksi.
(KL/r)2
(156.28)2
ii. Elastic torsional-flexural buckling stress. According to Eq. (5.57),
Fe
Fe
1
[(ex t) (ex t)2 4ext
2
where
1
ex
t
x0
r0
2.20
3.97
0.693
2E
2(29,500)
100.418 ksi
(KxLx /rx)2 (1 14 12/3.12)2
1
2ECw
GJ
2
Ar 0
(KtLt)2
1
2(29,500)(24.1)
(11300)(0.00571)
(1.553)(3.97)2
(1 14 12)2
12.793 ksi.
Therefore
Fe
1
[(100.418 12.793)
2(0.693)
(100.418 12.793)2 4(0.693)(100.418)(12.793)]
6.4
401
50
2.048 1.5
F 11.921
Fy
e
Fn
0.877
0.877
Fy
(50) 10.455 ksi
2
c
(2.048)2
O.K.
n 1/2
Is d 3t/12 (0.5175)3(0.105)/12 0.00121 in.4
From Eq. (3.83),
C2 Is /Ia
0.00121
2.216 104 1.0
5.46 108
Use C2 1.0
C1 2 C2 1.0
D/w 0.81/2.415 0.335
Since D/w 0.8, from Eq. (3.86),
402
1.052
(23)
3.575
10.455
0.241 0.673
29,500
10.52
(4.929)
0.43
O.K.
10.455
0.149 0.673
29,500
d s d 0.5175 in.
ds C2d s (1)(0.5175)
0.5175 in.
1.052
(70.619)
4.0
O.K.
10.455
0.699 0.673
29,500
0.22
/0.699 0.980
0.699
6.4
403
Assume that cP/Pn 0.15, use Eqs. (6.53) and (6.54) to determine
the allowable load P.
5. Application of Eq. (6.53)
a. Computation of May
i. Section strength based on initiation of yielding. Assume that the
maximum compressive stress of Fy 50 ksi occurs in the
extreme fiber of edge stiffeners and that both flanges are fully
effective as shown in Fig. 6.14. For edge stiffeners,
1.052
(4.929)
0.43
50
0.326 0.673
29,500
b w 0.5175 in.
404
(compression)
(tension)
1.052
(23)
11.222
43.114
0.276 0.673
29,500
be w 2.415 in.
b1 be /(3 ) 2.415/3.319 0.728 in.
Since 0.236, b2 be /2 2.415/2 1.2075 in.
b1 b2 0.728 1.2075 1.9355 in.
Because the computed value of (b1 b2) is greater than the compression portion of the flange (1.8315 in.), the flange is fully effective.
In view of the fact that all elements are fully effective, the
section modulus relative to the extreme compression fiber is
Se Sy (for full section) 0.844 in.3
Mny SeFy 0.844(50) 42.2 in.-kips
for section strength.
ii. Lateraltorsional buckling strength. According to Eq. (4.66), the
elastic critical lateraltorsional buckling stress for bending about
the centroidal axis perpendicular to the symmetry axis for singly
symmetric channel section is
Fe
where Cs
A
ex
t
j
Cs Aex
j Cs j2 r02(t / ex)
CTFSf
6.4
405
10Fy
10
F 1
9 y
36Fe
10
10 50
(50) 1
9
36 39.744
36.141 ksi
Following the same procedure used in Item 5.a.i, the elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated at a stress of
Fc 36.141 ksi in the extreme compression fiber is
Sc Sy 0.844 in.3
Mn ScFc 30.503 in.-kips for lateral
torsional buckling strength
iii. Controlling Nominal Moment Mny. Use the smaller value of Mn
computed for section strength and lateraltorsional buckling
strength, i.e.,
Mny 30.503 in.-kips
b. Computation of Cmy. Based on Eq. (6.60),
Cmy 0.6 0.4(M1 /M2) 0.6 0.4(1.0) 1.0
406
where
c 1.80
2EIy
2(29,500)(1.794)
PEy
18.507 kips
2
(KyLy)
(14 12)2
y 1 (1.80P/18.507) 1 0.0973P
6.5
407
Pn
bCmyMy
Mnyy
(1.80)P
1.67(1)(2.116)P
1.0
16.069
(30.503)(1 0.0973P)
P 3.48 kips
6. Application of Eq. (6.54)
a. Computation of Pno. For KL/r 0, Fn Fy 50 ksi. Using the
same procedure illustrated in Item 3,
Ae 1.176 in.2
Pn0 AeFn 1.176(50) 58.80 kips
b. Allowable load P based on Eq. (6.54)
cP
Pn0
bMy
Mny
(1.80)P (1.67)(2.116)P
1.0
58.80
30.503
P 6.83 kips
7. Allowable Load P. Based on Eqs. (6.53) and (6.54), the allowable load
P is 3.48 kips, which is governed by the stability requirement.
6.5