Application Information Short-Circuit Current Calculations For Industrial And Commercial Power SystemsTable of Contents Preface rr Sources of Short-circuit Currents Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Short-circuit Currents Calculation of Short-circuit Currents . Equipment with Adequate Ratings Section I —The Details of Short-circvit Calculations Impedance Diagrams Determination of Short-circuit Currents ‘Means for Reducing Short. icuit Current Section Ill—Examples of Ac Short-circuit Calculations ‘One Line Diagram Impedance Diagram Reduction Calculation Solution Computer Solution Estimating Short-Circuits ... Appendix Part |—Estimated Short-circuit Duties TABLE 4 —Three-phose, Secondary Unit Substation Transformers TABLE 5 Single-phase, Distribution Transformers .. A TABLE 6 —Three-phose Padmount Distribution Tronsformers . TABLE 7 —"QHT” Dry-Type, Three-phase Tronsformers Figure 25 —Low-voltage Feeder ......... Part Il—Impedance Data TABLE 8 —X/R Ratios TABLE 9 —Primary Substation Transformers. TABLE 10 —Network Transformers TABLE 11 —Distribution Transformers Single-phase TABLE 12 —Ditribution Transformers —Three-phase Padmount TABLE 13. —Integrol Distribution Centers TABLE 14 —Dry-type Transformers—Type "GHT’ TABLE 15 —Standord Current-limiting Reactors TABLE 16 —Approximote Machine Reaclances TABLE 17 —Cables . TABLE 18 —GE Busway Impedances Figure 26 Conductor Constants. . Part Ill—Short-circuit Ratings of Ac Equipment TABLE 19 —Low Voltage Circuit Breakers . 5 TABLE 20 —Low Voltage Safety and Disconnect Switches TABLE 21 —Low Voltage Ind. Mounted Combination Motor Storters TABLE 22 —Current-limiting Fuses—Low Voltage TABLE 23 —Busway Shori-Circuit Ratings TABLE 24 —Fuse Rating for Busway Short-Circuit Protection TABLE 25 —Motor Control Centers TABLE 26 —Limitamp Motor Starters 32 32 34 34 : 35 40 40 4 a 42 42 43 43 483 43 44 45 45 48 48 148 149 149 249 e250) 50 eITable of Contents (Cont'd) Preface TABLE 27 —Magne-blast Circvit-breoker Characteristics, Symmetrical Rating Basis 51 TABLE 28 —POWER/VAC Circvit-breaker Characteristics, Symmetrical Rating Basis. 252 TABLE 29 —Vacuum Breakers Type PVDB-1 : .53 TABLE 30 —Summary of Ratings of Current-limiting Power Fuses 54 TABLE 31 —Low Voltage Equipments 54 Part 1V—Analytical Techniques 55 Per-unit System . 55 ‘Complex Quantity Manipulation 56 Delta-¥ and Y-Delta Impedonce Conversions 58 ‘The calculation of ac short-circuit currents, essential to the selection of adequately rated protective devices and equipmentin industrial and com- ‘mercial power systems, is becoming increasingly important to the system designer. Today, power systems carry larger blocks of power, are more important tothe operation of the plant and building, and have greater safety and reliability requirements. Meeting these requirements necessitates the fulfillment of certain criteria, cluding the use of adequately rated equipment. ‘The system designer, who is usu- ally 2 consulting engineer or plant electrical engineer, is responsible for the design of the power system and the selection of equipment and will generally have the task of calculating system short-circuit currents. Proce- dures and techniques for these calcu- lations are not generally available in fone place but are scattered among many publications, reports, and papers. The purpose of this publication is to provide the system designer with information and procedures neces- sary tocalculate short-circuit currents in industrial and commercial power systems. The intent has been to make it easier for the system designer to make short-circuit calculations by providing the necessary information in one place and oriented in a mean- ingful manner. The most frequently asked questions by system designers on this subject have been answered in this text. CONTENTS ‘The contents of the various sec- tions of this publication are briefly described below. Section I describes the nature of ac short-circuit currents and discusses calculation procedures. Also included are equipmentratingsand thecriteria used for the selection of equipment. It provides a basis for understanding short-circuit calculating procedures. Section II actually details short- circuit calculations, including the formulation of one-line and imped- ance diagrams, representation of specific system components, and step-by-step calculation procedures. It shows how to make the necessary calculations. Section III contains examples of short-circuit calculations for both industrial and commercial building systems. A time-sharing computer example and tables for estimating short-circuit duty are illustrated. The Appendix contains estimating data required to make short-circuit calculations. It includes tables for estimating short-circuit currents,im- pedance data for system components, and short-circuit ratings of standard devices and equipment. In addition, details of the per-unit system and computational techniques are in- cluded. The estimating impedance data and equipment short-circuit rat- ings are included for completeness; but it must be recognized that new equipment is continually becoming available, so that in actual practice the official rating and impedance data should be obtained from the appropri- ate, up-to-date equipment literature, HOW TO USE This publication is designed to be both instructional and procedural, a text book and a reference book. As seen from the contents itis arranged to provide the theory and definitions in Section I, the actual calculating procedures in Section II, examples in Section III, and estimating data in the Appendix. One whois unfamiliar with short-circuit calculations may want to use the publication as a text book and review the entire contents. For someone familiar with calculating procedures, the publication can be used as a reference for various ques- tions which may arise.