Interrelationships among physical

activity, depression, homocysteine, and

metabolic syndrome with special
considerations by sex

Paul D. Loprinzia, , ,
Bradley J. Cardinalb,

Show more
Choose an option to locate/access this article:
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution
Check access
Purchase $35.95

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.03.016
Get rights and content

Abstract
Objective
Examine the interrelationships among physical activity, depression, homocysteine and
metabolic syndrome, and to examine the association between physical activity and the
simultaneous presence of metabolic syndrome, depression, and high homocysteine.
Methods
Data from the 20052006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were
used. 1146 participants were included in the analyses. Physical activity was objectively
measured using accelerometry.
Results
With respect to the association between physical activity and the simultaneous presence
of these three co-morbidities, women, compared to men, had a greater strength of
association. For women, compared to those participants not having metabolic syndrome
or at least mild depression or high homocysteine (reference groups), the odds ratio
values for participants with 1) only depression, 2) only metabolic syndrome, 3) only
high homocysteine, 4) metabolic syndrome and mild depression, and 5) metabolic
syndrome, mild depression and high homocysteine, respectively, were 0.74 (95%
confidence interval: 0.570.96, 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.610.97), 1.08 (95%

confidence interval: 0.661.76), 0.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.320.58), and 0.15
(95% confidence interval: 0.050.44), respectively.
Conclusion
Promotion of physical activity in the adult population, especially among women, who
were found to be less moderately- to vigorously-physically active than their male
counterparts, may play an important role in reducing these deleterious conditions.

Highlights
Relationships between physical activity and co-morbidities were examined.
Physical activity was inversely related to depression and homocysteine. Active
individuals were also less likely to have metabolic syndrome. Active individuals
were less likely to simultaneously have all three morbidities. Greater strengths of
associations occurred for women compared to men.

Keywords

Accelerometry;
Chronic disease;
Epidemiology;
Exercise;
Population
Corresponding author. Fax: + 1 502 272 8389.

Hostility, metabolic syndrome,

inflammation and cardiac control in
young adults: The Young Finns Study

Marko Elovainioa, b, d, , , ,
Pivi Merjonena,
Laura Pulkki-Rbacka, c,
Mika Kivimkia, d,
Markus Jokelaa,
Noora Mattsone,
Tuomas Koskinene,
Jorma S.A. Viikarie,
Olli T. Raitakarif,

Liisa Keltikangas-Jrvinena

Show more
Choose an option to locate/access this article:
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution
Check access
Purchase $39.95

doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.03.002
Get rights and content

Abstract
We studied whether there is an association between hostility and cardiovascular heart
disease (CHD) risk factors, such as the metabolic syndrome, systemic inflammation and
autonomic cardiac control. Participants were 912 women and 712 men aged 1530
when hostility was measured in 1992. Metabolic syndrome was assessed 9 years later in
2001 using 3 definitions: the National Institute of Health Adult Treatment Panel III
criteria (NCEP), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance criteria
(EGIR), and the International Diabetes Federation criteria (IDF). C-reactive protein
(CRP) defined in 2001 was the marker of inflammation. Cardiac control indices were
from EGC recording. In women, hostility predicted increased risk of metabolic
syndrome (EGIR, and the IDF definitions, ORs = 1.34, 1.35, p < 0.05), and higher
levels of inflammation ( = 0.09, p < 0.01). We concluded that hostility is associated
with metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation in women and these conditions
may be factors linking hostility to CHD.

Highlights
Association between hostility and cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) has been
suggested. Potential mechanisms include metabolic syndrome, systemic
inflammation and autonomic cardiac control. We showed, that in women hostility
was associated with metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation. Health risk
behaviors did not mediate of confound the association between hostility and CHD risks.

Keywords

Metabolic syndrome;
Hostility;
Cardiovascular disease


This study was financially supported by the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg's
Foundation (LK-J), the Academy of Finland grants 128002 (M.E.), 111056,
209514, 123399 (LK-J), 123621 (LP-R), 117604 (MK), and 7784 and 210283
(OTR), University of Helsinki Research Fund (L.P.-R.), Emil Aaltonen
Foundation (TL), Tampere University Hospital Medical Fund (TL), the Yrj
Jahnsson Foundation, Pirkanmaa Regional fund of the Finnish Cultural
Foundation (LEV), Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (OTR and JV) the
Alfred Kordelin Foundation (PM), the Otto A. Malm Foundation (PM) and the
National Doctoral Programme of Psychology in Finland (PM).
Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki,
P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: +358 9 191 29500,
fax: +358 9 191 29521.
Home > March/April 2011 - Volume 26 - Issue 2 > Effects of a Cardiovascular Risk
Reduction Intervention With...
< Previous Abstract | Next Abstract >
You could be reading the full-text of this article now if you...
Become a subscriber
Purchase this article

If you have access to this article through your institution,

you can view this article in
Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing:
March/April 2011 - Volume 26 - Issue 2 - pp 117-128
doi: 10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181ec02ae
ARTICLES: Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

Effects of a Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

Intervention With Psychobehavioral Strategies for
Korean Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic
Syndrome
Kim, Chun-Ja PhD, RN; Kim, Dae-Jung MD; Park, Hyung-Ran PhD(c),
RN
Erratum
Erratum
In the article that appeared on page 117 of volume 26, issue 2, a few words were
misspelled in the text. There are three instances of the word Koran found in the text on
pages 119 and 126. In all of these instances, the word should appear as Korean. Also,
the heading Hypotheses on page 119 should appear as Hypothesis.

Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 26(3):260, May/June 2011.

Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome are associated
with high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression. Although lifestyle
modifications including regular exercise and weight control are recommended as a
primary approach to glycemic control and CVD risk reduction for people with DM
and/or metabolic syndrome, little is known concerning the effects of CVD risk
reduction interventions using psychobehavioral strategies in this population.
Objective: This pilot study investigated the effects of a 16-week CVD risk reduction
intervention in Korean adults with type 2 DM and metabolic syndrome.
Methods: A prospective, pretest and posttest, controlled, quasi-experimental design
enrolled a convenience sample of 43 Korean adults with type 2 DM and metabolic
syndrome at a university hospital. The adults in the intervention group participated in a
16-week CVD risk reduction intervention consisting of 150 minutes of regular exercise
per week; 200- to 300-kcal reduced daily diet for weight control; one-on-one
psychobehavioral counseling based on constructs from the Transtheoretical Model such
as processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance; and telephone coaching for
behavioral modification. Participants in the control group received a booklet with basic
diabetic education as part of their routine care. Repeated-measures analysis of variance
was used for analyzing the effects of the CVD risk reduction intervention on
cardiometabolic risk factors including the UK Prospective Diabetes Study score for 10year CVD risk, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and depression.
Results: The intervention group showed significant reductions (P < .05) at 16 weeks,
compared with the control group on the UK Prospective Diabetes Study fatal risk scale
(1.73% vs 0.04%), triglycerides (38.5 vs 15.1 mg/dL), fasting plasma glucose
(29.24 vs +1.77 mg/dL), HbA1c (0.37% vs +0.17%), and depression (score, 3.24 vs
1.40) measurements.
Conclusions: This pilot study yielded evidence for the beneficial impact of the CVD
risk reduction intervention for Korean adults with type 2 DM and metabolic syndrome
on improved glycemic control, reduced CVD risk, and depression.