IV.

Cahit Arf Matematik G

unleri 2005
Birinci Gun

Istanbul
Bilgi Universitesi
Matematik Bol
um
u
12 Mart 2005

1. Rastgele karstrlms bir deste iskambil kagdnda en u

st ve en alttaki kagtlarn as olma
olaslgn hesaplaynz.
2. Asagdaki sekilde sadece dikey ve yatay olarak birer basamak hareket edebilen birinin
matematik kelimesini kac t
url
u okuyabilecegini bulunuz.

3. Dikdortgen seklindeki bir bilardo masasnn u

zerinde iki nokta belirleniyor ve bu noktalara iki bilardo topu yerlestiriliyor. Bu toplardan birini tam u
c degisik kenara carptktan
sonra ikinciye carpacak sekilde bir vurus yapmak her zaman m
umk
und
ur. Bu nasl
yaplr?
4. Dort cember yardmyla asagdaki sekilde gor
uld
ugu
gibi on snrl bolge olusturulmustur.
Bu bolgelere 1 den 10a kadar olan saylarn herbiri oyle yerlestirilmistir ki her cember
icinde kalan saylarn toplam ayndr. B
ut
un cemberlerin icinde kalan ortadaki bolgeye
karslk gelen sayy bulunuz.

5. y = x2 seklindeki bir parabol

un icine sgacak ve parabol
un tepe noktasna degecek en
b
uy
uk cemberin yarcapn bulunuz.

'$
&%

6. Bir kenar a olan bir kareyi kaplamak icin gene bir kenar a olan eskenar u
cgenlerden
en az dort taneye ihtiyac oldugunu kantlaynz.
7. R[X] polinomlar halkas u
zerinde tanmlanms bir : R[X] R[X] fonksiyonu her
a R ve her f, g icin (af ) = a(f ), (f + g) = (f ) + (g) ve (f g) = f (g) +
g(f ) kosullarn saglyorsa bu fonksiyonuna R[X] halkasnn bir t
urevi denir. R[X]
halkasnn b
ut
un t
urevlerini bulunuz.
8. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a, b, c R, a 6= 0) seklindeki fonksiyonlar k
umesinde soyle bir
carpma islemi tanmlanyor: Her f, g fonksiyonlar ve her x R icin
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)).
f g = g f kosulunu saglayan yukardaki gibi b
ut
un f ve g fonksiyonlarn bulunuz.


 

 
   
!"$#
% &
')(*+  ,*-.
0/12

3
4576 8:9<;>=@?BAC=@;>= 52 DEFHG A<IJ= 4 E ?<I E 9C;>8:9K5ML'NPO>?BABAC= D 8 DEFHG ; G N E ?.QH=@RTS!=VUHR E ? G R GTFHG ;>8:9K5
W =@?BAX=@;>=@N<YZ8:9 E ?7[\= D 8TR:;Z8 D AC=@N$?XUHN]9 E =@N E R:ABA ED 8 DE&FHG ; G N E ?^QH=@RTS!=UHR E ? G R GTFHG ;>8:9@5
_ E ?XQH=@RT= D&E 9 G ?BA G 9 G RTS G:` YZ8:9^;>=@?BAC=8T? D&E SaYZ8TR DE&FHG ; G NZ; E =@NbO>?BA7IJ==@N E R:AXA EcD 8 D&E&FHG ACR E 9 G N E ?
UHRTS E UHR E ? G R GTFHG
1
4 3
. =
52 51 221
de5^LfN)? EF ; EcD 8gIJ=$=@N)O>?BAXAX= D 8hSji E 9XkZN>;>=@NY E&` R EKlmE 9 ED S E AX=@S E AC8 DnD =\RT8TS!=@?X8:NZ8 ` = D 8TRoO>prq
=\9X8TN>;Z=? E ;>=@s@=i>8T[ lmE A E@l i E 9C= D =\At=\ACS!=\;Z=\N E`CE&FHG 8:NZ=r9C= DblmE p E YZ8TRT8:9C8:p5vu E&F ; E Nw8 D 8TN>s@8xS
i E 9XkZN>;>=@N<Y E&` R EKlmE 9 ED 8T?X= lmE YZ8:9 D =\9C= lmE A EKl i E 9C= D =\A lmEyvE 9 EcD$lmE ; E i>8T[ lmE A E@l i E 9C= D =\A
lm= Ey 8TS RT;>E = ; E N p lmEYZp 8TRTE 8:YZ9C8:8TpRT8:59C8:} p5z'N = = lmE 8:A RTE@;>l =bi ;>E =\9CI = D S =rAC8Z=\{;Z=\| E s@9 = D R G UHi RT~]E 9C9C|T? AC=^?X=@=@[\N=\YZ? 8TRT8:9C; 8:poN;ZUHR EK5gleS G ? G i 8:RT= 9X1kZ+N>;>=@N

Y` E&D ` R EKlmE 9 lmEE D E1 +
+ l
G:` ` = D D 8TRT;>= lmE p E E YZ8TR:8:9C8Tp5e6 ~ D ` = D 8:RT;>E=*D 8TRT=\9CR:= l E=@F s@= DE UHRT~]9C? ED =\EN<?XUHN$S
i E 9XkZN>;>=@N<8:?X= 1 +
+
+ ... +
` = D 8TRT;>=tS E AC=@S E AC8 DaD =@RT8TS!=@?B8TN>8 lmE p E YZ8TR:8:9C8Tp5
W UHR E@lG ? G:l R EE&`CE&FHG ; EcD 8ACU y R E S G i>=@? Ey R E 9X? ED ?XUHN2~Zs E ~>R E&` S G:` UHR E s EFHG p5
4
52

3
51

8
1

8
1

8
2

8
1

8
2

8
2

 
   
 
 
8
8
8
8
8
T = 1 + (1 +
) + (1 +
+
) + ... + (1 +
+ ... +
)
1
1
2
1
8

=\? Ey R E 9C? ED

 
 
 
8
8
8
+ ... + 1.
+ 7.
T = 9.1 + 8.
8
2
1
 
8
8
X
X
8
8!
8
=2 +
k.
= 28 +
k
(k 1)!.(8 k)!
k=0
k=1

= 28 +

8
X
k=1
8

8
X
8.7!
7!
= 28 + 8.
(k 1)!.(7 k + 1)!
(k 1)!.(7 k + 1)!
k=1

= 2 + 8.

8  
X
7

= 28 + 8.27 = 27 .(2 + 8) = 128.10 = 1280

5^0Z
6 8:9ACU y P N>U D A E ? G N>; E NQH=@[\8 y E D =\N E 9 G O>p@=\9C8TN>;>= D 8 A NZU D A E ? G N E [ E 9 y A GD A E N?XUHN]9 E2
lmE N>? G S E0y 9C=\NZ?B8:YZ8TN>=~ l QH~>NnUHR E 9 ED QH=@RT;>8 F 8 E [ G:l R ElmE N>? G 9K5Z E N>? G ; G:FHG:l UHRO>p@=\9C8:NZ;>=tYv89 L
4
l=0

N>U D A E ? G E R E R G S L N>U D A E ? G L NZU D A E ? G N G N E D =@N E 9 G N E Q
9C= EKl N ElmE N>? G S E ? G UHRT?X~>N 5 6 ~

;>~]9C~>S!; E P A IJ= L N>U D A E R E 9 G EKl N G ;>U F 9C~<OZp\=\9C8TN>;>=UHR:~>9XR E 9K5
0

E
L

 U y R E 9 G S G ptYv8:R E 9C;>U$S E ? E ? G O>p@=r9C8TN>;>= 9 E ?BQH=@RT=a?X=@[@8TR:S!8 ` A IJ= B N>U D A E R E 9 G N>; E ;>~]9C~ l U9

UHRT?B~ZN>R E 9K5 A ACU y ~>N EbE&`CE&FHG ; EcD 8 ` = D 8TR:;Z=Q
9CO>RT;>O F OQH8:YZ8 AB GT`BG N Gl
NeO>N>;>=!I~]9CS ED
ACU ~>Ne~>N A E SO>[ D =@N E 9 E [ E 9 y A GD A E N ?XUHN]9 E B ACU y ~>Ne~ Ie~>9XS E ? G 8T[\8TN QH=r9C= D IJ= l =\AC=\9
A y
D U N>` ~>? RT?;>~]9KR 5 NB 9 N>U YZD ~ZA ER:~Z? GN>S SaE ~ ? E AC~];>9KOZ5 p\RT=@S!8TN>8TN y = ` y = ` = OZ[ D =@p  E E E D =\N E 9CR E 9 G N E Q
9X=
lmE G G E G E EcD
`


000

000

E4

E4
B

E1

E3

E1

1
2

E2

E2

E2
A

E3

E1
B

E4

]5

E3
B
E4

(x,x2)

(0,a)

00

@= SY =\9C8TNaA E S E S G N G N yE 9 E Y UHRTO>N 8T[@8TN>;>= D&E RTS E ? G N G 8T?BAX8 l U9C~>p526 ~>Ne~>N!? E&F R E NZS E ? G 8T[@8TN
[@=\SaY =r9C8TN)S!=r9 D =@p@8^8TRT= yvE 9 E Y UHRhO>p@=\9X8TN>;Z= D 8 i>=\9i E N>QH8hYZ8:9 N>U D A E E 9 E ? G N>; EcD 8h~>p ED R G:D
[@=\SaY =r9C8TN lmE 9 G [ EyZG N>; E N"YZO l O D UHR:S ED p@U9X~ZN>; E ; G 9K5
=@SY =\9C8TN lmE 9 G [ EyZG N E a ;Z8 l =@RT8TSn5 =@SaY=\9C8TNS!=\9 D =\p@8 (0, a) N>U D A E ? G ; G 9K5
E 9 E Y UHRgO>prq
=\9X8TN>;Z= D 8 i>=\9^i E N>QH8Yv89hNZU D A E@lG (x, x ) UHR E 9 ED 8:| E ;>=*=@;>=@RT8TSn5 l RT= l ?B= (0, a) 8TR:= (x, x )
E 9 E ? G N>; ED 8 ~>p EcD R G:D a  ; E N.YZO l O D UHRTS E R G ; G 9@5
2

d((0, a); (x, x2)) a

= ` 8:AC?X8Tp\RT8 F 8i>=\9 x 9C=@=@R ? E@lG ? G 8T[@8TN.? E&F R E N>S E R G ; G 9K5 l TR = l ?X=

p
(0 x)2 + (a x2 )2 a

6 ~]9 E ; E

x2 = t

p
x2 + a2 2ax + x4 a

;Z=r9C?X= D

x4 + (1 2a)x + a2 a2

t2 + (1 2a)t 0

UHRT;>~ F ~>N>; E N t 0 UHRT~]9K5  l TR = l ?X=

t[t + (1 2a)] 0

t = x2

t + (1 2a) 0

= ` 8:AC?X8Tp\RT8 F 8TN>8? E&F R E@lmE N<=\NbYvO l O D a  el G Yv~>RTS E R :G lG p5 l TR = l ?B=

1 2a 0
2a 1
1
a
2

UHRTS E R G 5 6 ~]9 E ; E aN G N E R E s E&FHG =@N.YvO l O D >; = F =\9X=

amax

;>=\9C?X= D 

1
amax = .
2

W =@S!= DD 8 A E S E S G y = x yvE 9 E Y UHR:OZN2O>N$8:[@8TN>;>= DE R E N.=\N.YZO l O D [@=@SY =\9C8:N lmE 9 G [ EyZG

;>8:9K5
2

e5

1
2

d1

b2

c1
b3

d3

c3
b1

c2
d2

6 8TR:8 l U9C~>p D 8 

d3 + c 3 + b 2 + a + b 1 = c 1 + b 3 + c 3 + b 2 + a

} l N G ` = D 8TRT;>=

d3 = c 1 + b3 + c 2
d1 = c 2 + c 3 + b 1
d2 = c 1 + c 3 + b 2
d3 = c 1 + c 2 + b 3

8TRT= 10 E 9 E ? G N>; EcD 8'iZ=r90? E@lG Yv~ Y
R:QH=@RT=\9C=aAC= D 9 E 9CR E NZS E ; E N yvE@l R E ?BA G 9 G RT; GTFHG 8T[\8TN d +
@= N| E p\R E 10 + 9 + 8 = 27 UHR E YZ8TRT8:9K5 2(c + c + c ) + b + b + b =@N E p
d +d
UHR YZ8TRT8:9K5
2(1 + 2 + 3) + 4 + 5 + 6 = 27 E
W UHR E@lG ? G:l R Ee a = 7 5
d1 + d2 + d3 = 2(c1 + c2 + c3 ) + b1 + b2 + b3
1

E=@N19C| = l p@8R O>8 [t8 A E N>
==@=?X`8TN>D 8g=@N 8:[@E =\9 9CO>=\YZ[@QH8TR:=@8:9KN>5 RT= 6 D&~ Ey R
E@lm=\E RT=\YZ9 8TRT=@s@= IJF = 8TS!8Tp@UH8>R:I ?X~>E 9CN ? 5E@lm
tE =\R 9XG Sn8 =5]6 8:9^R OZN[\QH8 =@N 8O>D&E[@9CQH=@=@N>N>8TRTN =
E E D DIJ= ` 8 R S S p7D QH=\` 9C= 8:9 B| A^CYZ~bSaOZS O>N.l ;>= D8TE R:;ZE 89K5 D
[AB] [AD]
[DC] l DEcy E E G
D EcDE
D F
 5
ACO]9C=rI.| UHN D ?X8 l UHNe~nUHR:?X~>N
l R:= D 8 
D : R[X] R[X]
D(aXn ) = anXn1 .

i>=\9Ci E N>QH8 Yv89^AXO>9X=\I<UHR:?X~>N 5  O>S!=\I E 9 G S!R EE&`CEFHG ; ED 8 = ` 8:ACRT8 F 8 DE N G ACR E@lmE YZ8TRT8:9X8Tp5
(Xn ) = nXn1 (X) = (X)D(Xn ).




l RT= l ?X=iZ=r9Ci E N>QH8 YZ8:9hACO]9C=rI<| UHN D ?B8 l UHNe~ &E `XFHG ; EcD 8 | U9CS!; E HU RTS E R G ; G 9K5
(f) = (X)D(f)

i>=\9 f =@RT=@S E N G R[X] IJ= (X) R[X] 8:[@8TN>;>=ti>=\9Xi E NZQH8 YZ8:9 y UHRT8TN>UHS!;>~]9K5
{5 f(x) = ax + bx + c IJ= g(x) = x + x + 6= 0 IJ= 6= 0 UHRT?X~>N 5
=r9 x 8T[@8:N (f g)(x) = (g f)(x) = ` 8:AhUHRT?X~>N 5 f YZ8TRT= `BD = g ;
9X;ZO>N>s@O$;>=\9C=@s@=\;Z=\N<Y E&`BD&E ABq
? E@leG ? G a 6= 0 UHR E N$YZ8:9 y UHRT8TN>UHS!;>~]9K5 f YZ8TR:= `BD = g IJ= g YZ8TRT= `BD = f  8 iZ=\? Ey R E 9C? ED
2

(f g)(x) = a2 x4 + 2ax3 + (b + a2 + 2a)x2 + (2a + b)x + (a2 + b + c)

YZ~>RT~]9C~>p5

(g f)(x) = a2 x4 + 2abx3 + (a + b2 + 2ac)x2 + (2bc + b)x + (c2 + c + )

(f g)(x) = (g f)(x)

= ` 8:A^UHR E YZ8TR:S!=@?X88:[@8TN D&E CA ? KE leG R E 9 G N.= ` 8:A7UHRTS E ? G QH=r9C= D 89K5 E N>8

a2 = a2
2a = 2ab

UHRTS E R G ; G 9K5vu E ;>=@RT= ` AC8:9CS!= lmEyvE 9X? ED YZ8:9C8TN>s@8f= ` 8ACRT8 D AC=@N a = 8 D 8TN>s@8f= ` 8ACRT8 D AC=@N = b
O>[@O>s@Ow= ` 8ACRT8 D AC=@N = c =\RT;>==@;>=\9C8:p5 6 ~w; E Q
?BAX=\9C8:9 D 8 f YZ8TRT= `BD = g N>8TN g YZ8TRT= ` D = f ==
` 8A7UHR E YZ8TRTS!=@?X8 f | UHN D ?X8 l UHN2~ g | UHN D ?X8 l UHNe~>N E = ` 8:A UHR:S E R G ; G 9K5
b + a2 + 2a = a + b2 + 2ac