Sine. = UNIT II KINEMATICS ‘One Dimensional Motion. The motion of an objact is said to be one dimensional motion if only one out of the three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to times. (an object moves along any of the three axes X, ¥ of Z). Two dimensional motion. The motion of an object is said to be two ‘dimensional maton ito out of the three coordinates specitying the position ‘of the object change with respect to time, (the object moves in a plane.) Three dimensional motion. The motion of an abject is said to be three ‘dimensional motion if all the three coordinates spectving the postion of the object change with respect to time. (the object moves in space.) Speed. The speed of an object is defined as the ratio of distance covered land timo takon j.0, speed = distance travollodtime takon). Spood Is a ‘scalar quantiy. It can only be zero or positive. Instantaneous velocity. The velocity of an object ata given instant of time is called its instantaneous velocity. When a body is moving with uniform velocity ts instantaneous velocity = average velocity = uniform velocity. Graphs and Nature Type of motion of graph Fora sialonary body, DISPLACEMENT The slope of at. ine ‘he time displacement 4 teprosente instantaneous graph is a st. ine velosty zero slope -> zero Paral! to time ax, »}-—_— valooty owe When @ body, is moving DISPLACEMENT Constant slope with a constant velocty a Magnituce of velocity is ‘hen time displacement constant graph willbe a st Tine incined to time avis ote 2 2d = Physies myCBSEguide.comBe ry caste com © vimon a body Is moving vELocITY “The slope ot this grapn vith a constant voieety, represents the instants- the velocky time graph neous acceleration zero 's a stine paral 0 8 acesleration time axis oe ‘© Relative velocity. The relative velocity of one object wrt another is the velocity with which one abject moves wrt another object. If i, ands are the velocity of two objects A and 8, and @ is tho angle betwen them, then ralative velocity of object A w.rt B is given by Ye sin 0 ¥, e080 Fan = Fae Te where, Yan and tan = Here, b is the angle which Tyg makes with the direction of vy. © Acceleration. The acceleration of an object is defined as the ratio of change of velocity of the object, and time taken /e., Acceleration = change in velocityhtime taken. Acceleration is a vector quantity. Acceleration is positive, ifthe velocity is increasing and is negative If velocity is decreasing, The negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration. © Instantaneous acceleration, The acceleration of an object at a given instant is called its instantaneous acceleration. i Av dv ax Instantaneous acceleration, a Lt SY — Sv 2% ato at ot gt? © Formulae for uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line. Forested melon For Rerded motion a“ vw sur-2 as D, = u-S(2n-1)© Graphs and nature ‘ot motion Graph When 2 body is moving with a constant acceleration the time-dgplacement graph | a curve with bend upwards, DISPLACEMENT When a body is moving vith a constant retardation, the time-displacement graph | a curve with bend downwards o Tae When a body ie moving veteciy vith a constant aeoclaraton and te ina volosty 1s 2010, tho voloety-me graph ‘= an oblique st tne, passing strough orgin. é Tite When a body is moving with a constant acceleration ard ts intial veloaty isnot 2210, the velocty-time graph |S an obique sine not passing myCBSEguide.com = urge of graph The slope of tie: displacement curve (instante neous velocity increases with time 6) The slope of time-displac- cement curve (instantaneous velosty) decreases with time Groater wil be the slope of ft tbe greater will bo the Inetamancous aeceloraton, The area enclosed by the velosty-tme graph ith time axis represents the distance traveled by the body through orgin. ° Te When a body is moving vetociry slope represents acceleration vith a constant retardation hich is negative ie, and ts intia valosty isrot A) retardation, 2270, the veloeiyie graph |S an oblique st line not 6 passing through exigin i “ie Sealars. The quantities which have magnitudes and unit only but no direction, For example, mass, length, ime, speed, work, temperature etc. Vector. The quanilies which have magnitudes ‘boys vector laws of addition, muitiplication ote. velocity, acceleration, force, momentum ete. Unit as well as direction and For example, dieplacomont, XI — Physiesee Serie com S.No. Resultant Properties and results (© Addition of vectors) Only vecors of seme nature can be added (0) The adtion of tno vectors A and B ise vesutant whore R= (Ab + BE + 2AB c090)"% and tan Bend) Hoe is ‘and fis the angle which Fl makes withthe cvection of A (i) Vootor adeton ts commuaino Lo. A+ B= B+ A where 0 isthe angle between A and B (i) Vector adlion is associative fe. (Fis maxima i ‘© Substraction of vectors. Sie. Resultant Properties and results © Subtraction of wo () Only vectors of same nature can be subtracted vectors () Subiracton of B tom A= vector ateton of Aand {an = Bros Ta] Where 9 i the angle betneen A and sand i the angle wish tratos wih ho deocton of & (i) Vector subiracton of tao vectors isnot commutative 8-8-8 (i) Vector subtraction not asooatve A(6-C)-(A-8)-¢ ‘Rectangular components of a vector In a plano. if zmakos an angle 8 with xaxis and Kz and By be the rectangular components of Z along xavis and y-axis respectively, then A=A+A, = A,i+A,] Hore A, = A cos and A, = A sine and A~(A2 +A2)"* and tan A, /Ay 2X1 Physics m4ee Serie com © The dot product of two vectors Rand B, represented by A.B Is a scalar, which is equal to the product of the magnitudes of A and § and the ‘casino of tho smaller angio botweon them. IF 6 isthe smaller angle between A andii, then A. AB cost @ Gist=Fj-kk=1 a) (i) HAAG AVAL and Bi 1B iB.k © The vector product or eross product of two vectors A and is represented as BxB 10 is the smaller angle between A andB, then Ax B—C—AasinoA whore A is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing A and (© Right handed screw rule. it states that if a right handed screw placed ith its axis perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors A and Js rotated trom the direction of A to tho dlroction of & through smatior angio, then tho sonso of the advancomant of tha tip of tho serow gives tho rection of (Ax For unit vectors : () xi ix] =Rixk = and i and & + ixja Rsk = w WASAI+AI+A,8 and B-B,i+8,]+B,4 i ik AxB—lQ Ay AL BB, 8 © Projectile. Projectile is the name given to a bady which is thrown with ‘some inital volocity with the norizontal direction and then It is allowed to move under the effect of gravity alone. XI — Physiesee Serie com S.No. Projectile projected with Horizontal Projectile with velocity w projection ‘angular projection © Path of projeailo s 2 parabola (© Dirocton of the velocity i with the horizontal direction ving (© Horizontal rang R * ° mot tgnt 7am © Time of thy = © Maximum height Hen na tents 's 2 1 MARK QUESTIONS 1. Why can speed of a particle not be negative? 2. Is it possible in straight line motion a particle have zero speed and a non zor0 velocity? 3. Suggest a situation in which an object is accelerated and have constant speed 4, Two bals of diferent masses are thrown vertically upward with same inital velocity. Maximum heights attained by them are h, and hy respectively ‘what is yh? 5. A car moving with velocty of 50 kmh”! on a straight road is ahead of a jeep moving with velocity 75 kmi-*. How would the relative velocity be altered if jeep is ahead of car? 6. Which of the two-linear velocky or the linear acceleration gives the direction ‘of motion of a body? XI Physics 2610, "1 12, 13, 14, 18, = ANSWERS Because speed is distance travelled per second and distance is never negative, No. itis not possible. Uniform circular motion, ‘Same height hjh = 4 No change Linear velocity 1 MARK Will the displacement of a particle change on changing the position of ‘orgin of the coordinate system? If the instantaneous velocity of a particle is zero, will its instantaneous ‘acceleration be necessarily 210.7 ‘Can 2 body subjected to a uniform acceleration always move in the straight line? Writo an example of zero vector. Stato tho essential condion forthe addition of vetos, Wren ie the magntude of (A +8) equal 1o me magnitude of (&]7 What is the maximum number of component into which a vector can be resolved? A body projected horizontally moves with the same horizontal velocity although it moves under gravity. Why? What is the angle between velocity and acceleration at the highest point of a projectile motion? myCBSEguide.com10. 1 12. 13, 14, 1. 16, 17, 18 19, 20. an 22. 23, = ANSWERS Will not change. NNo, (highest point of vertical upward motion under gravity) No example. Projectile mation. ‘The velocity vectors of a stationary object is a zero vectors. They must represent the physical quantities of same nature. When A is perpendicular to 5 Intinte Because horizontal component of gravity is zero along horizontal direction. 90° 1 MARK When does (i) height attained by 2 projectilo maximum? (i) horizontal range Is maximum? ‘What is the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector in uniform circular maton? A particle is in clockwise uniform circular motion the direction of ils ‘acceleration is radialy inward, It sense of rotation or particle is anticlockwise ‘then what is the direction of iis acceleration? ‘train is moving on a straight track with acceleration a. A passenger drops a stone. What is the acceleration of stone with respect to passenger? What is the average value of acceleration vector in uniform circular motion over one cycle? Doss a vector quantity depends upon frame of reference chosen? What is the angular velocity of the hour hand of @ clock? What is the source of centripetal acceleration for earth to go round the sun? XI Physics 28 myCBSEguide.com18. 7, 18, 13. 20. an 22. 23 24. 25. 24. 25. ee Serie com ANSWERS height is maximum at 0 = 80 Range is maximum at 0 = 45, 90° Facial inward a? eG where 9 = Acceleration due to gravity. Null vocter. No. o = 28 Ered 26 Gravitation force of sun. 1 MARK What isthe unt vector perpengicular to the plane of vectors & and 7 What is the angle between (A+8) and (AB)? ANSWERS «Axo wl 90° 2 MARKS What ate positive and negative acceleration in straight line motion? Can a body have zero velocity and stil be accelerating? I yes gives any situation, 29 2 = Physiesee Serie com 3, The displacement of a body is proportional to f, where tis time elapsed, ‘What is the nature of acceleration- time graph of the body? 5. Suggest a suitable physical situation for the following graph Velocity (v) timo 6. An object is in uniform motion along a straight line, what will be position time graph for the motion of the abject if (x = positive, v = negative [¥|is constant (i) both x, and v are negative [iis constant where x; is postion at t = 0 ANSWERS: 1. I speed of an object increases with time, its acceleration is positive (Acceleration is in the diraction of motion) and if speed of an object decreases with time its acceleration is negative (Acceleration is opposite to the direction of motion), 2. Yes, at the highest point of vertical upward motion under gravity. 3. assatos=ke volocty V=5S— aa? ov acceleration a~ & ~ okt erat Fd ieaat => motion is uniform, accelerated motion. a ~ t graph is straightdine. 5. A ball thrown up with some initial velocity rebounding from the floor wrth reduced speed after each hit XI= Physics 3010, ” = 0 ti t ~% ‘A vector a is turned through a small angle do without a change in its lena, What are [| and aa What will be the effect on horizontal range of @ projectile when its initial velocity is doubled keeping angle of projection samo? ‘The greatest height to which a man can throw a stone is h. What will be the greatest distance upto which he can throw the stone? ‘Aperson sitting in a rain moving at constant velocity throws a ball vertically upwards, How will the ball appear to move to an observer. (Sitting inside the train (i) Standing outside the train ‘A. gunman always keep his gun slightly tited above the line of sight while shooting. Why? ANSWERS Jad) ano _vanao R Rav? Range becomes four times. Maximum height ; > Hygy = = hat = 90°) a 3H 72 = Physies myCBSEguide.com10. " 12, Ans. XI Physics ee Serie com ts ge Fes on (Vertical straight line motion (i) Parabolic path, Because bullet follow parabolic trajectory under constant downward acceleration, 2 MARKS. Is the acceleration of a particle in circular motion not always towards the contro. Explain. No, acceleration is towards the centre only in case of uniform circular mation, 3 MARKS Dorive tho relation Qian 9) San = U4 $(en—1) stance travelled in nf second WherO Say Uniform acceleration u Initial speed “The velocity time graph for a particle is shown in figure. Draw acceleration time graph from it 30. Velocity (ris) 20- ATTN 02 4 6 8 tme(s)Be ry caste com 3. Draw posttion-time graphs of two objects, A and B moving along a straight line, when their relative velocity is @ zero 4. Foran object projected upward with a velocity v,, which comes back to the same point after some time, draw () Acceleration-time graph Ail) Position-time graph (ii) Velocity-time graph ANSWERS 10] a) et 2. -10. BUA 3. time (> x A, > total time of the Journey 4 X_> highest position 3 2d = Physiesee Serie com 3 MARKS ‘wo vectors A and & are inclined to each other at an angle 9. Using triangle law of vector addition, find the magnitude and direction of their resultant 6. Establish the following vector inequalities @ [a+b] < |al+p| ( [arbl> | 7. Abody is projected at an angle 0 with the horizontal. Derive an expression for its horizontal range. Show that there are two angles 0, and 0, projections for tho same horizontal range. such that 0, + 0, = 90° Prove that the maximum horizontal range is four timos the maximum height alained by the projectile, when fired at an inclination so as to have maximum range. 8. Show that there are two values of time for which a projectile is at the same height, Also show that the sum of these two times Is equal to the time of flight 10. Derive the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity in a uniform circular motion 5 MARKS 41. Derive the following equations of motion for an abject moving with constant acceleration along a straight line using graphical method. () veusat tae (i) = ute gat (Wy) ut + 20s Where symbols have usual meanings. XI Physies 34= ‘A projectil is projected horizontally with a velocty u. Show that its trajectory is parabolic. And obtain expression for (time of flight (il) horizontal range (i) velocity at any instant Define centripetal acceleration. Derive an expression for the centripetal acceleration of a particle moving with constant speed v along a circular path of radius r. NUMERICALS The Vt graphs of two objects make angle 30° and 60° with the time axis. Find the ratio of their accelerations. ‘When the angle between two voctors of equal magnitudes is v8, prove that the magnitude of the resultant is equal to either. W R— G44) and B— 7i~24), tind a vector having the same magnitude as and paralel to % What isthe angle made by vector A = a + 2} with x-axis? ‘What is the vector sum of n coplanar forces, each of magnitude F, if each fre maks an anpe ot 2! win te pec on 7 ‘A car Ie moving along x-axis. As shown In figure it moves from 0 to P in 48 seconds and return from P to Q in 6 second, What are the average volocty and average speed of the car in going trom @ Owe (ll) from 0 to P and back to Q. © 40 80 240 280 360 Position-« OY axis 02 4 Qi2 14 18P time 3 I~ Physies myCBSEguide.comArs eSeeide con ANSWER g, Bee an WB A yg a, tne je 3 2. (P? + Q? + 2PQ cosoy'? =P? x (-98) x 62 8.8 m V = 40 kmh! and T = 8 min NUMERICALS ee Serie com ‘A motorboat is racing towards north at 25 kmir' and the water current in that region is 10 kmir" in the direction of 60° east of south. Find the resultant velocity of the boat ‘An aircrait is flying al a height of 8400 m above the ground. If the angle subtended at a ground observation point by the aircraft position 10 second apart is 30°, what is the speed of the aircraft? ‘boat is moving wth a veloty (3 4) vith respect to ground The \water in river is flowing witha veloety {Si ~ 4) with respect to ground What Is the relative velocity of boat with respect to river? XI Physics 8"7, 18 14, 18, 16, 7, 18 19 20. = ‘Atiker stands on the edge of a cit 490 m above the ground and throws 3 apne norsontaiy wih an Agel opood of 15 9 2"! Neglecting air resistence, find the time taken by the stone to reach the ground and the ‘spo0d with which it hits tho ground (g = 9.8 ms) ‘A bullet fired at an angle of 30° with the horizontal hits the ground 3 km ‘away. By adjusting the angle of projection, can one hape to hit the target '5 km away? Assume that the muzzle speed to be fixed and neglect air resistance. ANSWER V = 21.8 kmh angle with north 0 = 23.4" Spoed = 182.2 mst = +8) time = 10 seconds vis? + 987 = 98.1 ms! Maximum Range = 3.46 km So it is not possible NUMERICALS A stone tied to the end of a string 80 om long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 seconds, what is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone? ‘A cyclist fiding with a speed of 27 kmir". As he approaches a citeular ‘umn on the road of radius 20 m, ne applies brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rato 0.5 ms. What is the magnitude and direction of the net acceleration of the oycist on the circular turn? Py 21 = Physies myCBSEguide.com20. a1 22. 23. at 22 ee Serie com ANSWERS we Bidet wa 2. BN = oT a = 991.2 cms* a, “= 07m? a a= a.’ +ay* = 086ms * 1 0 is the angle between the net acceleration and the velocity of the cyclist, then 0 = tan" 22 — tan“ (1.4) ar ? = 54°28" NUMERICAL, If the magnitude of two vectors are 3 and 4 and their scalar product is 6, find angle between them. Find the value of & so that the vector A 2i4xj=k and B = 4\— 2) — ak are porpendieuar to each other. Wj andj ate unt vectors along X and y-axis respectively, then what the magnitude and diestion of 4.4 and 7-7 ANSWERS AB = ABcose or 6 = @x 4) cos 0 or 0 = 60" XI Physics 10