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GENETIC INHERITANCE

4.0 GENETIC INHERITANCE

1)4.1 Mendelian genetics : monohybrid & dihybrid
2)4.2 Deviations from the Mendelian Inheritance
3)4.3 Genetic mapping

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Learning outcomes :
4.2.1 Codominant alleles
a) Explain codominant alleles

Codominant alleles

When both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in

the heterozygous form.
The heterozygous & homozygous individuals have
different phenotypes.
Eg : The existence of three different human blood
groups called the M,N and MN blood groups.
Another example is ABO human blood group (AB
type).
Phenotypic ratio 1:2:1
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By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.1.Codominant alleles
b) Calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios (1:2:1)

P:

LMLM

G:

LM

F1:

LMLN

G:

LM

F2:

LMLM

LNLN
LN
x LMLN

LN

LMLN

LM

LN

LNLM LNLN

Genotypic ratio : 1 LMLM : 2 LMLN : 1 LNLN

Phenotypic ratio : 1 M : 2 MN : 1 N
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By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.1.Codominant alleles
b) Calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios (1:2:1)

Phenotype
(Blood group)

Genotype

IAIA , IAIO

IBIB , IBIO

AB

IAIB

IOIO / ii

ABO Blood Group

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By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.2 Incomplete dominant alleles
a) Explain incomplete dominant alleles

Incomplete Dominant Allele

One allele is not fully dominant over its partner

So, in the heterozygous condition, the total
product is intermediate between that of the
dominant and recessive alleles.
Eg : color of snap dragon flower, Antirrhinum.
Heterozygotes for color alleles have pink colors in
contrast to red ( dominant homozygotes) and
white (recessive heterozygotes).
The phenotypic ratio for the monohybrid cross
then becomes 1:2:1 instead of 3:1.
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By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.2 Incomplete dominant alleles
b) Calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios (1:2:1)

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Learning outcomes :
4.2.3 Multiple alleles
Explain multiple alleles

Multiple Alleles

One gene having more than two alleles.

All alleles control the same character.

E.g : ABO blood type in human.

Three different alleles : IA, IB, IO

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Only two of these alleles can occupy a locus

on homologous chromosomes in a single
diploid organism.
By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.3 Multiple alleles
Explain multiple alleles

Multiple alleles control the ABO blood groups.

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.4 Polygenes
Explain plygenes/polygenic inheritance

Polygenes

Polygenic inheritance, a characteristic is

controlled by many genes.
The final phenotype characteristic of an
organism is the additive or cumulative effects
of these genes with each gene contributing a
small amount to the phenotype.
A polygenic traits is a quantitative trait that
exhibits continuous variation & easily affected
by environmental factors.

7/5/11

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.4 Polygenes
Explain plygenes/polygenic inheritance

Let us consider three genes, with a dark-skin

allele for each gene (A,B,C) contributing one
unit of darkness to the phenotype and being
incompletely dominant to the other alleles
(a,b,c).
An AABBCC person would be very dark,
while an aabbcc individual would be very
light, An AaBbCc person would have skin of
an intermediate shade.

7/5/11

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.4 Polygenes
Explain plygenes/polygenic inheritance

Because the alleles have a cumulative effect,

the genotypes AaBbCc and AABbcc would
make the same genetic contribution (three
units) to skin darkness.

7/5/11

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.4 Polygenes
Explain plygenes/polygenic inheritance

7/5/11

Learning outcomes :
4.2.4 Polygenes
Explain plygenes/polygenic inheritance

Individuals based on
degrees of skin darkness.

0 darkness

Phenotype

Genotype

Very fair

pphh

Fair

ppHh ; Pphh

XX

Quite dark

PPhh; ppHH;
PpHh

XXX

Dark

PPHh; PpHH

XXXX

Very dark

PPHH

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.5 Lethal genes
a) Explain recessive lethal genes

Lethal Alleles

Some genes have such serious effects that the

organism is unable to live. These are called lethal
genes.
RECESSIVE
DOMINANT
LETHAL GENES

LETHAL GENES
AA

~ normal

AA
Aa

~ die while zygote

~ will die because the
existence of lethal
genes

Aa

~ normal

aa

~ will die because the

existence of lethal
genes

aa

~ normal

Cystic fibrosis
Sickle-cell anemia
Thalassemia

Huntingtons disease
7/5/11

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.5 Lethal genes
a) Explain recessive lethal genes

One classic example is the gene for coat color of

rodents (mice).
Wild mice have grey-colored fur (agouti) while
mutants, yellow.
A self cross between mice with yellow fur
produces offspring in the ratio of 2 yellow to 1
agouti.

These results suggest that the allele for yellow

(Y) is dominant to the allele for agouti (y).
So, although the Y allele is dominant for fur
color, it is recessive for the lethal characteristic .
Phenotypic ratio 2:1

7/5/11

By Jamilah Omar

Learning outcomes :
4.2.5 Lethal genes
b) Calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios for lethal allele (2:1)

Coat color of rodents

P:

Yellow
Yy

G:

F1 YY
: Yellow

y
Yy
Yellow

die
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By Jamilah Omar

Yellow
Yy
Y
Yy
Yellow

y
yy
Grey

Learning outcomes :
4.2.6 Linked genes
a) Explain linked genes

Linked Genes

Genes that are on the same chromosome and tend to be

inherited together.
Such genes do not obey Mendels laws because they do
not undergo independent assortment.
The dihybrid inheritance for linked genes is similar to the
mechanism for monohybrid inheritance since the two linked
genes act as a single unit when passed from parents to
their offspring.

F2 phenotype ratio, 3:1 not 9:3:3:1

Test cross, 1:1 not 1:1:1:1

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B
V

b
v

Learning outcomes :
4.2.6 Linked genes
a) Explain linked genes

B = dominant allele for grey V = dominant allele for normal wings

b = recessive allele for black v = recessive allele for vestigial wings

P:

BV/BV

bv/bv

G:

BV

F1:

BV/bv (grey, normal)

G:

BV

F2:

BV/BV
grey,normal

bv

bv

x
BV

BV/bv (self cross)

bv

BV/bv
bv/BV
bv/bv
grey,normal grey,normal black,vestigial

Phenotypic ratio = 3 (grey, normal) : 1 (black, vestigial)

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Learning outcomes :
a) Explain linked genes

B = dominant allele for grey V = dominant allele for normal wings

b = recessive allele for black v = recessive allele for vestigial wings

P:
G:
F1:
G:
F2:

BV/BV

bv/bv

BV

bv

BV/bv (grey, normal)

BV
BV/bv
grey,normal

bv

bv/bv (test cross)

bv

bv/bv
black,vestigial

Phenotypic ratio= 1 (grey, normal) : 1 (black, vestigial)

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Learning outcomes :
4.2.6 Linked genes
b) Describe the effects of linked genes with crossing over on the dihybrid test cross ratio

Linked genes (effect of crossing over)

F2
- 2 smaller groups with characteristics that have
been rearranged (recombinants), apart from the two
main groups with the characteristics similar to that
of the P generation.
- phenotypic ratio; self cross not 9:3:3:1
test cross not 1:1:1:1

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B
V

b
v

B
v

b
V

Learning outcomes :
b) Describe the effects of linked genes with crossing over on the dihybrid test cross ratio

Example :
In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, there is a dominant
gene for grey body & a dominant gene for normal wings.
Recessive alleles for both of genes produce black body
& a vestigial wings respectively. Homozygous flies with
grey body & normal wings have been crossed with flies
with black body & vestigial wings. The result of the test
cross for F1 progeny are as follows:
Grey body, normal wings: 236
Black body, vestigial wings: 248
Grey body, vestigial wings: 44
Black body, normal wings: 55

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Learning outcomes :
b) Describe the effects of linked genes with crossing over on the dihybrid test cross ratio

B = dominant allele for grey

b = recessive allele for black

P:

BV/BV

G:
F1:

V = dominant allele for normal wings

v = recessive allele for vestigial wings

bv/bv

BV

bv

BV/bv (grey, normal)

G:

BV

bv

F2:

BV/bv

Bv
bv/bv

bv/bv (test cross)

bV

bv

Bv/bv

bV/bv

Phenotype : grey,normal black,vestigial grey,vestigial black,normal

Parental phenotype
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Recombinant phenotype

Learning outcomes :
4.2.7 Explain sex-linked genes

Sex Linked Genes

Human have 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex

chromosome.
Genes carried on the sex chromosomes are said to be
sex-linked.
Human females have two X chromosomes, meaning
they have two sex-linked alleles.

7/5/11

Learning outcomes :
4.2.7 Explain sex-linked genes

In males, the Y chromosome is smaller and

cannot mirror all the genes found on the X
chromosome, so males have only one sex-linked
allele.
This is why males suffer from the effects of Xlinked genetic diseases more often than females.
E.g : white eyes in fruit flies; hemophilia,
baldness, colour blindness in humans.

7/5/11

Learning outcomes :
4.2.7 Explain sex-linked genes

XnXn

Parent:

Female color blind

Gamete:

Progeny:

Xn

XNXn

Xn

X N Xn

100% female carrier

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X NY

Male normal

XN

X nY

X nY

100% male color blind

Learning outcomes :
4.2.7 Explain sex-linked genes

Parent:

XNXN
Female normal

Gamete:

XN

Progeny:

XNXn

XN

XNXn

100% female carrier

7/5/11

X nY
Male color blind

Xn

XNY

XNY

100% male normal

Learning outcomes :
4.2.7 Explain sex-linked genes

By Jamilah Omar