m n .

(m , n)
.

(60 , 24) = 12
m n

1, .
(m , n) = 1.

(50 , 9) = 1


1.


.
n.


(n)
.

(10) = { 1, 3, 7, 9}
(18) = { 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
(19) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 }

 (n)

.

(1707-1783)

n
(n).

n (n)
.


(10) = { 1, 3, 7, 9}
(10) = 4
(18) = { 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
(18) = 6
(19) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 }
(19) = 18

1. , () = -1
. (19) = 18
2. n p ,
(m) = (-1)pm-1
. (27) = (33) = 232=18
m

3. n p p ... p
n
.

a1
1

a2
2

ak
k

pi

(n) ( p1a ) ( p2a )... ( pka )

1

(2 3 5 4 113 ) ( 23 ) (5 4 ) (113 ) 1 2 2 4 53 10 112



.

,
,
.
0
.

( )
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
0 = ()
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 =
10 =

,

 .

,

1.


,

.

( 2 )
. 2
.

,

(1646-1716).