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    Mlle ALEC LAL PEHSONAIL GOPY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFF REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFF Ames Aeronautical Laboratory Moffett Field, Calif. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Headquarters, 1724 F Street NW, Washington 25, D. C. Created by act of Congress approved March 3, 1915, for the supervision and direction of the scientifie study of the problems of flight. (U. 8. Code, title 50, sec. 151). Its membership was increased from 12 to 15 by act approved March 2, 1929, and to 17 by act approved May 25,1948. ‘The members are appointed by the President, and serve as such without compensation, Jnxown C. Hoxsaxse, Se. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chairman Devitv W. Buowk, Pu. D., President, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Vice Chairman Hox. Josern P. Apaws, member, Civil Aeronauties Board. Auurx V. Astix, Pu D., Director, National Bureat of Standards. Lroxann Canmicuast, Pu D., Seeretary, Smithsonlan Tnstiti tion. Lavuexcn C. Crarotm, Lieutenant General, United States Air Foree, Deputy Chief of Stat (Development). Janes H. Dootrreis, Se. D,, View President, Shell Oil Co, Liovp Hanntson, Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, R. M, Hazex, B. 8,, Director of Engineering, Allison Division, General Motors Corp. Witutan Lirmiewoop, M. B, Vice President—Engineering, American Airlines, Inc. How. Ronent B. Munnay, Jn., Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation, Rauew A. Oren, Vieo Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘Chief of Naval Operations (Air). Dowain L, Porn, Lieutenant General, United States Air Force, Commander, Air Research and Development Command. Anton E. Harwoxo, Se, D., Vieo President—Engineering, Douglas Aireraft Co., Ine, Francis W. Rercwetpunran, Sc. D., Chief, United States Weather Bureau, ‘Tuxovone P. Waions, So, D., Vice President for Research, Cornell University Hoan 1, Dayoex, Pa. D., Director Jou W. Crownr, Jn, B, 8, Associate Director for Research Hexar J. B. Rep, Suits J. DeFraxce, D. Eng., Director, Ames Aeronaut Jous F. Vieronr, LL. D., Brecutive Secretary EnwAno H. Canurauae, Bzceutive Ofteer D. Eng., Director, Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, Va. | Laboratory, Moffett Field, Calif. Epwano R. Suasy, Sc. D., Director, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Ohio Laxouer Axnoxavricat, Lanonaronr, Langley Field, Va. Awes Apnoxavrioat, Lanonaronr, Moffett Field, Cali. Lnwis Fuzour Puorcistox Lanonsrony, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Onto Conduct, under unified contro, for all agencies, of scientife research on the funilamental problems of fight CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION SYMBOLS AND NOTATION FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS. “Tusnwoorsasies "Thermal equations of sta Caloric equation of state Energy relations Specie heats Enthalpy Entropy Coxmvors Oxe-Distenstos at. Pow. - Basie equations and definitions Integrated forms of energy equation Pressure-density relation Bernoulli's equation Relations between loeal and freestreain conditions. Useful ratios Stream-tube-area relations SHOCK WAVES. Nonwat. Sock Waves ‘Basie equations Viseful relations Onuiaue Sock Waves Basie equations Connection with normal shock Useful relations. Shock polar SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGI Fiow Past Wrocns. Fiow Past Coxns PRANDTL-MEYER BXPANSION IMPERFECT-GAS EFFECTS TaERwopys asics Equations of state Specie heats Conrivous Oxx-Ditewsiowal Flow. Basie equations and definitions, Integrated forms of energy equation. Pressure and density relation Stream-tube-ares relations NonwAt Shock Waves Ovuigve Stock Waves. PraxbricMzvin EXPANsiow APPENDIX A~VISCOSITY AND THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS FOR ATR APPENDIX B-REYNOLDS 3 APPENDIX C REFERENCES ‘TABLES CHARTS, ND CONES MBER. PRESSURE CONVERSION PACTORS, 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 5 ® 19 19 9 40 REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ' By Auns Ress SUMMARY This report, which is a revision and extension of NACA TN 1428, presents a compilation of equations, tables, and charts useful in the analysis of high-speed flow of a compressible fluid. The equations provide relations for continuous one-dimensional flow, normal and oblique shock waves, and Prandtl-Meyer expansions for both perfect and imperfect gases. The tables present useful dimensionless ratios for continuous one-dimen- ‘tional flow and for normal shock waves as functions of Mach number for air considered as a perfect gas. One series of charts presents the characteristics of the flow of air (considered a perfect 908) for oblique shock waves and for cones in a supersonic air stream. A second series shows the effects of calorie imperfec- tions on continuous one-dimensional flow and on the flow theough normal and oblique shock waves. INTRODUCTION ‘The practical analysis of compressible flow involves fre- quent application of a few basic results. A convenient compilation of equations, tables, and charts embodying these results is therefore of great assistance in both research and design. ‘The present report makes one of the first such compilations (ref. 1) more readily available in a revised and extended form. The revisions include a complete rewriting of the lists of equations, as well as the correction of certain typographical errors which appeared in. the earlier work. ‘The extensions are primarily in the directions dictated by increasing flight speeds, that is, to higher Mach numbers and to higher temperatures with the accompanying gaseous imperfections. Compilations similar to those of reference 1 have been given in other publications, as, for example, references 2 through 6. These references have been utilized in extending the tables and charts to higher values of the Mach number. ‘The extension to imperfect gases is based on the relations presented in references 7 and 8 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION PRIMARY SYMBOLS a speed of sound A cross-sectional area of stream tube or channel { new Stare foree 125) normal-force coefficient for cones, ™ specific heat at constant pressure specific heat at constant volume enthalpy per unit mass, w-+po characteristic reference length v Mach number, pressure ? dynamic pressure,e V"/2 hheat added per unit mass gas constant Reynolds number, °V! base area of cone entropy per unit, mass absolute temperature ? internal energy per unit mass 1 specific volume, + pei "3 velocity components parallel and perpendicular respectively, to free-stream flow direction velocity components normal and tangential, respectively, to oblique shock wave speed of flow ‘maximum speed obtainable by expanding to zero absolute temperature external work performed per unit’ mass angle of attack yi 1) ratio of specific heats, © angle of flow deflection across an oblique shock shock-wave angle measured from upstream flow direction ‘molecular vibrational-enorgy constant Mach angle, sin! absolute viscosity PrandtI-Meyer angle (angle through which a supersoni¢ stream is turned to expand from M=1 to M>1) Atlee Sih ssa dene se pn Sane a a peal MOO! Superanie Win Tanol Stn, 2 REPORT 1135--NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS essure ratio across a shock wave, 2? g pressure ratio across a shock wave, Pt | ? mass density * @ semivertex angle of cone | supscriprs © free-stream conditions 1 conditions just upstream of a shock wave 2 conditions just downstream of a shock wave t total conditions (i, e., conditions that would exist if the gas were brought to rest isen~ tropically) * critical conditions (i. e., conditions where the Jocal speed is equal to the local speed of sound) © conditions on the surface of a cone r reference (or datum) values | pert quantity evaluated for a gas which is both thor mally and ealorically perfect quantity evaluated for a gas which is thermally perfect but calorically imperfect derivative evaluated at constant pressure derivative evaluated at constant entropy derivative evaluated at constant temperature . derivative evaluated at constant specific volume quantity evaluated over a reversible path therm perf NOTATION ‘The notation in brackets { ] after many of the equations signifies that the equation is valid only within certain limitations. For example: Iperf] ‘means that the equation is restricted to a gas which is both thermally and calorically perfect. (By “thermally perfect” itis meant that the gas obeys the thermal equation of state p=pRT. By “ealorically perfect” it is meant that the specific heats ¢y and ¢, are constant.) means that the only restriction on the gas is that it must be thermally perfect. Equa- tions 90 marked may he used for ealorieally imperfect gases. (They are, of course, also valid for completely perfect gases.) [therm perf] lisen] sans that the flow process must take place isentropically. Equations so marked may not be applied to the flow across a shock wave, [diab] means that the only restriction on the flow process is that it must take place adiabati- cally—that is, without heat transfer. (Such a flow process may or may not be isen- | tropic depending on whether it is or is not reversible.) Equations so marked may be ‘applied to the flow across a shock wave, An equation without notation has no restrictions beyond those basic to the study of thermodynamics and/or inviscid | compressible flow. | FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS ‘THERMODYNAMICS [THERMAL EQUATIONS oF STATE ‘A thermal equation of state is an equation of the form p=ple, T) a Several of the more commonly used thermal equations of state are the following: Equation for thermally perfect gas RT. ir = pRT |therm perf] (2) Pe . oe [th perf] (3) Equations for thermally imperfect gus Van der Waals’ equation (ref. 9) Rr abt 2 where a is the intermolecular-force constant and 6 is Ue molecular-size constant (see ref. 9, pp. 390 et seq. for numerieal values). Berthelot’s equation (ref. 7) RT oc joer ® where 6 is the molecularsize constant and ¢ is the intermolecular-force constant (see ref. 7 for numerical values), Beattie Begomnn equation (re. 10) Oa) [o+3 where a, Ao, 5, By, and ¢ are constants for a given gas (ee ref. 10, p. 270 for numerical values). » ‘CALORIC FQUATION OP SATE A calorie equation of state is an equation of the form u=u(e, 7) o Teean be shown that au=c a7 4[1(3h) —p ]d0 (sa) duc, dT {therm perf] (8b) If the gas is calorically porfect—that is, the specific heats are constant—equation (Sb) can be integrated to obtain usel buy Iperf] @) * When wed without suber, .and denote tate est, tat nly, dite, exper EQUATIONS, ‘The Inw of conservation of energy gives dq=du-+dw (first law of thermodynamics) i (10a) =dutp do=dh—o dp dq=c,dT +p dv \ [therm perf] (19b) =e, dT—0 dp ‘The specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume are defined by oom (34) =), ay e=(3h) =(34), (12) Te can be shown that ome=[(50),+°] Gr), _ [therm perf] (13b) ‘The ratio of specific heats is defined as fe ay According to the kinetie theory of gases, for many gases over a moderate range of temperature, +2 wt as where n is the number of effective degrees of freedom of the gas molecule. Useful relations for thermally perfect gases are ah cathe (therm pert oo) compe Re {therm perf] a7) ‘The enthalpy of a gus is defined by het pe as) Te follows that ah—dutp de+odp=da+e dp a ep 2 2P\ a, [oC er{-,o7 QR Je om th=(+RMdT=o,dT {therm perf] (9b) h=@+RT+u=eT+u [per] 20) TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 3 The entropy is defined by asa(G en Te follows that dude) _ (du aun) =f ee a, pao pte (therm perf] 2b) [perf] (28a) 1, =e, in tit ert 23b en aia pf lBertl (exp) pips 8 eo oe o : Iperf] 4) The second law of thermodynamies requires that 5,20. [adiab] (25) CONTINUOUS ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ‘ASIC EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS ‘The hasie equations for the continuous flow of an inviseid non-heat-conducting gas along a streamline are as follows: ‘Thermal equation of state PoRT [therm pert (26) Dynamic equation i 5 ptvay 7) 4 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Energy equation auta(2)+ rest ae dhevav= eT +VaV—" —* a(®)4vav— wi e(2)+Vav=0 Additional useful variables are defined as follows: ‘Speed of sound VQ) VG), \ lin, therm pert \7RT {therm perf] .0 yT ft/sec for air if Tis in degroes Rankine (=degrees Fahrenheit +-459.6) ‘Mach number at Dynamic pressure Loy g=5 eV }pM* [therm peri] (28a) csp) | (29a) (29b) (2) (30) (la) (ab) ‘The energy equation (28) ean be integrated at once to obtain {adinb] [adiab, perf] (32a) (82) (33) PRESSURE-DENSITY RELATION From equations (27) and (28b) it follows that lisen, perf] 4) from which (2) (nr) (ay fisen, perf] (95) Combination of equations (32b) and (35) gives Bernoulli's equation for compressible flow in the form walt (2) + FHS 72) cen, peo 6) [RELATIONS BETWEEN LOCAL AND Fi With the aid of the foregoing equations it ean be shown that lisen perf] (39) In small-disturbance theory, where it is assumed that (V—V«V,, these equations take on the simplified form -O-9M,? ladiab, perf] (40) lisen, perf] ay Ve lisen, perf] (42) On the basis of the above results, useful relations ean be derived expressing various dimensionless ratios as funetions of a single parameter. ‘These relations are given below, grouped according to which of the various parameters (M, Viag, Via,, or V/Vn) is used as the independent variable. In each case the second form of the equation applies fory—2. Parameter 1, ladiab, perf] (43) e(14 ay’ lisen, perf] (44) = lisen, perf] (45) (440) * fadiab, pert} (46) EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Pai Mé [therm perf] par(ietgtan)” h(t)? aae(4 star)" lisen, perf] =m at)" [adiab, perf} (oy am(rgtaey” 28) at (yet E(oe4 * fadiab, perf] Parameter fa Hh ey=1 ~r) [adiab, perf] ee -} YT lisen, perf] Pf! iD tp yet _ D-H om Hasot it eon at -AOLa@T BG) DeG YT mee own RaOlHOT “ACE mene snse92—s4—2 a7) (4s) 49) (50) G1) 2) (53) (54) (65) (66) 67) eh OL HOT “ECLAGIT st ne (HOEY ts nt CEITCL-ACY es y=1-$(Z) actinb, perth eet a Or + H-FOl LHC] es me AOL OT RENLSET ate mt SPOT" “ESOT seve e-Ol-FOT CNET at Pym ()-4E) ath S'(LY-E(E) teciab, pert LT bem (68) (69) (60) on 62) (63) (64) (65) (60) on (68) (69) 6 REPORT 113)—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS aaneter ! ©) ladiab, pee TOT L-CYT ew met (70) ) 2p » ELC L-GYT tenet ox 2 [e-(LYF ih on a ra D-GT Ger (aah pet fisen, perf] (75) JL-GIT CEYL-CEYT tetiah, no 0 2-2 (EH5 (UY tedabs penn @-4 8G) tadiab, perth 78) ‘Tables T and IT list numerieal values of the following ratios with Mach number Af as the independent variable 2#,7,4,¥ Bi oe Te pe ay If it is assumed that the density and speed are uniform across any section of a given stream tube, then the equation of continuity is eV A=constant=p,a,A, (79) By combining this and certain of the foregoing equations, the area ratio A,/A can be expressed as a function of any one of the four parameters used above. The final equations An(rt ay (75! wy ey fisen, perf] (80) | A eer @is 2 oT -( QOLOY yy [isen, perf] (81) "OLE OT 28 (212 F ten pat 2 4-Gay ey"Ob-¢ ECOG] toe mt a Numerical values of A,/A as a funetion of M are given in tables I and I, Equation (79) combined with equations (26), (29b), (45), and (46) can be employed to obtain the mass-low rate per unit area pV’ along a stream tube as a function of Mach number, total temperature, and total pressure. Numerical values can be obtained conveniently from chart 1 where the variation with Mach number of the mass-flow rate per unit cross-sectional area is presented for various total temperatures and a total pressure of 1 pound per square inch absolute. SHOCK WAVES NORMAL SHOCK WAVES Basic EQUATIONS ‘The previous relations for isentropic flow are valid on either side of a shock wave, but not across it, because at the shock wave the flow quantities have discontinuities. Jump LLLLLLLLLL LLL ELL LLLLLLL LLL LLL LLL, Shock wove an Pe Pe e 4} ae Te 9} na a an 2 VITITTTTTTITITI TOTTI TIT ITT OT OTT. Ficune 1—Notation for normal shock wave, conditions for a steady normal shock wave (fig. 1) result from requiring conservation of mass: Pit = pitts: (84) momentum: prtpamt—prt pau (85) energy Suttheeduttha [adiab] (6a) EQUATIONS, TABLES, 1 at puts ve | wedi i BE f ladinb, perf, (0b) es puts together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease: Ase 20 (s7) It follows immediately from the energy relation ($6) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound fare constant across the shock and henee (from the previous relations (33) for adiabatic flow) also the critical speed of sound and limiting speed: he =hs, [adinb] (88) {adiab, perf] (ssh) =v, Combinin relation equations ($4) to (86) Ieads to Pranddl’s 2 iainb, pee (60) which implies that the flow is supersonic ahead of the shock wave and subsonic behind (the reverse possibility is ruled out by the requirement of nondecreasing entropy), and to the Rankine-Hugoniot relations [adiab, perf] (0) FD a= O=D we 2 Pet) [adiab, pe Dota rG=ie Mash Pe OD PtP PeTP ediab, pert 2) vs Many relations for normal shock waves are conveniently expressed in terms of either upstream Mach number My or the static-pressure ratio across the shock §=p:/p. The fol- lowing relations apply to adiabatic flow of a completely perfect fluid. ‘The last form of each equation holds for y= 716. Parameter M;.—~ 7MA=1 . (93) ate Gt) Mi _ 6ME ur GD MEF2” MES o AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE ¥LOW 7 Tat Ty at (2yMht—O— DI a=) M, GUE ME r= 1) Mt+2 My Me+5 Mead Pa_2y7Me—(y—1) Py 7 6 pera) aie y Sse) Toit 2M (otc) = ie ES Me). (22) Gata) co (Rayleigh pitot formula) -o-am() 2 (rt DME af vn [Sian] 7Me. 6M! 4(My—1). (102) a OF DME ‘Numerical values from equations (93), (94), (95), (80), (99), and (100) (with y=7/5) are given in table TT For weak shock waves (M; only slightly greater than unity) the following series are useful: ee yy 27 age—1y Ha tip —T GeapAM KIT 35. (yg2— 14245 cag e— 11+ + arg I+ ggg P+ (203) yt G+ rn R-y=1e, a 3 n1y Oe DY 245 S64 (Ma—1he (Met (04) 8 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS (108) 22th EDEL =1)_6E+1 (108) (107) (108) 4y a e = leanne eo Lies i] (109) Bafta 35e_F Eleroesnee—t Leet, (110) Po Py, ee+1 “Cy ay wn 0 F=—o— In (22) —Ing— ot Deto~ fram] Bo easy tea eer a ROLE) For weak shock waves (€ only slightly greater than unity) att ptt Tay! GD ee Ey oi : slay Et gg (113) +1 ae yf Tag GD ED e-Bay 114) =H Rep aus) In unsteady flow a normal shock wave acts at each in- stant as a steady shock. Hence alll the above relations are valid across a moving normal shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES In general, a three-dimensional shock wave will be curved, and will separate two regions of nonuniform flow. How- ever, the shock transition at each point takes place instan- taneously, so that it is sufficient to consider an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the point. In such a neighborhood Shoek wave, x z 7 . Streomine Provre 2.—Notation for oblique shock wave, the shock wa may be regarded as plane to any desired degree of accuracy, and the flows on either side as uniform and parallel. Moreover, with the proper orientation of axes the flow is locally two-dimensional, Hence itis sufficient to consider a straight oblique shock wave in a ‘uniform parallel two-dimensional stream, as shown in figure Basic EQUATIONS, For a steady oblique shock wave, jump conditions result from requiring conservation of mass: pxils= palin (11s) normal momentum: —pr+avta?=pe-+ os (116) tangential momentum: — pyiiP)= psitaés (7) vt 5 itt AD hi=h Gat 82) + he ladiad| energy: 5 (ii®+ B+ hn=5 (at-+ 4) + haladiab] (18a) fh eae te POETS 4B +657 s fo 2 bab (isp) together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease anne 20 (aig) Again it follows from the energy relation (118) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound are constant across the shock and hence also the critieal speed of sound and limiting speed: (120) aap EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 9 A. comparison of equation (115) with (117) shows that the tangential velocity is constant across the shock wave B= 6) [adiad] (122) so that the change in velocity is normal to the shock. Tt follows that so that the energy equation (118a) reduces to ths (ndiab] (123) Now equations (115), (116), and (123) involve only the component of velocity % normal to the shock, and are identical with equations ($4), (85), and (86) for normal shock waves. Hence an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the component of flow perpendicular to while the tangential component is unchanged. This is also clear physically from the ck principle” that the oblique flow is reduced to the normal flow by a uniform translation of axes (Galilean transformation). Because the speed of sound depends on the tangential velocity, Prandtl’s relation differs from that for normal shock waves (see ref. 11, pp. 302-808): i yl where ay and % can be evaluated on either side of the shock. ‘The Rankine-Hugoniot relations are the same as for normal shock waves: Indinb, perf] (124) +1p—O— Vor B+ De= = Doe [ediab, perf] (125) s(t Det —Dps ai FDO Ns [adiab, perf] (126) PP, Bee. [ediab, perf] (27) Because an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the flow perpendicular to it, the previous relations for normal shocks (except those for ratios of static to total pressures) apply to oblique shocks if Mf, and Mz are replaced by their normal components M; sin @ and M, sin (@—3). This gives most of the following relations; the remainder are derived from them by using the kinematie condition that the stream turns through an angle 6, together with the previous isentropic-flow relations, Parameters M, and ¢.— 2a (128) pata EDM sinto__ 6M sin’o pv iz G—DMe sin'6-+2- My sin'o-+5 ts r sin*@—(—1)I— ME sin‘ GDM sinte 1(M¢ sin’e+5) ~ BOM? sins (130) (—1)Mé sin’ +2 My sinte-+5. 2yMff sin"@—G/— 1) 7M¥ sin?@—1 (31) Me sina) [eyM sin’¢=G— DI DMF sin See 36M sin‘o—a(M} sinte—1)(7M;* sin’e+5) (7M sin’6= 10M? sin’@-+5) (132) j_(y—)M} sin’6+2 | Mf sin’a+5 3 GEDM! sinto "Gas sinto (139) Fn Fh neos 8 (34) (Mi? sin*é 5(M/? sin*é— 1) 5) @Fiaie 1" 6M Ce) 2(Me sin?0—1) 95 4 5(Mi sinte—1) @Fpme SO eM ore (136) 2 sin?o41) 20— 1)(7Mi int . mess nd+5) (37) -1] (18s) 2 cot WM sin’—1) _ 5 cot #(M? sin? 6~ 1) os Sint) 5+ M,(6—5 sin*®) (1398) ‘Mé sin 20~2 cot @_. Mit sin 20—2 cot @ 10 M7 + 50826) (1390) Pa_2yM/ sin? @—(y—1) Py ot) [eens ay Metant— B AY" (140) De {ol2el it 6 Dio Dae sin? eas I Py IM? sin? 6[— 1) Me+ 2) aan —[stesne 1) (Me sin? 0+ 5) 7 SOM sin? OME +5) 10 REPORT 1135 att DM¢ sin* 9 tl a cpaine 2) Frac wl 6AfE sin* 92 a Mn inves) | sane inv o=1) (142) Pe att bo relate) * ftrepaab’ ate pate + Bll — DAM? sin? 0+ s 6 \? Pean? sin? M+ 5) : ~Ganesins =) 5(M, sin’ 8-5) (143) nn) Pe, oo (+1)? sin? @ ain iano 2 {2 sin? @— 1M? sin? o,r”rt~—_C 4(M/? sin® 6-1; 4a) OF DME Values of the following ratios for oblique shock waves ean be read from table 11, provided M, sin 6 is used instead of My in the first column: Ps, 02, Te, Pry Bip Ti By, For weak shock waves (M; sin 0 only slightly greater than unity) the following series are obtained from equations (103) and (104) by replacing My by M; sin 6 Beye sin 7 (ME sint oI Ll 245 (ag sin? p—1)+4 316 Mi sin? @— 1+ gee + (146) Bo yHT 0, BE Ip sin’ e— Dt i 1p sint 81) mB ace snt ep BMS atest ene... aan NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Parameters 9 and 5.— 1 _igtg 7EEsin@sin deg 71 tama oo Len} cos (0-8) asian Scot e sintp_7t} tan a tan 9-+cot & (148a) tea Beat o-+tan 8) Me sn 29—tan it-+ 08 20) 1o(cot #++tan 3) T5.in Be—tan 517 +5 co ey sin 0 sin 5 03 (0-8) tons _tano Tan 3-008 0” tan @-+e0t 8 sin 3 n @ cos (9—4) C Parameters AM; and 5,— No convenient explicit relations exist. However, the value of sin? 9 can be found by solving the following eubie equation (ref. 12) sin® 0-+b sin! o-be sin? ¢4+-d=0 (1508) where (sob) ‘The smallest of the three roots corresponds to a decrease in entropy and should be disregarded For weak shock waves (small deflections 8) the following series are useful (note that must be measured in radians) a Bt EI AMEN poy CD yap TET OY ay . og Mt POPDMM MES] e050 2 HMM 40e—1) we pe Rt as) EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: Mi 2 B—AMMME=D+ tanya ates (153) DM: , aye oye OF DAIS DD 4. (158) ay Since flow through weak shock waves is nearly insentropie, ‘compressions through small angles ean also be calculated with the aid of table II by regarding them as reversed Prandtl- Meyer expansions (see later section). ‘The resulting mi- merical accuracy is greater than that obtained by retaining terms up to & in the above series, and nearly equal to that obtained by retaining terms up to ®. Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the variation of shock-wave angle, pressure coefficient across a shock wave, and downstream Mach number with flow-defleetion angle for various upstream Mach numbers Parameter Me sin’ (155) + gin? (92) =~ DELO, : BME aint @—8)—= PNET (136) Mily+ D+ — DI—2@'— Ha DEFO TD) _MaGE+1)-5@=1) aa HE : eH DEF—1)_ 8+ a er (ey DET +1) E+E ae, @-DELG+N_ , E+6 . at father e beer 15M age( Eo} _Y¥ 2yMP—G— + tant (Guest) GFDEFO=D ee 5E- 1). 7Me—(6§+1) Lease) EN Cy Shack wove . ; Streaming an ODEO =D TA ps lo De-F D, _(oetiye ow 7 Sie) g (61) 21 3@=1) MBlyt DE+—D] AGE+ 1) (162) For weak shock waves, equations (113) and (114) apply to oblique as well as normal shocks, ‘The velocities associated with an oblique shock wave are conveniently represented in the velocity-veetor (hodograph) plane, For a given Mach number ahead of the shock wave, all possible velocity vectors behind the shock lie on a single curve. ‘Only the closed loop repres ts real shock waves with non- easing entropy, and forms Busemann’s shock polar ). Its equation is, a lig. (163) Other forms of this equation convenient for computation are, given Vi and Mh, Limit cle VYna, Fieve 3—Shock polar. 12 REPORT 1185~ given a, and Vi, @)- Yiu HS (64h) and given V; and Vi, BB a DCD TE (165) (166) ‘The shock-wave angle @ for sonie flow behind the shock is found (by setting M:=1 in eq. (132)) to be given by sint =o hga lot DME) + \OF DIG FD 26 MEF FOI} 1 [3M'—24 38M; =an MFFTS] 67) ‘The shock-wave angle 04,,, for maximum stream deflection behind the shock is give by a FD) Mea AGFD GF) FS G1) MPF 16} MeFi +20)] (16s) For small defleetion angles (hence Mach numbers close to waits, the deflection ane aan) for sone flow behind the shocks given approximately in terms of the upstronm Mach 4 (r= ot) Me ‘The maximum stream deflection angle for a specified up- stream Mach number is given approximately by 4 (Meaiye (269) 0.3208 AED" azo) Ba NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS In unsteady flow all the above relations are valid across a moving oblique shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGES AND CONES A shock wave forms ahead of any body in supersonic flight and remains fixed relative to the body if the flight is steady. It stands ahend of blunt shapes, but may be attached to pointed shapes Just at the tip of a pointed airfoil or body of revolution the flow is the same as for the initially tangent wedge or cone. ‘The bow wave is attached at sufficiently high Mach numbers for a wedge of semivertex angle 6 less than sin=!(1/y)=45.6° for 7=7/5, and for a circular cone of semivertex angle ¢ less than 57,5° for y=1405. Below these limits, the wave is attached above a minimum Mach number whose dependence ‘upon nose angle is shown for wedges and cones in figure 4 (These values can be applied to pointed airfoils and bodies of revolution which are not concave.) Also shown in figure 4 are the slightly higher Mach numbers above which the velocity behind the shock wave is supersonic, and for the cone the still higher Mach number above which the flow supersonic even at the surface, (For wedges these last two coincide.) For thin wedges, these Mach numbers fare given approximately by equations (169) and (170). FLOW PAST WEDGES If the bow shock wave is attached to a wedge, it is straight, and the flow bebind the shock consists of uniform streams parallel to either face of the wedge. ‘The flow pattern above the upper face (fig. 5) may be regarded as obtained from the straight oblique shock-wave pattern of figure 2 by replacing the streamline behind the shock wave with a solid wall. Flow quantities are determined by the oblique-shock-wave relations, equations (115) t (170). As noted previously, table TI ean also be applied if Mf, sin @is used in place of My in the first column. ‘Phe flows above and below the wedge are independent, s0 that inclined wedges can be treated if neither face exceeds the attachment angle shown in figure 4. However, if the angle of attack exceeds the semivertex angle, the flow over the upper (leeward) surface is given by a Prandtl-Meyer expansion (sce fig. 4) rather than by the shock relations. Tt is clear {rom the shock polar (fig. 8) that two different shock waves and flow patterns are theoretically possible for fa given wedge and Mach number. However, it is believed that only the weaker shock wave (larger 1 and sinaller 6) ‘ean occur attached to an isolated convex body Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the dependence of shock-wave angle, surface’ pressure coefficient, and downstream Mach number upon wedge angle for various free-stream Mach numbers. FLOW PAST CONES If the bow shock wave is attached to an uninelined circular cone, the shock wave too has the form of a cireular ¢one. Flow quantities are constant on all concentric conical su faces lying between the shock wave and the body, and so depend upon only one space variable. ‘The transition across the shock wave is governed by the oblique-shoek relations, EQUATIONS, 50 45 42 38] Upstream Mach number, Af; Shock attaches « @ ize 6 ees 20 eon JES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 25 13, 710 M210 ‘Shock attached 32 BE a a8 Semivertex angle, degrees Fiorne 4—Upstream Mach numbers for shock atéacl ant and for supersonie flow behind shock wave on wedges anil eones, and for sipersonie flow at surface of cones, Shock waves, | Steaming believed that only the weaker shock wave can occur on an Streaming 1uR 6.—Flow past a cou, surface Mach number on con free-stream Mach numbers, ‘The effects of slightly inclining a cone have been considered by Stone (ref, 13) and numerical results are tabulated in reference 14. Chart 8 shows the variation with Mach number of the initial slope of the normal-force curve for various cone angles. Stone has also sought an approximation for larger inclinations by retaining squares as well as first powers of angle of attack (ref. 15), and numerical results have been tabulated (ref. 16); however, these results are not free of error (see refs. 17 and 18). somivertex angle for various 14 REPORT 1135 PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION A uniform two-limensional supersonic stream flowing over a convex bend expands isentropieally. Convenient relations are found by considering the special case of a stream at Mach number unity flowing around a sharp corner (fig. 7). ital Mach ine | | a | = Streomine Fioone 7.—Prandtl-Meyer expansion around a corner. For a perfect gas, the Prandtl-Meyer angle » through which the stream turns in expanding from M=1 to a supersonic ‘Mach number Mis Ten ye ae—1)—0-9 a7 WHA yl (a7ib) tan ¥S5 (P= 1)=e08 M (var maximum expansion angle, for M= =, is | 72) raem(f TET =1)x 00°= 180.45" for y= The ratio of static to total pressure, corresponding to Mach, number M is given b 90°. of (shire inte yt ara, Ret (178e) which falls to 2010 a8 »tynu Numerical values of», y, and lp, aro given in table TE ns functions of Mf ‘These relations and the values in table TL apply to a uniform stream flowing past any convex surface in the ab- NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS sence of external disturbances, (They also give a very good approximation at all Mach numbers when, as on an airfoil, external disturbances arise only from interaction with a shock wave, and are disregarded.) If flow quantities are Known at one point, the values at any second point can be read from table I by identifying the change in flow angle between the two points with av=v,—m, as indicated in figure 8, Mog) tines Frownx 8,—Prandel-Meyer expansion over a convex surface, For expansions through small angles A», the ratio of final to initial static pressures is given by the following series (av in radians): Me Py Mge-1 GAD Mia (ML, tana ntrMe 5 some+4] ant Foren M248] an a7) Up to and including the term in (Av)* this series is identical with that for compression through an oblique shock wave (eq. (151) with #=—A»), IMPERFECT-GAS EFFECTS ‘Methods for calculating the flow of a calorically imperfect, thermally imperfect gas and a calorically imperfect, thermally perfect gas at temperatures up to 5000° Rare described in this section. ‘The equations presented are in substantially the same form as those given in references 7 and 8. Effects of gaseous imperfections, such as molecular dissociation, which become important at temperatures greater than about 5000° Rare not considered. Atmospheric and wind-tunnel air flows are of primary concern here, In such flows air generally exhibits only calorie imperfections to any appreciable degree. Conse quently, numerical results are presented only for the flow of a calorieally imperfect, thermally perfect diatomic gas. ‘THERMODYNAMICS EQUATIONS OF STATE ‘Tho thermal equation of state used here for a calorically and thermally imperfect gas is the Berthelot equation EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 15 (eq. (3)). The thermal equation of state used for a caloric~ ally imperfect, thermally perfect gas is equation (2). ‘The calorie equation of state used for a calorically and thermally imperfect gas is equation (8a). ‘The calorie equation of state used for a calorically imperfect, thermally perfect gas is equation (8b). ‘The assumption of a simple harmonic vibrator is used to account for the contribution of the vibrational heat capacity to the specific heats. ‘The equations for the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure, respectively, are (ee ref. 7) oy oh Cede {1 +640 —D[(p) garry conte [(8) att Joon rr are (7s) yt owt ) ppten=t} (9 i (7) 2b, op l 2ep| eee » Br tty all a7 a= 55)" i oontemef tS or LG) weap ‘The ratio of specific heats is then ahr pert Yt X tac lee 2 gait ‘ven MT) @P=IP ae — [therm perf] (180) ‘The following values of 7 are for temperatures from 400° R. to 5000° R, with @=5500° R (Geo ref. 7). For engineering purposes, these are a satisfactory approximation for ai CONTINUOUS ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW [BASIC EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS. Basie equations pertinent to this section are equations (26), (27), (28), (29), (80), and (81). ‘The equations for the speed of sound are (see ref. 7) RT ie e bo RE ee Die ti) _ on 5 14m [(9) goraptae and @anT (14 h_e {therm perf] [+010 (p) gory as2) INTEGRATED FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION ‘The integrated forms of the energy equation are (see ref. 7) ra i+ —2)] fadinb) 183) 1 oom and rt 16 REPORT 35-—-NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS In terms of Mach number these equations become, respectively, 1 e(_4 1_) 4, 26 P onl 7, (emi gor =z) t: ee (BB | apn Leen na =i

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