:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^

Appendix A: Derived formulae

A1 Flexure: beams and slabs
A1.1 Singly reinforced sections
Ma^k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\dlahpg[^ehpbg?b`nk^:*fZr[^nl^]'
d2

esc

As2

nfcd

ec
lx

neutral axis

h d

Fc

Fsc
z

As

Fst

es

a) Section

b) Strain

Fig. 3.5

c) Forces

Figure A1
Strains and forces in a section

?hk`kZ]^lh_\hg\k^m^nimh<.)(/)%e\n6)')),.%n6*Zg]l6)'1
_\]6a\\ _\d (g<6)'1._\d (*'.
_r]6_rd (gL6_rd (*'*.6)'10_rd

3.1.6(1), 2.4.2.4(1)
& NA
2.4.2.4(1) & NA

?hklbg`erk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgl%ma^]^lb`g^jnZmbhgl\Zg[^]^kbo^]Zl_heehpl3
Lever arm, z
0.8x

Fc

z = d 0.4x
Fst

Figure A2
Beam lever arm

?\6!)'1._\d (*'."[!)'1q"6)'-.,_\d[q
?lm6)'10:l _rd
<hglb]^kfhf^gm%F%Z[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3
F6)'-.,_\d[qs
Ghp s6 ])'-q
=

q6 +'.!]s"

F

 6 )'-.,_\d[+'.!]s"s

 6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]_\d[s+"

E^mD  6 F([] +_\d



 6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]_\d[s+"([]+_\d

 6 *'*,,,!s]s+"(] +

=)  6 *'*,,,T!s(]"+!s(]"V$D


 6 !s(]"+!s(]"$)'11+,.D

BgikZ\mb\^ma^]^lb`gfhf^gm%F

>]phne][^nl^]'

185

Lheobg`ma^jnZ]kZmb\^jnZmbhg3
s(]6T*$!*,'.+2D")'.V(+
s6]T*$T*,'.+2D")'.V(+

Table C5

Bmbl\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^bgma^NDmhebfbms(]mhZfZqbfnfh_)'2.]'!Mabl`nZk]lZ`Zbglm
k^erbg` hg o^kr mabg l^\mbhgl h_ \hg\k^m^ pab\a Zm ma^ ^qmk^f^ mhi h_ Z l^\mbhg fZr [^ h_
jn^lmbhgZ[e^lmk^g`ma'"MZ[e^l`bobg`oZen^lh_s(]Zg]q(]_hkoZen^lh_DfZr[^nl^]'
Area of reinforcement, As
MZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^\hfik^llbhg_hk\^3
F6)'10:l _rds
:l6F(!)'10_rd s"
Limiting value of relative exural compressive stress, K'
:llnfbg` gh k^]blmkb[nmbhg mZd^l ieZ\^% Z ebfbmbg` oZen^ !hg ma^ lmk^g`ma h_ \hg\k^m^ bg
\hfik^llbhg"_hkD\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^]!]^ghm^]D "Zl_heehpl'

Table 3.1

e\n, 6 \hg\k^m^lmkZbg6)')),.
el
6 k^bg_hk\^f^gmlmkZbg

6 .))(!*'*.+))*),"6)'))++
?khflmkZbg]bZ`kZf%?b`nk^:*
q
6 )')),.](!)')),.$)'))++"

6 )'/]
?khf^jnZmbhglZ[ho^3
F
6 )'-.,_\d[qs
F  6 )'-.,_\d[)'/]!])'-)'/]"

6 )'+)0_\d[]+
=D 6)'+)0
Bm bl h_m^g \hglb]^k^] `hh] ikZ\mb\^ mh ebfbm ma^ ]^ima h_ ma^ g^nmkZe Zqbl mh Zohb] ho^k&
k^bg_hk\^f^gm!b'^'mh^glnk^maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblrb^e]bg`Zm_Zbenk^%manlZohb]bg`[kbmme^
_Zbenk^h_ma^\hg\k^m^"'H_m^gq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.'Mablblk^_^kk^]mhZlma^[ZeZg\^]l^\mbhg
[^\Znl^Zmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^ma^\hg\k^m^Zg]lm^^ek^Z\ama^bknembfZm^lmkZbglZmma^
lZf^mbf^T,*V'MablblghmZ>nkh\h]^+k^jnbk^f^gmZg]blghmZ\\^im^][rZee^g`bg^^kl'
Ghg^ma^e^ll_hkq6)'-.]
?khf^jnZmbhglZ[ho^3
F
6 )'-.,_\d[qs
F  6 )'-.,_\d[)'-.]!])'-)'-.]"

6 )'*/0_\d[]+
=D  6 )'*/0

Cl. 5.5(4)

q(]blZelhk^lmkb\m^][rma^Zfhngmh_k^]blmkb[nmbhg\Zkkb^]hnm'?hk_\d.)FIZ
d)'-$!)'/$)'))*-e\n"qn(]
pa^k^

] 6 k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gm(^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm[^_hk^k^]blmkb[nmbhg

qn 6 ]^imah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmNELZ_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
e\n 6 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^ZmNEL
Mabl`bo^lma^oZen^lbgMZ[e^:*'


186

:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
Table A1
Limits on D with respect to redistribution ratio, d
d

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7

% redistribution

)

.

*)

*.

+)

+.

,)

K'

)'+)1

)'*2.

)'*1+

)'*/1

)'*.,

)'*,0

)'*+)

B_D7D ma^l^\mbhglahne][^k^lbs^]hk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'Bgebg^pbma
\hglb]^kZmbhg h_ `hh] ikZ\mb\^ hnmebg^] Z[ho^% this publication adopts a maximum value
of K'= 0.167'

A1.2 Compression reinforcement, As2

Ma^fZchkbmrh_[^Zflnl^]bgikZ\mb\^Zk^lbg`erk^bg_hk\^]%Zg]ma^l^[^Zfl\Zg[^]^lb`g^]nlbg`
ma^_hkfneZ]^kbo^]Z[ho^'Bglhf^\Zl^l%\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblZ]]^]bghk]^kmh3
N Bg\k^Zl^l^\mbhglmk^g`mapa^k^l^\mbhg]bf^glbhglZk^k^lmkb\m^]%b'^'pa^k^D7D
N Mhk^]n\^ehg`m^kf]^_e^\mbhg
N Mh]^\k^Zl^\nkoZmnk^(]^_hkfZmbhgZmnembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^

As2

As
Figure A3
Beam with compression reinforcement

Pbmak^_^k^g\^mh?b`nk^:*%ma^k^blghpZg^qmkZ_hk\^
?l\6)'10:l+ _rd
Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zgghp[^\hglb]^k^]bgmphiZkml%ma^_bklmiZkmmh[ZeZg\^
ma^\hfik^llbo^_hk\^bgma^\hg\k^m^%ma^l^\hg]iZkmmh[ZeZg\^ma^_hk\^bgma^\hfik^llbhg
lm^^e'Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]blma^k^_hk^3
:l6D _\n[] +(!)'10_rds"$:l+
pa^k^

sbl\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`D'bglm^Z]h_D

:l+\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^][rmZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3

F6F $)'10_rd:l+!]]+"

F6D _\n[] +$)'10_rd:l+!]]+"
K^ZkkZg`bg`3
:l+6!DD " _\d[] +(T)'10_rd!]]+"V

A2 Shear
A2.1 Shear resistance (without shear reinforcement), VRd,c
OK]%\6T<K]%\d!*))r*_\d "*(,$d*s\iV[p]!ofbg$d*s\i "[p]

Exp. (6.2)

pa^k^

<K]%\ 6 )'*1(g<6)'*1(*'.6)'*+

NA

d

6 *$!+))(]")'.+')

187

r* 6 :l (![p]")')+


d*

6 )'*.

s\i 6 )_hkghg&ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^


ofbg 6 )'),.d*'._\d)'.

=OK]%\6)'*+d!*))r*_\d"*(,[p])'),.d*'._\d)'.[p]

A2.2 Shear capacity

Ma^\ZiZ\bmrh_Z\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgpbmao^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhZ\m
ZlZlmknm%OK]%fZq3
Exp. (6.9)

Cl. 6.2.3(3) Note 1,

Exp. (6.6N) & NA

OK]%fZq6a\p[pSv* _\] (!\hmy$mZgy"

pa^k^
a\p 6 *')
v*  6 v6)'/T*_\d (+.)V

_\] 6 a\\ _\d (g<6*'))_\d (*'.
=OK]%fZq6)'-)[ps_\dT*_\d (+.)V(!\hmy$mZgy"
K^ZkkZg`bg`mabl^jnZmbhg`bo^l3
y6)'.lbg*To>]s (!)'+)_\dT*_\d (+.)V"V\hm*+'.
pa^k^

o>]s6O>] ([s6O>] (![)'2]"
Bgfhlm\Zl^l%pa^k^\hmy6+'.%y6+*'1
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1[ps_\dT*_\d (+.)V
hk
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1_\dT*_\d (+.)V
pa^k^

oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'. 6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(![s"


6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(!)'2[]"
Pa^k^\hmy7+'.%ma^Zg`e^h_ma^lmknmZg]oK]%fZqlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]%hkoK]%fZqfZr[^
ehhd^]nibgmZ[e^lhk\aZkml!^'`'MZ[e^<0hk?b`nk^<*"'

A2.3 Shear reinforcement

Exp. (6.13)

OK]%l6!:lp(l"s_rp]!\hmy$\hma"lbgaO>]
pa^k^

:lp 6

l 6

s 6

_rp] 6
a 6




\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
liZ\bg`
e^o^kZkf!ZiikhqbfZm^oZen^h_)'2]fZrghkfZeer[^nl^]"
_rpd (gL6]^lb`grb^e]lmk^g`mah_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Zg`e^h_ma^ebgdlmhma^ehg`bmn]bgZeZqbl'?hko^kmb\Zeebgdl%
\hma6)Zg]lbga6*')

K^ZkkZg`bg`_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl3
:lp(lO>] (s_rp]\hmy
hk
:lp(lo>]%s[p(_rp]\hmy

Exp. (9.5N) & NA

FbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
:lp%fbg (!l[plbga")')1_\d)'.(_rd
pa^k^

l 6 ehg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm

[p 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[

188

:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
a 6 Zg`e^h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhma^ehg`bmn]bgZeZqblh_ma^f^f[^k'?hko^kmb\Ze
ebgdllbga6*')'
K^ZkkZg`bg`_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl3
Alp%fbg (l)')1[plbga_\d)'.(_rd

A3 Columns

el\

_\]6a\\n_\d(g<
sl\ ]
+
:

e\n+

l+

]\

q
a

g'Zqbl
er

:l*

slm

e\
a) Strain diagram

Fig. 6.1

]+

b) Stress diagram

Figure A4
Section in axial
compression and
bending

?hkZqbZeehZ]
G>]6_\] []\$:l+sl\:l*slm
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lG(+
G>]6_\] []\$:lG!sl\slm"(+
G>]_\] []\6:lG!sl\slm"(+
!G>]_\] []\"(!sl\slm"6:lG(+
:lG(+6!G>]_\] []\"(!sl\slm"
=
:lG(+6!G>]a\\n_\d[]\ (g<"(!sl\slm"
?hkfhf^gmZ[hnm\^gmk^h_\henfg
F>]6_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"$:l+sl\!a(+]+"$:l*slm!a(+]+"
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lF(+
F>]6_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"$:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"(+
F>]_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"6:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"(+
TF>]_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"V(!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"6:lF(+
=:lF(+6TF>]a\\n_\d []\!a(+]\ (+"(g<V(T!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"V
Lhenmbhg
Bm^kZm^qln\amaZm:lG6:lF
Note

?hkl^\mbhglpaheerbg\hfik^llbhg%ma^lmkZbgblebfbm^]ln\amaZmZo^kZ`^lmkZbg
e\l6)'))*0.!Zllnfbg`[bebg^Zklmk^lllmkZbgk^eZmbhglabi"'

Cl. 6.1(6), Fig. 6.1,

Table 3.1

189