Audio Loudness Smpte MTL Jan2010

Flix Poulin Socit Radio-Canada
Michel Lavoie Centre de Recherches sur les Communications

Jean-Claude Krelic Miranda Technologies
Loudness Control Solutions

For Television
Miranda Technologies
Part 1:
Background information Dolby Digital (AC-3)
How We Used To Manage Loudness and Dynamic Range
Original
Audio
Dynamic Compresser
Range
Limiter
Restricted
Dynamic
Range
Analog Audio
TX
Restricted
Dynamic
Range
Loudness and Dynamic Range in AC-3

Original
Dynamic
Range
Original
Dynamic
Range
AC-3 Encoder
Audio
Analysis
Bit
Rate
Reduction
Program
Audio
Program
Meta
Data
Static
Defaults
AC-3 Bit
Stream
DRC data
Audio Samples
Pgm. Meta Data
AC-3 Decoder
Audio
Decode
Dynamic
Gain
Range
Stage
Processor
DYNRNG
DIALNORM
Viewer
Listening Mode
Original Dynamic Range Can Be Heard if Desired

dBFS
0
-10
AC-3 Decoder
-20
-30
Audio
Decode
Dynamic
Range
Processor
Gain
Stage
-40
-50
-60
-70
DynRng
-80
Viewer
Listening
Mode
ORIGINAL
Content
User Mode=
NARROW
User Mode=
FULL
Dial Norm Value is Used To Match Up Levels
AC-3 Decoder
Audio
Decode
Dynamic
Range
Processor
DIALNORM
Gain
Stage
Dialog Normalization
Dialog normalization keeps average
loudness uniform between program
segments
Eliminates need to change volume control
between program segments or when
changing channels (or media)
When Dialnorm values are correctly
provided, user should not need to adjust
the volume
When Dialnorm values are not properly
provided, user will need to adjust the
volume
Typical Programs
0 dBFS
ACTION
MOVIE
LD MOVIE
DRAMA SPORTS SYMPHONY

VHS HI-FI
DSS PPV
CLASSICAL
POP CD
NEWS
TV AUDIO
10
-10 dBFS
-20 dBFS
-30 dBFS
ROCK
27
24
21
20
20
-40 dBFS
AVERAGE DIALOG
SIGNAL PEAKS
Dialogue Level (dialnorm)

Action
LDMovie
MOVIE
Drama
VHS HI-FI
Sports
Sitcom
DSS PPV
CLASSICAL
Talkshow
POP CD
News
TV AUDIO
0 dBFS
-10 dBFS
-20 dBFS
-30 dBFS
-40 dBFS
AVERAGE DIALOG
SIGNAL PEAKS
Loudness is a Long term Measure

Loudness Varies as
natural part of program
Dynamic
Range of
Content
Average
AC-3 DIALNORM
Loudness
for Entire
Value
Content
Duration of
Program
1. The instantaneous loudness of a program will vary as part of the
intended creative of the content

2. Properly mixed content will stay within a given range and the overall
average loudness will be known and controlled
3. The DIALNORM Value should express the average loudness of the
content
Dialnorm Value corresponds to loudness of Anchor Element
DIALNORM
Value
The Loud Commercial Effect

DIALNORM
Value
DIALNORM
Value
The Meta Data Concept

HDTV Home
Broadcast Facility
Meta Data
L,R
LS,RS
C
LFE
Terrestrial Tx,
Cable, Sat, IPTV
or DVD
AC-3
Emission
Encoder
DIALNORM
Value
Demux
and AC-3 Gain
decode
Decoder
Stage
Dolby Digital (AC-3)

Data Stream
5.1
Ch
Amp
Loudness Normalization using DIALNORM

Program is shifted
by post decode
processing to Align
the two DIALNORM
Values
This is equivalent
to having turned down
the volume on
your amplifer
This has NOT

altered the Dynamic
Range of the Content
When Does This Concept Break Down
The Effect Of Wrong Meta Data

DIALNORM
Level
DIALNORM
Value

Because of wrong
Meta Data This
Program will
be louder than
other programs
Key Meta Data Parameters

Chan Mode: tells the decoder whether the coded stream is 5.1,
stereo, mono, etc.
Downmixing: Allows the decoder to do a proper downmix
Center channel mix level default = -3 dB
Surround channel mix level default = -3 dB
Dialogue Level (DIALNORM)

Focus
Controls a 1 dB/step attenuator in all consumer decoders

Used to match program-to-program loudness
Dynamic range (DYNRNG)

Determines the type of dynamic range control that will be applied by decoder
Dynamic Range Control (DRC)

Values generated by encoder, selectively applied by consumer decoders
Two Different Loudness Problems
1. Segment to Segment Loudness at Broadcasters

2. Channel to Channel Loudness at Distributor
(Cable, Satellite or IPTV Operator)
Segment to Segment Audio Loudness At Broadcaster

IRD
Proc
Emission
IRD
Ingest
Proc
Server
files
Routing
Production
OB
Remote
Production
Proc
Master
Control
Audio and
Video
Encode
The Audio Loudness Problem

IRD
Proc
-24 dBFS
Emission
-24 dBFS
IRD
Ingest
Proc
files
-22
-24 dBFS
-27
-27Server
dBFS
-22 dBFS
Routing
Master
Control
Audio and
Video
Encode
Fixed DIALNORM
Value
Production
-24 dBFS
OB
Remote
Production
Proc
-27 dBFS
-24 dBFS
The Challenge Multiple Segments

Dynamic
Range of Content
Instantaneous
Loudness
Long Form Program
DIALNORM
Value

Dynamic
Range of Content
Instantaneous
Loudness
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
DIALNORM
Value
Long
Form Program
Short
Form
(Commercial / Promo)
Segment N+1
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2
Instant and
The Challenge
Multiple
Segments
Dramatic
Swing In
Loudness
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
DIALNORM Value
Not Changed During
Short Form Segment
Short Form
Segment N+1
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
Short Form
Instant
and N+1
Segment
Non Matching
Dramatic
Average
Swing In
Loudness
Loudness
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2

Non Compatible
Dynamic Range
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
Short Form
Segment N+1
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2
Two Different Loudness Problems
1. Segment to Segment Loudness at Broadcasters

2. Channel to Channel Loudness at Distributor
(Cable, Satellite or IPTV Operator)
High Level View of Loudness Situtation in IPTV and Cable Systems

1
Avg. Loudness: -24 dB and Consistent

DIALNORM = -24 dBFS Fixed
DIALNORM is used
to automatically adjust
STB audio output level to
correct for inter-channel
loudness differences

DIALNORM: -27 dB Fixed
Avg. Loudness: -27dB and Consistent
IPTV or
Cable
System
MPEG
AC3
Video
Decode
AC3
Gain
Decode Stage
DIALNORM
Avg. Loudness: Varies by Segment
DIALNORM: Varies by Segment
Home Set Top Box

Local Ad Insertion
Avg. Loudness -24 dB
Speakers
Volume
Control
AV System
or TV

1

DIALNORM = -24 dB Fixed

IPTV or
Cable
System
MPEG
AC3
Video
Decode
AC3
Gain
Decode Stage
DIALNORM
Home Set Top Box

Local Ad Insertion
Speakers
Volume
Control
AV System
or TV

1


IPTV or
Cable
System
+
MPEG
AC3
Video
Decode
AC3
Gain
Decode Stage
DIALNORM
Home Set Top Box

Local Ad Insertion
Speakers
Volume
Control
AV System
or TV

1


IPTV or
Cable
System
+
MPEG
AC3
Video
Decode
AC3
Gain
Decode Stage
DIALNORM
Home Set Top Box

Local Ad Insertion
Speakers
Volume
Control
AV System
or TV
PART 2:
ATSC A/85 RP Adopted
www.atsc.org
Bill to End Loud TV Ads Passes House

(AP)
A bill that would turn down the volume on loud

television advertisements passed the House of
Representatives Tuesday and has a sponsor in the
Senate.
The Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation
- or CALM - Act, championed by Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-Calif., passed by a
voice vote.
CBS Early Show Report
Collaborators
ATSC A/85 Important Annex
ATSC A/85 Important Annex H
ATSC A/85 Important Annex H
Target loudness for content without metadata
Regulations and Laws around the world.

ABA TV ad loudness recommendations premature
THE Australian Broadcasting Authoritys recommendation for a new code to
address community complaints about the loudness of TV commercials is
premature, according to the Federation of Australian Commercial Television
Stations.
New UK Ad Loudness Regulation
The Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice, part of Britains Advertising Standards Authority
(ASA), recently issued a regulation referencing proper sound levels in advertisements. The
regulation advises engineers to employ a loudness meter during ad content creation, preferably
one conforming to the ITU-R BS-1770/1771 standard. It goes on to state that if a loudness meter is
not available, engineers must ensure that the peak level of this material be no higher than 6 dB
below the peak level of the surrounding program material. In the UK, program material peaks at +8
dBu, so ads must not peak at levels higher than +2 dBu.
Part 3:
LOUDNESS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
For Broadcasters
Loudness Management Strategies
NEXT
1. Dynamic DIALNORM Meta Data

2. Establish Target Loudness, mix or pre-
process all content to Target Loudness.

3. Process outgoing audio in real time to
match Target Loudness
1. Dynamic Loudness Meta Data

Contribution
IRD
Production
Proc
Production
IRD
Emission
Master
Control
PCM
5.1
Proc
Metadata
Proc
OB
Remote
Production
Proc
Server
Proc
HD Routing
With Embedded Audio
and Meta Data
Proc
Video
Emission
Encode
AC-3
5.1
encode
Home Viewer
AC-3
Home
Receiver and
Decoder
PCM
5.1
Audio
1. Dynamic Loudness Meta Data The Theory

DIALNORM
-20Contribution
dB
IRD
Production
Proc
Production
IRD
Proc
Emission
Master
Control
PCM
5.1
DIALNORM
-21 dB
Metadata
Proc
OB
Remote
Production
DIALNORM
-27 dB
Proc
Server
Proc
HD Routing
With Embedded Audio
and Meta Data
Proc
Video
Emission
Encode
Home
AC-3
DIALNORM changes
as different sources aired
AC-3
5.1
encode
Audio Level
will remain
Viewer
consistent
Home
AC-3
Level
Receiver and
Dec
Proc
Decoder
DIALNORM
PCM
5.1
Audio
Device
Modifies
1. Dynamic Loudness Meta
Data
The Danger
Audio but does
Processing Device
Contribution
Dumps Metadata
IRD
Production
Proc
OB
Remote
Production
Proc
Proc
Proc
Video
Emission
Encode
PCM
5.1
DIALNORM
ProcMissing
value
Metadata
Proc
DIALNORM
-20 dB
But Wrong
Emission
Master
Control
Production
IRD
not adjust
DIALNORM
Server
DIALNORM
Value
will be wrong
HD Routing
DIALNORM
With Embedded Audio
value Missing
and Meta Data
AC-3
AC-3
5.1
encode
Audio Level
Home Viewer
Will Be Wrong
Home
AC-3
Level
Receiver and
Dec
Proc
Decoder
DIALNORM
PCM
5.1
Audio
Possible Problems with Dynamic DIALNORM

Content Originator set DIALNORM Value wrong
There is no DIALNORM Meta Data or it was
dumped along the way
A Processing step in the chain modified the audio
level but did not modify the meta data
happens
every
single
day on level shift at the
Any one of theseThis
situations
could
cause
a radical
DTV
channels
home as a result of amany
simple
source
change in master control
Conclusion: Option 1 Dynamic Meta Data

This was the way the system was designed to
function
It is becoming technically feasible
Currently few content providers are delivering
consistent meta data
The risks outweigh the benefits at this time

(the Dolby Fantasy)

NEXT

Establish Target Loudness, Mix or File Based Process

all content to Target Loudness
Incoming and Production
Playout
For live content arriving from outside

specify
content
be mixed to
Routingthat
Switcher
With
Standardized
Target
Embedded
Audio and
MetaLoudness
Data
IRD
Establish a Target
Emission
Loudness
Level, Set
AC-3 Encoder to this Value
Monitor
Proc
Server
Proc
Local
Production
OB
Remote
Production
For pre-recorded content (ingested or

MPEG
file based delivery), use a file based
Video
Masterthe audio to match
tool to process
toEncoder
Control
Standardized
Target Loudness
AC-3
Audio Encoder
For Live Local productions insist that

Based
show isFile
mixed
to Standardized Target
Delivery
Loudness
Proc
Proc
For Live Outside Production if possible

insist that show is mixed to
Standardized Target Loudness
Fixed
DIALNORM
Value
File based processing concept
File Based
Loudness Processing
Engine
Un-processed
File
Watch Folder
Server
Processed
File
Ready Folder
How Is Filed Based Processing Different

Instantaneous
Loudness
Adjusted
Content
Target
Loudness
Processor
lifts entire
file by same
amount
Average Loudness
for Entire File
1. Processor has access to file from end to end and is able to establish
average loudness for entire file

2. Processor makes a single processing adjustment that is applied to
the entire file
How Is Filed Based Processing Different

Dynamic
Range
Not
Altered
Benefits of this approach

The entire content is consistently processed, there is no
pumping
The dynamic range of the content is not altered
Processor
lifts entire
file by same
amount
Examples of File Based Processing

Dolby DP-600
Reads files from watch folders and scans entire file
measuring loudness
Option of only changing meta data only or of
processing audio and replacing audio file
Processing can be level shift only or compression
Telestream Flip Factory

Performs measurement and processing as part of
normal format conversion process
Processing can be level shift only or compression
Benefit is that it does not represent extra step in the
workflow
Establish Target Loudness, Mix or File Based Process

all content to Target Loudness
Routing Switcher With

Embedded Audio and Meta Data
Target ???
IRD
Emission
Playout
Monitor
Proc
Server
Proc
Local
Target
Production
OB
Remote
Production
Target ?
Proc
Proc
Target
File Based
Delivery
Master
Control
ALC
MPEG
Video Encoder
AC-3
Audio Encoder
Fixed
DIALNORM
Value=
TARGET
File Based Loudness Processing

Pros and Cons
Pros:
Content is adjusted to Target
Loudness without undesired pumping
effects or effects on dynamic range
Perfect for commercials, promos and
other pre-produced content that are
produced out of house and typically
are out of loudness specifications
Filed based processing can be
automated and integrated into existing
file ingest, QC or transcode workflows
Cons:
Technique does not apply
incoming content that is either
live or being played back by a
third party

(the Dolby Fantasy)


NEXT
ALC Process content in realtime prior to Plant Router

Real-time
Correction
By processor

Target ???
IRD
Emission
Playout
Monitor
ALC
Target
Server
Ingest
Master
Control
Local
Target
Production
OB
Proc
Remote
Production
Target ?
ALC
File Based
Delivery
Target ???
Software
Loudness
Correction tool
MPEG
Video Encoder
AC-3
Audio Encoder
Fixed
DIALNORM
Value=
TARGET
Establish Target Loudness & process content in realtime


Target ???
IRD
Playout
Real-time Emission
Correction
By processor
Monitor
Proc
Server
Proc
Local
Target
Production
OB
Remote
Production
Target ?
Proc
Proc
Target
File Based
Delivery
Master
Control
ALC
MPEG
Video Encoder
AC-3
Audio Encoder
Fixed
DIALNORM
Value=
TARGET
Option 3: Process content on the fly

to match target Loudness
Process the Audio so that it matches
At Miranda We are Calling This ALC
Target Loudness Level
for Automatic Loudness Control
(Call it Loudness AGC)
Master
Control
Audio Level
Processor
Loudness
Measurment
Emission
MPEG
Video Encoder
AC-3
Audio Encoder
Fixed
DIALNORM
Value
Establish a Target
Loudness Level

Promo
is Louder
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
Short Form
Segment N+1
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2
Constant Loudness Processor
Audio
with
Varialble
Loudness
Compressor/
Expander/
Limiter
Meta
Data
MUX
Control
Loudness
Measurement
Target
Actual
Target
Loudness
Level
Audio
Fits
Target
Loudness
Constant Loudness Processor Aims to Align Loudness

Program
Segment N
(long form)
Program
Segment N+1
Promo/Commercial
Instantaneous
Loudness
Target
Loudness
Loudness Processor Aims to

Adjust Content to match
Target Loudness
How A Loudness Processor Works

XVP 3901 Universal Audio/Video Processor
Video with
embedded
audio
Demux
Video Processing
Mux
Audio Processing
Automatic
Loudness
Control
Option
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Measurement Actual Target
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Video with
embedded
processed
audio
Automation
and / or
Control
System

Video with
embedded
audio
Demux
Video Processing
Mux
Audio Processing
ITU-1770 or
LEQA Loudness
Automatic
Measurement
Loudness
Control
Option
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Video with
embedded
processed
audio
Automation
and / or
Control
System

Video with
embedded
audio
Demux
Intelligent Control
Compares
Actual Loudness to
Automatic
Target
Loudness
Loudness
Control
Option
Video Processing
Mux
Audio Processing
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Video with
embedded
processed
audio
Automation
and / or
Control
System

To do a Processor
Good Job
VideoDynamic
with
Will Adjust
Levels
processing
needs
to be
Video Processing
embedded
Demux
Thesophisticated
fly based on
more
audioon
control
than just
Gain Control
Mux
Audio Processing
Automatic
Loudness
Control
Option
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Video with
embedded
processed
audio
Automation
and / or
Control
System
Automatic Loudness Control

Fixes The Intra Segment Loudness Problem
Side effects may include pumping of audio and reduction in dynamic

range
FINE PRINT
which may not make the person who created good programs very happy
Side effects may include pumping of audio and reduction in dynamic range
which may not make the person who created good programs very happy
Automatic Loudness Control Processor Option

Video with
embedded
audio

Card Stores Multiple
Processor Presets that
Video Processing
Demux
Mux
configure our processing
will
react to changes in loudness
Audio Processing
Automatic
Loudness
Control
Option
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Video with
embedded
processed
audio
Automation
and / or
Control
System
Automatic Loudness Control Processor Option

Video with
embedded
audio
Presets can be switched

frame accurately by
automation via GPI or Video with
Video Processing
embedded
Demux
Mux Port
RS-422
processed
audio
Audio Processing
Automatic
Loudness
Control
Option
Dynamic Compressor/
Expander/ Limiter
Control
Loudness
Processor
Processor
Preset 1
Processor
Preset 1
Preset 1
Target
Loudness Level
Automation
and / or
Control
System
Segment-Aware Preset Switching is

key to avoiding undesirable effects of
Automatic Loudness Control

Light or Disabled Processing
Known Good
Content
Full , Fast Acting

Processing
Unknown /
Uncontrolled
Content
Content Not
Changed
Long Form
(Program)
Segment N
Light or Disabled Processing

Known Good
Content
Content Not
Changed
Short Form
Segment N+1
Long Form
Program
Segment N+2
Realtime Loudness Correction controlled by Automation


Target ???
IRD
Playout
Monitor
Proc
Server
Proc
Local
Target
Production
OB
Remote
Production
Target ?
Proc
Proc
Target
File Based
Delivery
Master
Control
Loudness
Correction Emission
Controlled
By
Automation
ALC
MPEG
Video Encoder
AC-3
Audio Encoder
Software
Loudness
Correction tool
Automation
Summary of Loudness Management Strategies
Regardless of the selected solution, make sure that the

average loudness measured of the content is done
using BS1770 and that the Dialnorm setting of your
AC-3 encoder matches the value.
Part 3B:
LOUDNESS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
For Cable and TELCO
1000 Foot View of Solution

Monitoring and Control
System
Incoming
Signal Reception
And Decryption
Loudness
Detection and
Correction
Transcoding,
Muxing and
Encryption
Decoding content to baseband: Using originators Loudness & dialnorm
Loudness &
Dialnorm
Follow
originators
value






IPTV or
Cable
System
Decode
Switch
Loudness
Measure
Local Ad Insertion
Re-Encode
IPTV or
Cable
System
Decoding content to baseband: Using Operators Loudness & dialnorm
Loudness
Set by
Operator
Ex: -24LKFS





Avg.Loudness: Varies by Segment

IPTV or
Cable
System
Decode
Switch
Loudness
/
Measure
&
Correct
Local Ad Insertion
Re-Encode
IPTV or
Cable
System
Part 4:
Available tools for Loudness
Loudness Meters
CRC
DK
Loudness meters
Cards
Stand Alone Devices
Dolby LM-100
(conversion
modules)
Multi-Viewers
Loudness:
-23 dB
Target:
-27 dB
Dialnorm:
-24 dB
File Base Loudness correction solutions
Dolby DP-600
QuiC
Media Analysis Server
Realtime Processors
AeromaxTM
Level
MagicTM
And many more.
Comparing the Three Processor Options

Stand Alone
Multi-Band
AeromaxTM
Conversion Modules
Master Control (Miranda)
Level
MagicTM
In House
Loudness Control
Solution
Wide Band
Stand Alone
Conversion Modules
Wide Band
Multi-Zone
Conversion Modules
Master Control (Miranda)
Consummer tools
Home Receivers
Set top boxes
Consummer tools

Audio Loudness Smpte MTL Jan2010

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Flix Poulin Socit Radio-Canada

Michel Lavoie Centre de Recherches sur les Communications

Loudness Control Solutions

How We Used To Manage Loudness and Dynamic Range

Loudness and Dynamic Range in AC-3

Original Dynamic Range Can Be Heard if Desired

Dial Norm Value is Used To Match Up Levels

DRAMA SPORTS SYMPHONY

Dialogue Level (dialnorm)

Loudness is a Long term Measure

1. The instantaneous loudness of a program will vary as part of the

intended creative of the content

Dialnorm Value corresponds to loudness of Anchor Element

The Loud Commercial Effect

The Meta Data Concept

Dolby Digital (AC-3)

Loudness Normalization using DIALNORM

Loudness Normalization using DIALNORM

This has NOT

When Does This Concept Break Down

The Effect Of Wrong Meta Data

Loudness Normalization using DIALNORM

Key Meta Data Parameters

Dialogue Level (DIALNORM)

Controls a 1 dB/step attenuator in all consumer decoders

Dynamic range (DYNRNG)

Dynamic Range Control (DRC)

Two Different Loudness Problems

1. Segment to Segment Loudness at Broadcasters

(Cable, Satellite or IPTV Operator)

Segment to Segment Audio Loudness At Broadcaster

The Audio Loudness Problem

The Challenge Multiple Segments

Long Form Program

The Challenge Multiple Segments

The Challenge Multiple Segments

The Challenge Multiple Segments

Two Different Loudness Problems

1. Segment to Segment Loudness at Broadcasters

(Cable, Satellite or IPTV Operator)

High Level View of Loudness Situtation in IPTV and Cable Systems

Avg. Loudness: -24 dB and Consistent

Avg. Loudness: -27 dB and Consistent

Home Set Top Box

Avg. Loudness: Varies by Segment

High Level View of Loudness Situtation in IPTV and Cable Systems

Avg. Loudness: -24 dB and Consistent

Avg. Loudness: -27 dB and Consistent

Home Set Top Box

Avg. Loudness: Varies by Segment

High Level View of Loudness Situtation in IPTV and Cable Systems

Avg. Loudness: -24 dB and Consistent

Avg. Loudness: -27 dB and Consistent

Home Set Top Box

Avg. Loudness: Varies by Segment

High Level View of Loudness Situtation in IPTV and Cable Systems

Avg. Loudness: -24 dB and Consistent

Avg. Loudness: -27 dB and Consistent

Home Set Top Box

Avg. Loudness: Varies by Segment

ATSC A/85 RP Adopted

Bill to End Loud TV Ads Passes House

A bill that would turn down the volume on loud