The Higher Technological Institute (HTI)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MACHINE DESIGN 1
ENG 214
PROF. (ASSOCIATE): SAID H ZOALFAKAR
MACHINE DESIGN
ME 101& ENG 214
LECTURE NO. 4
DR. SAID H ZOALFAKAR
 Chapter 6

Design for Static Strength

 Introduction

Strength is a property or characteristic of a

material or of a mechanical element.
 Static load
Static load: Is a stationary force or moment acting on a member.
To be stationary the force or moment must have:
- Unchanging magnitude
- Unchanging direction
- Unchanging point of application
 Failure Theories
The generally accepted theories are:
Ductile materials (yield criteria)
• Maximum normal stress (MNS)
• Maximum shear stress (MSS),
• Distortion energy (DE),
Brittle materials (fracture criteria)
• Maximum normal stress (MNS)
• Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)
• Modified Mohr (MM).
Ductile materials (yield criteria)

• Maximum normal stress (MNS)

• Maximum shear stress (MSS),

• Distortion energy (DE),

 Failure Theories
1- Max. Normal Stress Theory ( Also used for brittle materials)
It states that failure occures whenever the largest principal stress equal to the strength

- Suppose σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3.

For ductile amterial failure occurs when σ1= Syt , σ3= Syc

or
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile Materials
The maximum-shear-stress theory predicts that yielding begins whenever the maximum
shear stress in any element equals or exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension test
specimen of the same material when that specimen begins to yield. The MSS theory is also
referred to as the Tresca or Guest theory.

Recall that for simple tensile stress, σ = P/A, and the maximum shear stress
occurs on a surface 45° from the tensile surface with a magnitude of τmax =
σ/2. So the maximum shear stress at yield is τmax = Sy/2.
Note that this implies that the yield strength in shear is given by
Ssy = 0.5Sy

Simple Tension test

Distortion-Energy Theory for Ductile Materials

The distortion-energy theory predicts that yielding occurs when the distortion strain
energy per unit volume reaches or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume
for yield in simple tension or compression of the same material.

The distortion-energy theory is also called:

• The von Mises or von Mises–Hencky theory
• The shear-energy theory
• The octahedral-shear-stress theory
Pure torsion Special case
Failure of Brittle Materials
Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory for Brittle Materials
The maximum-normal-stress (MNS) theory states that failure occurs whenever
one of the three principal stresses equals or exceeds the strength. Again we
arrange the principal stresses for a general stress state in the ordered form σ1 ≥
σ2 ≥ σ3. This theory then predicts that failure occurs whenever
σ1 ≥ Sut or σ3 ≤ −Suc

or
Modifications of the Mohr Theory for Brittle Materials

We will discuss two modifications of the Mohr theory for brittle materials: the
Brittle- Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) theory and the modified Mohr (MM) theory. The
equations provided for the theories will be restricted to plane stress and be of
the design type incorporating the factor of safety.

Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr
Modified Mohr Theory

As for pure tension σA = - σB

Graphical Method for Brittle Materials Sut

S3(2)
S3(3)

Suc
Thank You