Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Apuntes
Apuntes
- ESTRUCTURA
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO
VERBO +
I/You
play
football
He/she/it
plays
We/you/they
COMPLEMENTO
football
play
football
NEGATIVA
SUJETO +
DONT/DOESNT
I/you
VERBO +
dont
He/she/it
play
doesnt
We/you/they
COMPLEMENTO
play
dont
football
football
play
football
INTERROGATIVA
DO/DOES + SUJETO +
Do
I/you
Does
he/she/it
Do
VERBO +
COMPLEMENTO
play
we/you/they
football?
play
football?
play
football?
am
You
a good hunter
are
He/she/it
is
a good hunter
a good hunter
- USOS
RUTINAS (Cosas que haces cada cierto tiempo)
They never eat vegetables
I go to school by bus every day
GENERALIDADES Y HECHOS
He works in a hospital (Est trabajando y seguir trabajando en el hospital)
Elephants live in frica
am
eating
You
are
He/she/it
is
We/you/they
VERBO-ING +
now
eating
now
eating
are
now
eating
now
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + VERBO TO BE + NOT +
COMPLEMENTO
I
am
You
He/she/it
We/you/they
are
VERBO-ING +
not
eating
not
is
not
are
now
eating
now
eating
not
now
eating
now
INTERROGATIVA
VERBO TO BE + SUJETO +
Am
Are
I
you
Is
he/she/it
Are
we/you/they
VERBO-ING +
eating
COMPLEMENTO
now?
eating
now?
eating
now?
eating
now?
- USOS
PARA HABLAR DE ALGO QUE ESTA PASANDO EN EL MOMENTO EN EL
QUE HABLAMOS
I am studying now
He is doing his homework at the moment
Is it raining?
CUANDO HEMOS DECIDIDO QUE HAREMOS ALGO EN EL FUTURO.
PLANES (SU USO INDICA QUE ES ALGO DE LO QUE ESTAMOS CASI
SEGURO QUE SUCEDER)
I am going to the party tonight
LO USAMOS PARA HABLAR DE ALGO QUE EST SUCEDIENDO EN LA
ACTUALIDAD
They are learning English
He is looking for a job
I/You
He/she/it
We/you/they
football
played
played
football
football
NEGATIVA
SUJETO +
I/you
He/she/it
We/you/they
DIDNT +
VERBO +
COMPLEMENTO
didnt
didnt
didnt
play
play
play
INTERROGATIVA
DID + SUJETO +
VERBO +
COMPLEMENTO?
football
football
football
Did
I/you
Did
he/she/it
Did
play
we/you/they
football?
play
football?
play
football?
wasnt
COMPLEMENTO
in Madrid yesterday
you
in Madrid yesterday?
believe believed
- USOS
1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una accin concreta
que comenz y acab en el pasado.
Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se qued en casa anoche, ya se ha ido)
Kate worked last Saturday. (Kate trabaj el sbado pasado, ya no)
2. Se usa el pasado simple para un serie de acciones en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
I received the good news and immediately called my husband. (Recib
la buena noticia y llam de inmediato a mi marido.)
was
You
were
He/she/it
was
VERBO-ING +
looking
looking
at the
rainbow
looking
at the
rainbow
We/you/they
were
looking
at the
rainbow
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + VERBO TO BE EN PASADO + NOT +
COMPLEMENTO
I
at the rainbow
was
You
at the rainbow
were
He/she/it
the rainbow
We/you/they
at the rainbow
INTERROGATIVA
was
were
not
not
not
not
VERBO-ING +
looking
looking
looking
looking
at
VERBO-ING +
Was
the rainbow?
looking
at
Were
rainbow?
you
looking
at the
Was
rainbow?
he/she/it
looking
at the
Were
rainbow?
we/you/they
looking
at the
- USOS
1. Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un
tiempo especfico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
Paula wasnt living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en
Espaa en el 2005.)
We were still working at 10 oclock last night. (Todava estbamos
trabajando a las 10 de la noche. )
2. Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban
ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo
mientras que yo estaba cocinando.)
3. Hay un caso bastante comn de examen en el que te ponen una
frase en pasado en la que tienes que poner dos tiempos verbales,
un ejemplo es el siguiente:
Jose ___________ (call) while I ________________(watch) the film.
En estos casos la accin que se est realizando antes est en pasado
continuo y la accin que interrumpe est en pasado simple.
En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente despus de when y el
pasado continuo despus de while.
Por lo tanto la frase quedara as:
Jose called while I was watching the news.
Ya que el sujeto estaba viendo las noticias (pasado continuo) cuando Jose le
llam (pasado simple)
am
going to
buy
You
are
going to
buy
a car
He/she/it
is
going to
buy
a car
going to
buy
a car
We/you/they are
a car
NEGATIVAS
sujeto + verbo to be (en presente) + not + going to + verbo+
complemento
I
am
not
going to
buy
You
are
not
going to
buy
a car
He/she/it
is
not
going to
buy
a car
not
going to
buy
a car
We/you/they are
a car
INTERROGATIVA
verbo to be (en presente) + sujeto + going to + verbo+
complemento
Am
going to
buy
a car?
Are
you
going to
buy
a car?
Is
he/she/it
going to
buy
a car?
Are
we/you/they going to
buy
a car?
- USOS
1. Para expresar decisiones meditadas con anterioridad, planes o
intenciones futuras.
Tomorrow I'm going to visit my aunt (maana voy a visitar a mi ta)
We're going to buy a car next month (nos vamos a comprar un coche el mes
que viene)
will
see
NEGATIVA
Sujeto + will + not + verbo principal + complemento (will not puede
ser wont)
I
will
not
see
INTERROGATIVA
Will + sujeto + verbo principal + complemento?
Will
you
see
- USOS
1. Se utiliza para hablar de predicciones de futuro basado en
cosas no evidentes.
I think the weather will be great this summer
2. Para hacer decisiones espontneas I'm tired. I'll go to bed
3. Cuando hacemos promesas. I promise I will go to the party
have
done
the homework
He/she/it
has
done
the homework
done
the homework
We/you/they have
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VERBO EN PARTICIPIO +
COMPLEMENTO
I/YOU
have not
done
the homework
He/she/it
has
not
done
the homework
done
the homework
INTERROGATIVA
HAVE/HAS + SUJETO + VERBO EN PARTICIPIO + COMPLEMENTO
Have
I/you
done
the homework?
Has
he/she/it
done
the homework?
Have
we/you/they
done
the homework?
- USOS
1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia.
Ejemplos:
I have never flown in a plane. (Nunca he volado en un avin.)
He has worked in many different museums. (Ha trabajado en muchos
museos diferentes.)
2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.
Ejemplos:
I have become more timid in my old age. (Me he vuelto ms tmido en
mi vejez.)
Their English has improved a lot this year. (Su ingls ha mejorado
mucho este ao.)
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
1. Comparativos de superioridad. (ms guapo que) En las
comparaciones de superioridad, el adjetivo.es seguido por than
Hay un par de reglas respecto a este tipo de comparativo.
Cuando el adjetivo tiene dos slabas o menos a este se le aade el sufijo
er: faster, taller
Cuando el adjetivo tiene ms de dos slabas para que se pueda
pronunciar mejor la estructura es la siguiente: more + adjetivo + than:
more expensive than
Ejemplos:
Juan runs faster than Mark.
Angelas room is cleaner than Sues.
The t-shirt was more expensive than the jeans
New York is bigger than Los Angeles.
3. Adjetivos irregulares:
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
good
better
the best
bad
worse
The worst
far
further
The furthest
SOME Y ANY
"Some" y "any" significan algn, alguna, algunos, algunas.
There are some books.
There aren't any chairs.
Is there any girl here?
SOME
Se utiliza con sustantivos contables e incontables en
oraciones
afirmativas.
Sustantivos contables
-
Sustantivos incontables
-
ANY
"Any" se utiliza con sustantivos contables e incontables en
negativas e interrogativas.
oraciones
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
ALWAYS, NEVER, OFTEN, ACTUALLY, ONCE A WEEK, SOMETIMES
Los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan para definir la periodicidad con que
se realiza una actividad determinada. Se usan habitualmente con el
presente simple.
Como ya sabemos, el presente simple se utiliza para hbitos y costumbres,
por tanto, los adverbios de frecuencia nos indicarn cuan a menudo
realizamos estas acciones.
siempre
a menudo
frequently frecuentemente
usually
normalmente
sometimes a veces
occasionally
ever
ocasionalmente
alguna vez
rarely
rara vez
hardly ever
casi nunca
never
nunca
LINKING WORDS O CONECTORES
PARTCULAS INTERROGATIVAS
QUESTION
WORD
PARTICULA
INTERROGATIVA
EJEMPLOS
WHAT?
QU, CUL?
WHEN?
CUNDO?
WHERE? DNDE?
WHY?
POR QU?
WHO?
QUIN?
HOW
MUCH?
CUNTO?
(Incontables)
HOW
MANY?
CUNTO?
(Contables)
HOW
OFTEN?
CON QU
FRECUENCIA?
WHOSE? DE QUIN?
MUCH/MANY (Mucho/muchos)
Principalmente se utilizara para decir que hay mucho o muchos de algo.
El much se usa para sustantivos incontables.
Ej: There is much money there
There is much milk
El many al contrario se utiliza para sustantivos contables
There are many flowers
There are many shoes
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
I
MY(Mi coche)
YOU
HE
YOUR
HIS(su casa)
MINE(coche mo)
YOURS
HIS(casa suya)
SHE
HER
HERS
IT
ITS
ITS
WE
OUR
OURS
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
THEY
THEIR
THEIRS
Los pronombres posesivos se usan para decir que algo es de alguien, como
hemos visto hay dos columnas, aqu veremos dos ejemplos de cada uno:
My car is blue -> The car blue is mine
Mi coche es azul -> El coche azul es mo
Her house is big -> The big house is hers
Su casa es grande-> La casa grande es suya
FOR/SINCE
Se usan para expresar el tiempo que ha pasado desde que ocurri algo.
I have lived in Barcelona for 5 years // since 2011.
"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO
for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours
I have worked here for five years.
"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO
since this morning, since last week, since yesterday
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
I have worked here since 1990.
FRASES CON "FOR"
She has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married for three months.
FRASES CON "SINCE"
We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.