DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

Application of Superconducting Magnetic

Energy Storage Unit to Damp Power System
Low Frequency Oscillations
Lin Cui, Dahu Li, Jinyu Wen, Zhenhua Jiang, Member, IEEE, and Shijie Cheng, Senior Member,
IEEE

Abstract--The objective of this paper is to theoretically

investigate the application of superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) system in damping power system low-frequency
electromechanical oscillations. In the paper, the SMES system is
studied in the context of a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB)
power system. The mathematical model of the SMIB power
system including a SMES unit is established, and the PhillipsHeffron control structure of the power system is described. Based
on the principle of the complex torque coefficient (CTC) method,
the expression of the complex electromagnetic torque of the
entire power system including the SMES unit is derived. A
nonlinear Proportion-Integral-Differential (PID) control strategy
is proposed for the SMES system to enhance the power system
damping. Simulation results demonstrate that the SMES is
effective in damping the power system low-frequency oscillations
and the proposed nonlinear PID controller is robust to regulate
the SMES unit.
Index Terms--Low-frequency oscillation, nonlinear PID
controller, Phillips-Heffron model, superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES).

I. NOMENCLATURE

rotor angle of the generator

rotor angular speed of the generator

synchronous angular speed of the generator

Te

electromagnetic torque

Tm

mechanical torque

id

d-axis current of the generator

iq

q-axis current of the generator

Ud

d-axis terminal voltage of the generator

Uq

q-axis terminal voltage of the generator

xd

d-axis synchronous reactance of the stator winding

'

xd

d-axis transient reactance of the stator winding

This work was supported jointly by the National HI-Tech Research and
Development Program of China under Grant 2006AA03Z209 and the
National Basic Research Program of China under Grant 2004CB217906.
Lin Cui, Jinyu Wen and Shijie Cheng are with the College of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China (e-mail: jinyu.wen@hust.edu.cn).
Dahu Li is with the Hubei Electric Power Company, Wuhan, P. R. China.
Zhenhua Jiang is with the University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.

978-7-900714-13-8/08/ 2008DRPT

xq
'

q-axis synchronous reactance of the stator winding

Eq

q-axis transient voltage

Ef

field exciter voltage

Vt

terminal voltage of the generator

Tj

inertia constant

mechanical damping coefficient of the generator

'
Td 0

d-axis transient time constant

Kf

exciter gain

Tf

exciter time constant

II. INTRODUCTION

LECTROMECHANICAL
oscillations have
been
observed in many interconnected power systems
worldwide [1]-[4]. These oscillations may exist locally in a
single generator or a generation plant (local oscillations), or
they may involve a number of generators that are widely
separated geographically (inter-area oscillations). Local
oscillations often occur when a fast exciter is used on the
generator. To stabilize these oscillations, power system
stabilizers (PSSs) were developed. Inter-area oscillations may
appear as the system loading is increased across the weak
transmission links in the power systems which exhibit local
oscillations [4]. If not controlled appropriately, these
oscillations may lead to full or partial power interruptions [2].
It is known that the power transmission over long distances
may exhibit some poorly damped or even negatively damped
oscillations under certain disturbance conditions [3]. These
oscillations are normally a result of the electromechanical
synchronizing swings across long tie lines. Several stabilizing
methods such as PSSs commissioned on a generator, static var
compensators (SVCs) on the transmission line, etc have been
investigated [5], [6]. In many power systems constrained by
stability, the primary limiting factor is not the swing stability
but the damping of system oscillations. The traditional method
used to increase the damping of a power system is by adding a
PSS in the excitation system of a generator. It has been proved
that the PSS alone may not be sufficient to suppress these
oscillations [7].
With recent advances in high temperature superconductor
materials, and power electronics and control techniques, the

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DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system,

which combines the superconducting conductors and the
power electronics converters, has become an important issue
in electrical engineering. The use of SMES systems for
damping control of synchronous generators has drawn
widespread interest [8]. Power can be absorbed by or released
from the SMES according to system requirements. It is
reported that a set of 30MJ/10MW SMES had been installed
in a 500kV transmission line near the western coast in the
United States [9]. The installed SMES system successfully
damped the emerging 0.35Hz low frequency oscillation that
had ever occurred on this transmission line and improved the
stability of the transmission line. Most of previous studies are
dealing with numerical simulation of the SMES system but
few theoretical studies regarding its mechanism of suppressing
oscillations have been reported. This paper is an attempt to
study the electromagnetic torque contributed by the SMES in
damping low-frequency oscillations, and the proposed
nonlinear PID control strategy can give excellent dynamic
performance and considerably enhance the stability of power
system.
III. THE STUDIED SYSTEM
In this paper, we consider a single-machine infinite-bus
power system, whose single-line diagram is shown in Fig.1.
The model for the generator unit studied here is a detailed 3rdorder model with the dynamic behavior of the exciter. The
SMES unit is located at the bus bar near the generator
terminal. The nonlinear dynamic behavior of the investigated
model is described by the following equations:

d =
dt 0
d
T j dt = Pm Pe D ( 0 )

'
T ' dEq = E ( x x ' )i E '
f
d
d d
q
d 0 dt
Tf

dE f
dt

(2)

where Te = Pe / , Pe =U d id +U q iq , Vt = U d2 +U q2 .

id iq
Pe Qe

XT

ild ilq

Us

(3)
(4)

where u1 and u2 are the control signals of the SMES unit, T

is the time delay constant and Psm and Qsm are the active and
reactive powers of the SMES unit injected into the power
system. When the SMES unit is connected to the power
system, the following equations hold:

Psm = U d isd + U q isq

Qsm = U q isd U d isq

id + isd = ild
i + i = i
q sq lq

(5)

where isd and isq are the d-axis and the q-axis components of
the current injected by the SMES unit into the power system.
From the equations mentioned above, the injected current can
be written as
i
i

sd

sq

U d Psm +U q Qsm

(6)

U d2 +U q2
U q Psm U d Qsm

(7)

U d2 +U q2

The model mathematically described in this section will be

used below to form the Phillips-Heffron model of the power
system with a SMES unit installed.
IV. PHILLIPS-HEFFRON MODEL OF POWER SYSTEM WITH
SMES
In this section, we will derive a Phillips-Heffron model for
the studied power system when the SMES only injects active
power into the power system to damp low frequency
oscillations [6]. From Fig.1 and (1)-(4), we can deduce that the
d-axis and q-axis components of the generator terminal
voltage Vt are

Xl

U d

U q

isd isq
Psm Qsm

u1
u2

i
1
1
Psm = P + u
T sm T 1
i
1
1
Qsm = Q + u 2
T sm T

(1)

= K f (Vref Vt ) E f

Vt

interconnected power system can be specified by the

following equations [10]:

= U sin x ( i + i ) = i x
l

sq

q q
'

= U cos + x (i + i ) = Eq
s

sd

(8)

'
i xd
d

where U s is the infinite-bus voltage. And the d-axis and q-axis

components of the generator terminal currents are

SMES

id

i
q

Fig. 1. A single-machine infinite-bus power system with SMES unit

It is assumed that the active power and reactive power

supplied by the SMES unit can be decoupled and controlled
Independently. For simplicity, the independent active and
reactive power exchange between the SMES unit and the

'

'

=
=

Eq' xlisd U s cos

xd'
xq

where xd = x d + xl , xq = x q + xl , and isd =

2252

(9)

U s sin xl isq

U d Psm
Vt2

DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

sq

U q Psm
Vt

'
q

. The electromagnetic power output from the

E =

generator is given by
'
E i
q q

P = U i +U i =
e

q q

d d

'
(x
d

(10)

x )i i
q

d q

From the nonlinear dynamic model of the power system in

Fig.1, by linearising (1) around the steady state operating point
it is possible to obtain

d
dt = 0
d
T j dt = Pe D

T ' d Eq' = E ( x x ' )i

d 0 dt
f
d
d
d

(11)

where K 3 =

where isd =

xd'

'
q

E +

U s sin 0

xl

xd'

xd'

P , i
sm

sq

Uq0

K =
6

(12)

'
q

E +

xd'

xd'

xlU d 0
xd' Vt20

U
d

U
q

xq
xl
xd'

'
E
q

xqVt20

xd' U s sin 0
xd'

K =
v

Vt 0 xd'

U d 0U q 0 xl
Vt30

xd'
xd'

K4

Eq'

xq
xq

K2

Kv
+

+
+
Ke Vt
E f 1 + sTe

K1

xl xd' U d 0

(14)
Fig. 2. Phillips-Heffron model of SMIB power system with a SMES installed

sm

V. ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT

BY SMES
(15)

).

When power system low-frequency oscillations occur, the

SMES exchanges active power between itself and the power
system, resulting in a change in the damping characteristic.
We investigated its influence on the damping of power system
oscillations based on the Phillips-Heffron model. The control
diagram of the single-machine infinite-bus power system
including a SMES is shown in Fig.2, where Psm is input
variable and is output variable. Since Pe = Te , when the

Linearising (2) yields

E

Kq

1
K3 + sTd' 0

sm

xd' Vt20

1
1
D + sTj
s
Psm

K6

Pe

xq xd' Vt20

Kp

'
U s U d 0 xq cos 0 U q 0 xd sin 0

(
)
Vt 0
xq
x'

K =

( xd' xq )iq0xlUd 0 xq [ Eq' 0 ( xd' xq )id 0 ]xl xd' Uq0

(13)

Uq0
Ud 0
'
U +
U = K E + K + K P
v sm
d
q
1
q
2
Vt 0
Vt 0

U q 0 xl

xd'

sm

where
K =

, Kp =

so it is possible to obtain
Vt =

xqiq 0

linearized equation, it is possible to obtain

xl xqU q 0

xq xd'

K5

By linearising (8) and substituting isd , isq into the

U s xq cos 0

[ Eq' 0 ( xd' xq )id 0 ]U s cos 0 xd' ( xd' xq )iq 0U s sin 0 xq

xlU q 0
U cos 0
= s

P
xq
xqVt20 sm

(18)

sm

Hence the linearized model of (11) including a SMES unit can

be shown by Fig.2.

sm

U s sin 0

'
q

where

be rewritten as

i
d

iq

sd

xd' Vt20

P . Thus (12) can

Vt20

xd'

P = K + K E + K p P

K =

U s cos 0
x
l i
xq
xq sq

Ud 0
Vt20

( xd' xd )U s sin 0

By linearising (10) and substituting (13) and (17) into the

linearized equation, it is possible to obtain

Then by linearising (9) it is possible to obtain

i
d

iq

xd'

, K4 =

(17)

K3 + sTd' 0

( xd xd' )U d 0 xl sin 0

K =

'
q

xd

E f + K 4 + K q Psm

Kf
1+T f s

power system is working in steady state ( =1 p.u.),

V

(16)

Then by substituting (15) into (16) and substituting E f and

Te = Qe . Thus from (18), the electromagnetic torque of

power system excluding SMES is

T = K + K E
e1

(13) into (11), we have

2253

'
q1

(19)

DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

Eq' 1 =

E f + K 4

(20)

K 3 + sTd' 0

0 coordinate through controlling the output power

Substituting (15) and (16) into (20) it is possible to obtain

Eq' 1 =

K f K 2 + K 4 + K 4T f s

(1+T f s )( K 3 + sTd' 0 ) K1K f

curve to be closer to the 0 axis in the first quadrant of the

(21)

Supposing is sine-disturbance and its angular speed is s ,

of the SMES. In this case the real part of the system

eigenvalue is a negative number which has a relatively large
absolute value, and the oscillation can be damped rapidly so as
to recover the power system stability.

d / dt = j s = 0 is given. Substituting this expression

and (20) into (19) and letting s = js =0 then the

electromagnetic torque of the system can be written as
(22)
T = ( K + j D ) = K + D
e1
E
s E
E
E 0

DE

where K E is the synchronizing torque coefficient and DE is

the damping torque coefficient. Substituting (22) into (11), we
can obtain
Tj

p 2 + ( DE +

) p + K E = 0

uncertain
condition area

stable area

KE
non-oscillation
unstable area

(23)

constant amplitude
oscillation area

DE = 4T j K E / 0
oscillation
unstable area

The eigenvalue of the differential equation are then found as

1,2 =

( D / 0 + DE ) ( D / 0 + DE ) 2 4 K E T j / 0

2T j / 0

(24)

Generally speaking, D is a very small positive number and the

value of 0 is far larger then D; then we can consider
D / 0 0 . Meanwhile, T j is commonly a relatively big
number. Analyzing the eigenvalue expressed by (24) under the
condition mentioned above it is possible to obtain the results:
1) when K E >0 and DE <0 , the system is stable;
2) when K E < 0 ,or K E =0 and DE <0 , or K E >0 and
DE 4T j K E / 0 , the system occurs non-oscillating loss

of synchronism;
3) when K E >0 and 4T j K E / 0 < DE < 0 , the system occurs
oscillating loss of synchronism;
4) when K E >0 and DE =0 , the system exhibits constantamplitude oscillation;
5) when K E =0 and DE 0 , the situation of the system is
uncertain.
Fig.3 shows the electromagnetic torque variable and its
stable region for a single-machine infinite-bus power system.
By considering Te as the complex electromagnetic torque in
the 0 coordinate system, correspondingly, K E and
DE are the abscissa and ordinate of the complex torque

respectively. From the analysis mentioned above, when a lowfrequency oscillation occurs in the power system, the complex
torque locates in the first quadrant or in the forth quadrant area
which is close to axis. In this condition, the real part of the
system eigenvalue is a positive number or negative number
which has relatively little absolute value. Meanwhile the
system manifests as low-frequency oscillation and its
amplitude decays slowly or increases slowly. Theoretical
analysis of the complex electromagnetic torque suggests that
the damping ability is enhanced by forcing the complex torque

Fig. 3. Electromagnetic torque variable and its stable area of single-machine

infinite-bus power system

When the power system including a SMES works, the

electromagnetic torque of the system can be written as (18).
Using the same method as that used to deduce (22), it is
possible to obtain
T

e2

= T + K P
e1

sm

K 6 [ K q (1+T f s )+ K f K v ]

(1+T f s )( K3 + sTd' 0 )

sm

(25)

In this equation, the second part is the direct electromagnetic

torque provided by K p and the third part is the indirect
electromagnetic torque provided by K q and K v .
Under ideal conditions, the rotor angular speed variable of
the generator 0 can be used as the input of the SMES
damping controller. From earlier research of SMESs, the
power modulation characteristics of SMESs can be written as
a first-order inertia loop

1
. Considering the outer
1+T1s

controller of the SMES adopting a proportional control loop

K c as the system damping controller, the electromagnetic
torque provided by the SMES can be written as
T

e3

=(
+

K P Kcs2T1
1+s2T12

+ j

K P K cs

1+s2T12

K6 K c [ K q (1+ jT f s ) + Ke K v ]

(26)

(1+ jT f s )( K3 + jTd' 0s )(1+ jT1 s )

If neglecting the indirect electromagnetic torque provided

by the SMES in (25), it can be seen from (26) that the effect of
the SMES on damping the low-frequency oscillation is
equivalent to superimposing a first-quadrant torque to the
original electromagnetic torque, which demonstrates how the
SMES unit can help to mitigate the low-frequency oscillation.

2254

DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

In addition, in practical applications it is difficult to

measure the rotor angular speed variable 0 accurately. To
meet the need of practical applications, it is feasible to adopt
the active power variable Pe = Pe 0 Pe where the SMES is
parallel to the system as the input of the damping controller.
Neglecting the active power losses in the transformer and the
transmission line, this active power variable can be seen as the
output active power variable of the generator. In this way, the
electromagnetic torque variable can be derived as
Te 4 = Te1 + K P G ( j s ) Te 4
+

K6 [ K q (1+ jT f s )+ K f Kv ]
(1+ jT f s )( K3 + jTd' 0s )(1+ jT1s )

G ( j s ) Te 4

used to control the active power exchange between the SMES

unit and the power system.
Generally speaking, the SMES unit is used as a torque
modulation stabilizer. The active power Psm exchanged with
the SMES unit is controlled continuously depending on the
measured speed deviation of the rotor angular. To simplify the
structure of the controller is selected as an input variable.
Its reference is set to zero, with the aim of maintaining the
synchronous operation of the generator. Thus, the control
equation of u can be written as
i
u = P fal ( , , ) + I fal ( , , ) + D fal ( , , ) (29)

(27)

where G ( j s ) represents the transfer function of the damping

where fal ( x , , ) is a nonlinear function having the

following form
x sign ( x )

x / 1

controller of the SMES unit. From (27), it is possible to obtain

Te 4 = Te1

1[ K P +

1
K6 [ K q (1+ jT f s ) + K f Kv ]
(1+ jT f s )( K3 + jTd' 0s )(1+ jT1s )

]G ( j s )

(28)
Obviously in this way, the SMES functions as providing an
additional electromagnetic torque for the power system. When
the parameter of the system is fixed, it is possible to adjust the
parameters of the controller to achieve an angle of the rotating
electromagnetic torque that is slightly less than 90o. Therefore,
when power system occurs low-frequency oscillation, the
original electromagnetic torque that was close to the first or
forth quadrant can be modulated to be closer to the 0 axis
in the first quadrant. Consequently the power system lowfrequency oscillation can be damped well through controlling
the output power of the SMES.
VI. NONLINEAR PID CONTROLLER FOR THE SMES UNIT
A. Design of the controller
In order to enhance the damping characteristics and
stability of the power system, a control strategy based on the
nonlinear PID technique is proposed for the SMES unit
connected to the power system shown in Fig.1. This section
describes the details of the proposed nonlinear PID controller
whose block diagram is given in Fig.4.

Psm

x >
x

(30)

Following the algorithm given above, the controller for the

SMES unit is obtained. The controller discussed here is
studied in a single-machine infinite-bus power system, and its
parameters are as follows: P =4.8, I =1.8, D =0.2, =0.5,
=0.001. The simulation results will be given in the next part
of this section.
When the generator described in Fig.1 is replaced with one
of the generators in a multi-machine power system, the design
approach of the nonlinear PID controller for the SMES as
mentioned above can be extended to be applicable to the
multi-machine power system. It will also have the advantage
of improving the transient stability of the power system, and
the effects are related to not only the distance between the
SMES installation and the fault location, but also the
parameters of the generators. If the SMES is installed on the
bus near one generator, the stability of that generator will be
enhanced more evidently than those without installing of the
SMES nearby. Therefore, by installing SMES units near the
generators with the weakest damping capabilities will allow
the transient stability of the entire power system to be
effectively enhanced.

B. Simulation results
The single-machine infinite-bus power system used for
simulation is shown in Fig.5. Two scenarios are studied with
different locations for the SMES installation. In case 1 the
SMES is located at point A, while in case2 it is located at
point B, as shown in Fig.5. The fault considered here is a 0.1
second symmetrical three-phase short-circuit fault at point C
of the transmission line followed by a successful reclosing.

Fig. 4. Block diagram of nonlinear PID controller for SMES

In Fig.4, the generator represents the power system

described by (1) and (2). One nonlinear configuration and one
tracking-differentiator are used to generate the control signal
[11], [12]. The symbol u represents the control signal that is
2255

DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

Us
X l1

Xl 2

ild ilq

Xl3

Psm

XT

id iq

Vt

isd isq

SMES

Fig. 8. Response of the system under the fault (P0=1.2 p.u.) in case 2.
Solid line: with the SMES; Dotted line: without the SMES

results indicate that under the action of the SMES unit with the
proposed controller, the damping characteristic of the power
system is enhanced considerably.
0.2

1.6

0.1
1.4

Psm

Fig.6 indicates the effectiveness of the SMES unit with the

proposed controller in controlling the rotor angle of the
generator at the operation condition of P0 =0.85(p.u.) in case
1. The curves of the active power exchanging between the
SMES unit and the power system are shown. It is evident that
with the SMES unit employing the proposed controller, the
oscillation of the power system is damped out quickly and the
stability of the power system is enhanced tremendously. On
the contrary, without the SMES unit, the power system is
prone to the occurrence of the oscillation under the fault.

Fig. 9 shows the contribution of the SMES unit with the

proposed controller in case 1 to controlling the rotor angle
under another kind of system disturbance, a one second +10%
step-change of the mechanical torque Tm . The simulation

Fig. 5. Block diagram of the simulated SIMB power system

1.2

0
-0.1

-0.2
1

Psm (pu)

(rad)

time (s)

time (s)

Fig. 9. Response of the system under the instantaneous disturbance (P0=1.0

p.u.). Solid line: with the SMES; Dotted line: without the SMES

Fig. 6 Response of the system under the fault (P0=0.85 p.u.). Solid line: with
the SMES; Dotted line: without the SMES

Psm

Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 present the response of the generator rotor

angle at P0 =1.2(p.u.) operation conditions in case 1 and case 2
respectively under the fault. With the SMES unit employing
the proposed controller, the rotor angle remains stable. They
also indicate that the stability limit of the power system is
expanded successfully. However, without the SMES unit, the
generator obviously loses its synchronization. Comparing
Fig.7 and Fig.8, it can be found that in case 1(shown in Fig.7)
the overshoot of rotor angle is smaller than in case 2. So, to
better enhance the generator damping characteristic, the
SMES should be installed nearer the generator.

From the simulation results, it can be seen that the

proposed nonlinear PID controller for the SMES unit has
excellent performance not only on enhancing the damping
characteristic and transient stability of the power system, but
also on the robustness and the adaptability of the controller.
VII.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, the Phillips-Heffron model of the singlemachine infinite-bus power system including a SMES unit is
established. Based on the principle of the complex torque
coefficient method, the expression of the electromagnetic
torque of the entire power system including the SMES unit is
derived. It is demonstrated that the low-frequency oscillations
of the power system can be damped well through controlling
the output power of the SMES. The nonlinear PID control
theory is employed to design a nonlinear PID controller for the
SMES unit connected to a power system. Simulation results
indicate that the proposed controller can effectively enhance
the dynamic performance of the power system and improve
the power angle stability of the generator where the SMES
unit is installed. The robustness and adaptability of the
controller are demonstrated as well.

Fig. 7. Response of the system under the fault (P0=1.2 p.u.) in case 1. Solid
line: with the SMES; Dotted line: without the SMES

2256

VIII. APPENDIX
The system data and the operating quantities per unit are:
'

'

xd =1.79

xd =0.17

xq =1.71

Td 0 =7.65s

D =0.2

xT =0.05

xl1 =0.05

xl 2 =0.1

DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

xl 3 =0.3

T =25ms

IX.

K f =200

at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, since 2006. His current research
interests include renewable and alternative energy systems, integration of
distributed energy resources, intelligent control systems, and applications of
power electronics in utility power systems.

T f =10ms

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[1]

Shijie Cheng (M1986, SM1987) graduated from the Xi'an Jiaotong

University, Xi'an, China in 1967 and received a Master of Engineering Degree
from the HUST, Wuhan, China in 1981 and a Ph.D. from the University of
Calgary, Calgary, Canada in 1986 all in the Electrical Engineering. He is now
a full professor at HUST. His research interests are power system control,
stability analysis of power system and application of AI in power systems.

X. BIOGRAPHIES
Lin Cui was born in Jiangxi province in the People's Republic of China on
October 21, 1981. He has received his B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in electrical
engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST),
Wuhan, China, in 2002 and 2005, respectively. He is studying on the research
of the design of the practical device and control strategy of a superconducting
magnetic energy storage unit toward Ph.D. degree at Huazhong University of
science and technology (HUST).
Dahu Li was born in Hubei province in the People's Republic of China, on
March 1, 1978. He graduated from the Hubei polytechnic University, Wuhan,
China in 1999 and received M.Sc. degree from the Wuhan University, Wuhan,
China in2003, and received Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering department
of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). His main field
of interest includes power system stability analysis and control.
Jinyu Wen received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan,
China, in 1992 and 1998, respectively. He is a full Professor at HUST. He was
a Postdoctoral Researcher with HUST from 1998 to 2000, and the Director of
Electrical Grid Control Division, XJ Relay Research Institute, Xuchang,
China, from 2000 to 2002. His research interests include evolutionary
computation, intelligent control, power system automation, power electronics
and energy storage.
Zhenhua Jiang (S2001, M2003) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997 and
2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of South
Carolina, Columbia, in 2003, all in electrical engineering. He has been an
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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