Microphones

Transducers (things which turn one form of energy into another) which
convert sound energy into electrical energy per unit charge. The sensitive part
within the microphone, which picls up the sound, is called the element or the
capsule. Microphones require a pre-amp to boost the signal level so it doesnt
encounter as much impedance. The two main types of microphone you will
encounter:
-

Condenser (Capacitor)
Dynamic (Moving-coil)

Condenser Mics
The diaphragm (or the chamber where the conversion of energy happens)
consists of a capacitor (two plates which store charge). This will vibrate as the
sound pressure level (SPL) varies. This causes a varying voltage, which is
converted to an electrical signal. Condenser microphones always requires a 48V
(forty-eight volt) supply, so the capacitor within the microphone will work. These
microphones are generally more expensive in price, have a good frequency
response, sensitive to higher SPL, less robust and have fairly delicate internal
structures.
Condenser microphones are usually the type of microphone to have a
Dynamic Mics
The diaphragm in this microphone uses a moveable coil within a magnetic
field (which is attached to the diaphragm) to generate an electrical signal.
Technically function in the same way as a loud speaker only in reverse. Dynamic
mics are generally inexpensive, robust, can withstand high SPL and does not
require phantom power.

Other types:
Ribbon Mics
Use a small thin piece of metal in between to polarised magnetic plates,
which vibrate and cause an electrical current to be generated, creating an
electrical signal.
Electret Mics
Works like a capacitor mic, but eliminates the need for a 48V supply, by
using a permanently charged capacitor.
Piezo Mic

Microphone which uses materials with piezo-electrical qualities (generate

a voltage when subject to pressure) to create an electrical signal. Often used as
contact microphones.