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ABSTRACT
Naik, P.K. 2013. Bypass fat in dairy ration-A review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 147163.
Role of bypass fat in rations of the high producing dairy animals is very crucial for enhancing
the energy density of the ration. Dietary fat, that resists lipolysis and biohydrogenation in rumen by
rumen microorganisms, but gets digested in lower digestive tract, is known as bypass fat or rumen
protected fat or inert fat. Among all forms of bypass fat, calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CaLCFA) is relatively less degradable in rumen, has highest intestinal digestibility and serve as an additional
source of calcium. A simple cost effective indigenous technology has been developed for the preparation
of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) using vegetable fatty acids. Ration of the high producing animals should contain
4-6% fat, which should include fat from natural feed, oil seed and bypass fat in equal proportions.
Supplementation of bypass fat had no adverse effect on the rumen fermentation, feed intake, digestibility
of nutrients and different blood parameters of the dairy animals. The milk yield is increased by 5.5-24.0%
along with the improvement in post partum recovery of the body weight and body condition score and
reproductive performance of the dairy animals. Feeding of the indigenously prepared bypass fat to
lactating dairy animals has shown to give additional benefit of Rs. 12-40/- per animal per day. Further
research is necessary to find out the supplemental effect of the bypass fat on dairy animals fed various
types of basal rations at different productive levels and stages of lactation.
Key words: Bypass, Cow, Dairy, Fat, Inert, Milk, Protected, Ration, Rumen.
INTRODUCTION
Basic concepts on fats and its classification (McDonald et al., 2002) and composition
of milk fat (Jensen, 2002) have been well documented (Naik, 2012). During early lactation,
high producing dairy animals remain in considerable negative energy balance leading to
metabolic stress and sub-optimal milk production (Bell, 1995; Drackley, 1999). Addition
of concentrates at higher level in ration of high producing dairy animals as a strategy for
enhancing energy density of ration decreases fiber intake and leads to acidosis (Palmquist
and Jenkins, 1980) and milk fat depression (Jenkins and McGuire, 2006). Although, dietary
fat has great potential to enhance energy density of the ration and then composition of
*Corresponding author: pknaikicar@gmail.com
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Naik
the milk fat, various factors limit its use in large amounts in ration (Palmquist, 1994).
The extent of hydrolysis of the dietary free in rumen is very high (85-95%), which causes
reduction of the fiber digestibility. Devendra and Lewis (1974) explained four theories
on this reduction of fiber digestibility by dietary fat, which include (i) coating of the
fibrous portion of the diet with the lipids thereby preventing attack by the microorganisms
(ii) modification in the rumen population concerned with the cellulose digestion (iii)
inhibition of the activity of the rumen microorganisms due to an effect on cell permeability
brought about by absorption of the fatty acids on cell wall or due to an anti-metabolite
effect (iv) reduction in the availability of minerals (Ca and Mg) essential for the microbial
activity due to the formation of mineral complexes with the fatty acids. Role of the bypass
fat in the rations of the high producing dairy animals is very crucial for enhancing the
energy density of ration (NRC, 2001). Dietary fat, that resists lipolysis and
biohydrogenation in rumen by rumen microorganisms, but gets digested in lower digestive
tract, is known as bypass fat or rumen protected fat or inert fat.
Natural bypass fat
Whole oil seeds, when fed without processing except drying have natural bypass
fat properties due to their hard outer seed coat, which protects the internal fatty acids
from lipolysis and biohydrogenation in rumen (Ekeren et al., 1992). However, during
mastication by animals there is physical breakdown of seed coat, which gives poor result
of rumen inertness. Important whole oil seeds commonly used in the ration of dairy
animals are cotton, roasted soybeans, sun flower and canola. Further, feed ingredients
containing saturated fatty acids are less toxic to the ruminal microorganisms and minimize
the adverse effects of the fat supplementation as they react more readily with the metal
ions forming insoluble salts in rumen (Jenkins and Palmquist, 1982) and do not go for
further ruminal biohydrogenation (Chalupa et al., 1986). The percentage of fat, saturated
fatty acids (SFA) and un-saturated fatty acids (USFA) of different oil seeds are provided
(Nebguide, 2004) in Table 1.
Chemically prepared bypass fat
Chemically prepared bypass fat mainly includes crystalline or prilled fatty acids,
formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids, fatty acyl amides and calcium salts
of long chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA).
Table 1. Fat, SFA and USFA content of important oil seeds
Oil seeds
Fat%
SFA%
USFA%
Cotton
20.0
26
74
Soybean
18.8
15
85
Sunflower
44.4
12
88
51
49
40.2
06
94
Palm
Canola
NebGuide (2004).
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Naik
Naik et al., 2013a) and often, bypass fat is out of reach to them due to its inadequate
accessibility or high cost. To make the bypass fat more accessible to all types of dairy
farmers, a simple cost effective indigenous technology has been developed for the
preparation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) using different vegetable fatty acids (Naik et al.,
2007a; 2007b; Naik and Singh, 2011; Naik, 2013; 2013b) and significant works have
been conducted by several workers (Naik et al., 2009a; 2009b; Gowda et al., 2013;
Parnerkar et al., 2011; Wadhwa et al., 2012).
Level of supplementation of bypass fat
In proximate analysis, dietary fats are expressed as ether extract, which includes
true fats and ether soluble non-fatty acids substances. Up to 50% of forages and 20%
of the grain ether extractable materials may be of non-fatty acids nature (Palmquist and
Jenkins, 1980). Theoretically, the efficiency of nutrient utilization is maximal for milk
production, when supplemental dietary fat provides 15-20% of the dietary metabolizable
energy or 7-8% of the dietary fat on DM basis (Scott et al., 1995). As per NRC (2001),
dairy ration (mixture of cereals and forages) contains about 3% fat and the total dietary
fat in ration should not exceed 6-7% of the DM. Palmquist and Jenkins (1980) concluded
that addition of 3-5% fat of the total ration DM has beneficial effect on the milk production;
whereas decrease in production occurs, when the fat level exceeds 6% of the ration DM
(Jenkins and Palmquist, 1984). Although bypass fat can be included in higher amount
in the diet of dairy animals (West and Hill, 1990); feeding bypass fat at 9% of the dietary
DM is not beneficial in lactating dairy cows (Schauff and Clark, 1992). Palmquist (1991)
suggested that the first 3% fat of the DM intake of the animal should be provided by
oilseed sources and that in excess of 3% should be as bypass fat. It is recommended that
ration of the high producing animals should contain 4-6% fat, which should include fat
from natural feed, oil seed and bypass fat in equal proportions (Sharma, 2004).
In Indian feeding condition, about 200-300g bypass fat product has been
supplemented in the daily diet of the lactating crossbred cows by many workers (Naik
et al., 2009b; Sirohi et al., 2010; Mudgal et al., 2012; Wadhwa et al., 2012). However,
other workers supplemented bypass fat @ 2.5% (Tyagi et al., 2009a; 2009b) and 4.0%
(Thakur and Shelke, 2010) of the total DM intake of the lactating crossbred cows and
buffaloes, respectively. Based on the milk production, bypass fat was supplemented @
10g (Gowda et al., 2013) and 20g (Parnerkar et al., 2011) per kg milk production in
lactating cows and buffaloes, respectively.
Effect on in vitro and rumen fermentation
There was significant reduction in in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) with
increase in the level of bypass fat; however, the TVFA, TN, TCA-N, NPN and NH3N remained alike (Tangendjaja et al., 1993). There was no effect of the indigenously
prepared bypass fat on the IVDMD, TN, TCA-N, NPN and NH3-N (Table 2); however,
the TVFA concentration in the diet without bypass fat was lower than the diet with
bypass fat (Naik et al., 2009a). Saijpaul et al. (2010) concluded that the indigenously
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prepared bypass fat can substitute up to 40% of the natural fat of the concentrate mixture
(6% natural fat) contained in total mixed rations (50:50, R: C); and in rations with
limited grain (5-10%) and high level of bypass fat, 1% urea could reduce the IVDMD
(Saijpaul et al., 2010).
Table 2. Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on in vitro and rumen fermentation
Parameters
IVDMD (%)
In vitro fermentation1
Rumen fermentation 2
53.0
54.0
pH
6.90
6.77
TVFA* (meq/dl)
3.23a
4.77b
7.13a
8.08b
TN (mg/dl)
15.40
17.73
82.04
83.21
TCA-N* (mg/dl)
7.93
8.87
32.57a
38.22 b
NPN (mg/dl)
7.47
8.87
49.47
44.99
NH3-N (mg/dl)
3.41
4.85
10.03
9.80
5.80
6.90
TPC (x104/ml)
2.12
2.31
11
*Means bearing different superscripts in a row, within a particular criterion, differ significantly (P<0.05).
Naik
if any, bypass fat should be diluted with grain (Grummer et al., 1990). The type of fatty
acids of Ca salt has an effect on DM intake as it is altered quadratically, when unsaturation
of dominant FA in Ca salts is increased (Chouinard et al., 1998).
Effect on digestibility of nutrients
There was no effect (Table 3) of supplementation of bypass fat on the digestibility
of DM, OM, CP, CF, NFE, TCHO, NDF and cellulose (Naik et al., 2007b; 2009a;
Tyagi et al., 2009a; Thakur and Shelke, 2010; Sirohi et al., 2010), which may be due
to the non-interference and relatively stable nature of bypass fat (Garcia-Bojalil et al.,
1998). However, Schauff and Clark (1992) reported increase in the digestibility of CP,
when Ca-LCFA was fed to the dairy animals.
Table 3. Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on the digestibility (%) of nutrients
Nutrient
DM
53.0-71.02
54.0-70.47
OM
56.0-72.10
57.0-71.55
CP
60.80-91.59
61.56-90.31
EE
70.68-75.37a
82.05-89.0b
CF
52.77-62.61
52.01-60.22
NFE
59.07-70.48
60.87-70.68
TCHO
53.0-68.3
53.0-65.8
NDF
50.07-66.3
51.32-64.1
ADF
39.0a-62.3
44.0b-61.1
Hemi cellulose
73.0b
69.3 a
Cellulose
68.7
66.8
ab
Naik
MJ/ kg) and ME (7.87 vs 8.50, MJ/ kg) content of the diet increased in low roughage
(R: C-65: 35) diet, with bypass fat supplementation (Naik et al., 2009a).
Effect on various blood parameters
Bypass fat supplementation had no effect on the blood glucose (55.84-58.64 vs 57.8258.59, mg/dl); BUN (16.97-26.24 vs 15.73-26.72, mg/l); NEFA (106.54 vs 124.12, mg/
l); protein (9.21 vs 8.88, g/dl); albumin (3.24 vs 3.43, g/dl); globulin (95.96 vs 5.45,
g/dl); creatinine (1.13 vs 1.16) and cholesterol (170.85 vs 200.39) level of dairy animals
(Tyagi et al., 2009a; Wadhwa et al., 2012). However, Tyagi et al. (2009a) and Wadhwa
et al. (2012) reported, respectively that blood TG level was not affected (18.75 vs 18.15)
and increased (51.34 vs 69.70) due to the supplemental bypass fat. Further, as per the
report of Wadhwa et al. (2012), the blood uric acid (6.16 vs 9.22), Ca (10.31 vs v11.24)
and P (8.78 vs 9.54) levels are increased (P<0.05) in the animals fed bypass fat.
Effect on milk yield
On supplementation of bypass fat in the diet of dairy animals, the milk yield
(Table 4) is increased by 5.5-24.0% (Naik et al., 2009b; Tyagi et al., 2009a; Thakur
and Shelke, 2010; Sirohi et al., 2010; Gowda et al., 2013; Parnerkar et al., 2011;
Wadhwa et al., 2012).
Although, there is no significant interaction with breed of cow, effect of supplemental
bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) on milk yield tends to be greater in Holstein cows than Jersey
cows (West and Hill, 1990). Effect of supplementation of bypass fat in dairy cows on
Table 4. Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on milk yield (MY, kg)
Bypass fat
(+)
(-)
Increase in MY
(kg)
References
(%)
Milk yield*
15.51
18.88
3.37
21.7
4% FCM yield*
12.63
15.31
2.68
21.2
Milk yield*
17.57
18.65
1.08
6.2
4% FCM yield*
17.47
19.26
1.79
10.3
Milk Yield*
9.49
10.68
1.19
12.5
4% FCM yield*
11.86
13.45
1.59
13.4
11.40
13.18
1.78
15.6
4% FCM yield*
12.01
14.89
2.88
24.0
17.80
19.00
1.20
6.8
Milk yield
11.17
12.04
0.87
7.8
Parnerkar et al.(2011)
6% FCM yield
14.00
16.13
2.13
15.2
Milk yield
20.42
21.55
1.13
5.5
*Significant differences in milk yield between control (-) and supplemented (-) groups.
154
milk yield and FCM yield is also influenced by parity of animal, which is more in
primiparous cows than multiparous cows; however, for milk yield interaction is not
significant but for FCM yield interaction is significant (Sklan et al., 1994). Stage of
lactation influences supplemental effect of the bypass fat on milk yield and FCM yield,
which is generally increased in early and peak lactation (Schneider et al, 1988), may be
due to the higher energy intake, more efficient use of fat by mammary gland and
enhancement of tissue mobilization before peak production (Sklan et al., 1991). Transfer
efficiency of plasma fatty acids to mammary tissue decreases as lactation progresses;
therefore, increase in production is maximal during early and peak lactation than mid
or late lactation (Grummer, 1988). Garg and Mehta (1998) reported that bypass fat
feeding had maximum effect on milk yield during the first quarter of the lactation, when
feed intake is usually low and the effect was less prominent as lactation advanced,
probably due to the DM intake start increasing after 6-8 weeks of calving. Further,
production of the lactating animal is dependent on the amount of bypass fat supplemented
in the ration. At higher level of supplementation of Ca-LCFA, increase in milk yield is
quadratic, as it interferes with the digestion of other nutrients and impairs benefits of
the supplemental fat on energy utilization (Chouinard et al., 1997). There was increase
in FCM yield of lactating cows, when Ca-LCFA was supplemented up to 6% of the
dietary DM, but, it decreased at 9% of the dietary DM (Schauff and Clark, 1992).
Supplemental effect of the Ca salts on milk production of dairy cows was influenced by
the fatty acids composition of the Ca salts, which was further dependent up on the
lactational stage of the animal. With increase in the unsaturation of the dominant fatty
acids in Ca salts, milk yield increased linearly in early lactation (Chouinard et al., 1998).
However, milk yield was not affected by the dietary supplementation of Ca salts of CLA
in lactating animals (Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2005).
Effect on milk composition
Among all components of milk, fat content is most sensitive to the dietary changes.
Similar to milk yield, although there is no significant interaction with breed of cow,
effect of supplementation of Ca-LCFA on milk composition tends to be greater in Holstein
cows than Jersey cows (West and Hill, 1990). On supplementation of bypass fat to
lactating animals, milk fat percentage (Table 5) is either increased (Sklan et al., 1991;
Thakur and Shelke, 2010; Sirohi et al., 2010; Parnerkar et al., 2011) or decreased
(Chouinard et al., 1998) or not altered (Naik et al., 2009b; Tyagi et al., 2009a). However,
addition of bypass fat in diet generally increases the total milk fat yield due to increase
in the milk production (Naik et al., 2009b). Further, supplemental effect of bypass fat
on milk fat content is dependent up on the level and fatty acid profile of the Ca-LCFA.
Milk fat percentage and yield decreases linearly with increase in the amount of dietary
Ca soap; and Ca-LCFA from a saturated fat source have little influence on milk fat
content (Chouinard et al., 1997), while increase in unsaturation of dominant FA in Ca
salts has a positive linear effect on the milk fat percentage of lactating cows (Chouinard
et al., 1998). Supplementation of Ca-LCFA in the diet of lactating cows generally
decreases the proportions of short and medium chain saturated fatty acids (C6:0 to C16:0)
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Naik
The SNF content of milk is either not altered (Naik et al., 2009b; Tyagi et al.,
2009a; Thakur and Shelke, 2010; Sirohi et al., 2010) or increased (Wadhwa et al.,
2012); however, the total SNF yield is increased due to the increase in milk production
(Naik et al., 2009b).
Milk protein is more responsive to diet than lactose, but is less responsive than
fat (Jenkins and McGuire, 2006). Generally, supplementation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA)
has negative effect on the milk protein percentage; an overall effect of -0.12 percentage
unit (Chouinard et al., 1998). Depressed milk protein percentage is related to the dilution
of milk protein as higher milk volume synthesized is not synchronized with uptake of
amino acids by the mammary gland (DePeters and Cantt, 1992). Further, dietary fat
impairs amino acids transport to mammary gland and decreases milk protein synthesis
by inducing insulin resistance (Palmquist and Moser, 1981). If protein or amino acids
are inadequate, lipoprotein synthesis may be decreased. Consequently, fat and protein
transport to mammary gland is reduced leading to decrease in milk protein percentage,
which usually occurs and decrease in milk fat percentage, which sometimes occurs.
Effect of supplemental Ca-LCFA on milk protein content is not influenced by the breed
of the animal (West and Hill, 1990), but is influenced by the parity and stage of lactation
of the animal. Decline in milk protein content is reported both in multiparous cows (West
and Hill, 1990) and primiparous cows; however, decline is apparent only in late lactation
but not in early lactation (Sklan et al., 1992). Dietary protein should be increased, when
fat supplemented diets are fed to animals (Palmquist and Moser, 1981). However, reports
of no change (Naik et al., 2009b; Tyagi et al., 2009a; Thakur and Shelke, 2010; Sirohi
et al., 2010) and increase (Wadhwa et al., 2012) in milk protein percentage are also
available. However, the total milk protein yield is increased due to the increase in milk
production (Naik et al., 2009b). Generally, lactose (Naik et al., 2009b; Tyagi et al.,
156
2009a; Thakur and Shelke, 2010) and total solid (Naik et al., 2009b) contents were not
influenced by the supplemental bypass fat; but the concentration and yield of lactose is
altered in quadratic pattern, when amounts of Ca soap fed to cows are increased (Chouinard
et al., 1997). Supplemental effect of Ca-LCFA on milk total solid is influenced by the
parity of the animal, which is greater for primiparous cows than multiparous cows (West
and Hill, 1990). Yield of total solids and solid corrected milk (SCM) has quadratic
response to supplemental Ca soap (Chouinard et al., 1997). Very often, supplementation
of Ca salts in diet of lactating cows increases milk yield without changing milk composition
(Ferguson et al., 1989). Supplemental Ca salt of CLA (cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans10, cis-12-CLA) reduces milk fat content (Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2005), de novo
synthesis of C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0 and increases CLA (cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10,
cis-12-CLA) content of milk fat in a dose dependent manner (Giesy et al., 2002).
Supplementation of Ca salt of CLA to lactating animals is a potential method to increase
the CLA content of the milk fat (Giesy et al., 2002) and causing MFD without alteration
in the milk and milk protein yield (Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2005), which may be a
useful management tool to alleviate the negative energy balance of the dairy animals by
decreasing the energy output during early lactation.
Effect on efficiency of nutrient utilization
There are reports of no effect on CP intake (Tyagi et al., 2009a; 2009b; Thakur
and Shelke, 2010) and DCP intake (Naik et al., 2007b) by the supplementation of bypass
fat to dairy animals. However, Sirohi et al. (2010) reported increase in CP intake (1.44
vs 1.60; kg/d) in lactating crossbred cows supplemented with bypass fat. The TDN
intake was either not altered (Naik et al., 2007b; Sirohi et al., 2010) or increased (Tyagi
et al., 2009a; Thakur and Shelke, 2010) on supplementation of bypass fat in the diet of
the dairy animals. Also, no increase in the DE and ME intake had been reported by the
earlier workers on bypass fat supplementation to buffaloes (Naik et al., 2009a). Bypass
fat supplementation in the diet of the dairy animals increases the efficiency of utilization
of different nutrients. Tyagi et al. (2009a) reported decrease in the intake (kg) of DM
(0.81 vs 0.78 and 0.82 vs 0.76); CP (0.12 vs 0.11; 0.12 vs 0.11) and TDN (0.52 vs
0.51; 0.52 vs 0.50) per kg of milk and FCM production in crossbred cows indicating
better utilization of DM , CP and TDN due to bypass fat supplementation. Sirohi et al.
(2010) also observed decrease in the CP intake (130.72 vs 118.87, g) per kg FCM
production in crossbred cows indicating better utilization of the dietary CP.
Effect on body weight and body condition
Body condition score (BCS) provides better estimate of body fat distribution than
body weight (Ferguson et al., 1994). General pattern of change in BCS over lactation
is an initial fall continuing for 2-3 months and then a lower recovery over mid lactation
(Treacher et al., 1986). Body weight (BW) and BCS do not change in parallel; change
in BCS occurs later than change in the BW. Effect of supplemental bypass fat (CaLCFA) on change of BW is influenced by parity of the animal as loss of BW is more
and longer lasting in primiparous cows than multiparous cows (Sklan et al., 1994). Garg
157
Naik
and Mehta (1998) observed that the BSC of the cows improved due to bypass fat feeding
indicating reduction in weight loss in the first quarter and helped gaining substantially
after 90 days of feeding. Naik et al. (2009b) reported better recovery in BW (-2.08 vs
+14.13, kg) and BSC (-0.06 vs +0.02) in crossbred cows during early lactation in
bypass fat supplemented group. Thakur and Shelke (2009) reported that supplementation
of calcium salts of soya acid oil fatty acids at 4% of DMI improved the ADG (553.10
vs 577.60, g) in Murrah buffalo calves owing to higher TDN intake (2.14 vs 2.42, kg/
d). The BW of the animals improved considerably in the bypass fat supplemented group
as compared to the un-supplemented group (551 vs 508, kg), but the differences were
non-significant (Wadhwa et al., 2012).
Effect on reproduction
Supplementation of Ca-LCFA in the diet has positive effect on reproductive
performance of dairy cows, which is further dependent up on the specific fatty acids
profile of the Ca salt. Feeding Ca-LCFA increases pregnancy rate and reduces open days
(Sklan et al., 1991). Several hypotheses are suggested regarding role of the fatty acids
on reproductive performance of dairy animals (Sklan et al., 1994). These include (i)
improved energy balance results in an earlier return to post-partum ovarian cycling; (ii)
increase linoleic acid may provide increase PGF2 and stimulate return to ovarian
cycling and improve follicular recruitment; and (iii) increase in progesterone secretion
either from improved energy balance or from altered lipoprotein composition from dietary
fat improves fertility. Due to bypass fat feeding, the average period for conception after
calving was reduced (118 vs 92, days) in cows (Garg and Mehta, 1998). Naik et al.
(2009b) reported that when bypass fat was included in diet of crossbred cows, the
number of artificial inseminations required per conception was reduced (1.4 vs 1.2),
indicating better reproductive performance of animals. However, changes in reproductive
performance associated with fat supplementation are related to magnitude of the milk
response of the fat supplementation (Scott et al., 1995). The bypass fat supplementation
during pre-partum period to advanced pregnant cows increased the calf weight (24.94
vs 27.95, kg), calving percent (88.88 vs 100); decreased the incidences of still birth (1
vs 0), premature birth (1 vs 0) and retention of foetal membranes (4 vs 1) in high yielding
cross bred cows (Tyagi et al., 2009b). Gowda et al. (2013) also reported better reproductive
performance in cows fed indigenously prepared bypass fat. The supplementation of
protected fat and protein during early lactation improved the reproductive performance
in Murrah buffaloes along with increase in the milk production and its persistency
(Shelke et al., 2012).
Effect of on economics of milk production
The cost of production of the indigenously prepared bypass fat depends up on the
cost of the raw materials. Depending up on the accessibility of raw materials, cost of
production of the bypass fat, prepared by the indigenous technology is reasonable and
affordable. Feeding of the indigenously prepared bypass fat to dairy animals has shown
to give additional profit of Rs. 34.50/- per cow per day (Naik et al., 2009b), Rs. 11.60/
158
- per cow per day (Gowda et al., 2013) and Rs. 39.66/- per buffalo per day (Parnerkar
et al., 2011); besides improvement in reproductive performance and health of the animals.
CONCLUSIONS
From available literature, it can be concluded that supplementation of bypass fat
in the diet of dairy animals is very important to alleviate problems of negative energy
balance without adversely affecting the dry matter intake and rumen fermentation.
Supplementation of bypass fat gives additional benefit due to increase in milk yield,
FCM yield, efficiency of nutrient utilization, post partum recovery of the body weight
and body condition score and reproductive performance of the dairy animals. Further
research is necessary to find out the supplemental effect of the bypass fat on dairy
animals fed various types of basal rations at different productive levels and stages of
lactation.
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