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Matlab Assignment Works
Matlab Assignment Works
Engineering
and Technology (IJMET),
ISSN 0976
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
IJMET
IAEME
ABSTRACT
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (also known as Engineers beam theory or classical
beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of
calculating the load carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case for
small deflection of a beam which is subjected to lateral loads only for a local point in
between the class-interval in -direction by using the interpolation method, to make the table
of and , then , where, y is a deflection of beam and slope at any point in the
thin beams, apply the initial and boundary conditions, this can be calculating and plotting the
graph by using the MATLAB is a fast technique method will give results, the result is also
shown with numerical analytically procedure. The successful demonstrated it quickly because
engineering and an enabler of the Industrial Revolution.
Additional analysis tools have been developed such as plate theory and finite element
analysis, but the simplicity of beam theory makes it an important tool in the science,
especially structural and Mechanical Engineering.
Keywords: Static Analysis, Interpolation Method, Flexural Stiffness, Isotropic Materials,
MATLAB.
INTRODUCTION
When a thin beam bends it takes up various shapes [1]. The shapes may be
superimposed on
graph with the origin at the left or right end of the beam (before it is
loaded). At any distance x meters from the left or right end, the beam will have a deflection
and gradient or slope . The statement ,
means: corresponding to
254
every value of in the range
, there exists one or more values of y. Assuming
that is a single-valued and continuous and that it is known explicitly, then the values of
corresponding to certain given values of , say , ,, , can easily be computed and
tabulated. The central problem of numerical analysis is the converse one: Given the set of
tabular values , , , , , , , , satisfying the relation where
the explicit nature of is not known, it is required to simpler function, such that
and agree at the set of tabulated points. Such a process is interpolation. If is
a polynomial, then the process is called polynomial interpolation and is called the
interpolating polynomial. As a justification for the approximation of unknown function by
means of a polynomial, we state that famous theorem due to Weierstrass: If is
continuous in
, then given any 0, there exists a polynomial such that
f ( x ) P ( x ) < , for all in x0 , xn ).
This means that it is possible to find a polynomial whose graph remains within the
region bounded by - and + for all between and , however small
may be [2].
SLOPE, DEFLECTION AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE
We have already known the equation relating bending moment and radius of
curvature in a beam, namely,
Where,
M is the bending moment.
I is second moment of area about the centroid.
E is the Modulus of Elasticity and
R is the radius of curvature,
Rearranging we have,
1/ /
Figure-1 illustrates the radius of curvature which is defined as the radius of circle that has a
tangent the same as the point on x-y graph.
Figure-1
Consider an elemental length !" of a curve. Let the tangents at P and Q make angles #
and #+!# with the axis. Let the normal at P and Q meet at C. Then C is called the centre of
curvature of the curve at any point between P and Q on the curve. The distance CP = CQ = R
is called the radius of curvature at any point between P and Q on the curve.
Obviously, !" !#
255
Or,
!"/!#
But we know that if , be the coordinate of P,
$%&#
'/
')*(
')*(
/. 0
/1.
Therefore,
"+, 2 #
"+, ! /!
1 !
/"+, 2 #
!
.
.
2
3/2
. / (sec )
or
. / (1 + tan 2 )3/2
For practical member bent due to the bending moment the slope $%&# at any point is a small
quantity, hence $%& # can be ignored.
Therefore,
1
! /!
If M be the bending moment which has produced the radius of curvature R, we have,
3
1
3
!
! 3
.
3 . ..(3)
The product EI is called the flexural stiffness of the beam. In order to solve the slope or
the deflection at any point on the beam, an equation for M in terms of position must be
substituted into equation (1). We will now examine these cases in the example of cantilever
beam [3].
OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT WORK
The objective of the present work is to develop a MATLAB program which can work
without the dependence upon the thin beam materials and the aspect ratio. The input should
be geometry dimensions of thin beams for example-plate and circular bar such as length,
breadth, thickness and diameter, the materials should be isotropic, materials data such as
Youngs Modulus and Flexural Stiffness and to calculate the slope and deflection at any point
in between 1-class interval by using interpolation method by analytically as well as
256
MATLAB program and the plot the graph of slope and deflection of thin beams by using
MATLAB programming and analyzed the graph and verify for the different values for
results.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Addidsu Gezahegn Semie had worked on numerical modelling on thin plates and
solved the problem of plate bending with Finite Element Method and Kirchoffs thin plate
theory is applied and program is written in Fortran and the results were compared with the
help of ansys and Fortran program was given as an open source code. The analysis was
carried out for simple supported plate with distributed load, concentrated load and
clamped/fixed edges plates for both distributed and concentrated load.
From Euler-Bernoulli beam theory [3] is simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which
provides a means of calculating the load carrying slope and deflection characteristics of beam
in
direction. This theory was applicable in Mechanics of Solid [4]. The derivation of
thin beams of slope, deflection and radius of curvature [5] for example- six cases are
occurred 1- Cantilever thin beam with point load at free end [6], 2- Cantilever thin beam with
Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.) [7], 3- Cantilever thin Uniformly Varying Load
(U.V.L.) [8], 4- Simply supported thin beam point load at mid [9], 5- Simply supported thin
beam with Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.)[10]. 6- Simply supported thin beam with
Uniformly Varying Load (U.V.L.) [11]. Numerical problem has been taken form Mechanics
of Solids, Derivations or formulations made the table of
and was used of
interpolation method to found out the unknown value between at any point in between 1-class
interval by using Newtons forward difference interpolation formula is used from top;
Newtons backward difference interpolation formula is used from bottom starting, Stirling
interpolation formula is used from the middle to get the results. [12], so it is overcome this
problem we may use the Interpolation method by using MATLAB programming.
There are general assumptions have been made when solving the problems are as follows.
1- Each layer of thin beams undergoes the same transverse deflection.
2- The mass of the point area is not considered as significant in altering the behaviour of
the beams.
3- There is no displacement and rotation of the beam at the fixed end.
4- The material behaves linearly.
5- Materials should be Isotropic.
6- The deflections are small as compared to the beam thickness.[13]
Case 1- Cantilever Thin Beam with Point Load at Free End-
Figure-2
The bending moment at any position x is simply Fx. Substituting this into equation (3) we
have, [14]
257
EI .
4
Integrate with respect to , we get
56 .
7 8(4)
EI
Integrate again and we get
6 9
EIy=
7 8 7 ;(5)
:
A and B are constants of integration and must be found from the boundary conditions.
These are at <, 0 (no deflection)
at <, 0 (gradient horizontal)
7 8 ?+&,+ 8 4< /2
2
6@.
Substitute 8
, 0 %&! < A&$B +CD%$AB& 5 %&! F+ G+$
4<2 4<2
4<2
30
7
7 ; ?+&,+ ;
6
2
3
6@.
2
%&! ;
4< /3 into equations (4) and (5) and the complete equations
Substitute 8
are
3
56 9
6 .
6@.
6@.
(6)
6@9
3 : 7
2 .(7)
The main points of interest is slope and deflection at free end where 0.
Substituting 0 into (6) and (7) gives the standard equations,
6@.
56@9
2J
.(9)
Numerical Analysis-1
A cantilever thin beam is 4m long and has a point load of 5KN at the free end. The
flexural stiffness is 53.3MN2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end.
Solution:Slope equation
!
4 4< 1
K
7
L
!
2
2 3
4
K
7 < L
23
MD$ 0N, < 6N
5000
K
0 7 6 L
2 O 53.3 O 10:
BP 1.6885 O 1052 &B D&A$"
258
Similarly,
N
"UBM+
Table-1
2
1.6885*10-3
1.5*10-3
9.38086*10-4
0.000
259
1.8
x 10
-3
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Figure-3
Deflection equation [15]
4
2 < <2
K
7
L
2
3 6
3
MD$ 0N, < 6N
5000
62
V0 7 0
W
6.7542 O 1052 N
53.3 O 10:
3
Similarly,
MD$ 2N, < 6N
5000
22 6 O 2
62
V
7
W
3.5021 O 1052 N
3
53.3 O 10: 6
2
MD$ 4N, < 6N
5000
42 6 O 4
62
2
V
7
W
1.0 O 1052 N
2
53.3 O 10: 6
3
MD$ 6N, < 6N
5000
62 6 O 6
62
T
V
7
W
0.0N
2
53.3 O 10: 6
3
x(m)
y(m)
0
-6.7542*10-3
Table-2
2
-3.5021*10-3
4
-1.0*10-3
260
6
0.0
x 10
-3
-1
p o s itio n a lo n g th e a x is ( y )
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0
Figure-4
Case 2- Cantilever Thin Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.)-
Figure-5
5Y .
!
F 2
7 8 10
!
6
Integrate again we get,
F T
3
7 8 7 ; 11
24
A and B are constants of integration and must be found from the boundary conditions. These
are,
%$ <, 0 &B !+U+,$AB&
!
%$ <,
0 ?BPAZB&$%U
!
0 A& +CD%$AB& 10 and we get,
Substitute < %&!
F<2
F<2
30
7 8 ?+&,+ 8
6
6
Substitute this into (11) with the known solution
0 %&! < P+"DU$" A&
F<T F<2
F<T
3 0
7
7 ; ?+&,+ ;
24
6
8
Putting the results for A and B into equations in (10) and (11) yields the complete equations.
!
F 2
<2
3
7 F 12
!
6
6
F T F<2 F<T
3
7
13
24
6
8
The main points of interest is the slope and deflection at free end where
0, "D["$A$D$A&G 0 A&$B 12 %&! 13 gives the standard equations.
3
Y@9
:J
14
5Y@\
]J
15
Numerical Analysis-2
A cantilever thin beam is 6m long and has a U.D.L. of 300N/m. The flexural stiffness
is 60MN2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end. [16]
Solution:2^
Given data:- F
, 3 60` , < 6N
_
Slope equation N
K
2 7 <2 L
MD$ 0N, < 6N
2
2
2
N :O:Oa K
0 7 6 L 1.7999 O 105T &B D&A$"
MD$ 2N, < 6N
2
N :O:Oa K
22 7 62 L 1.7332 O 105T &B D&A$",
MD$ 4N, < 6N
2
2
2L
K
4
N2 :O:Oa
7 6 1.2667 O 105T &B D&A$" and
MD$ 6N, < 6N
300
K
62 7 62 L 0.00 &B D&A$"
NT
6 O 60 O 10:
:J
262
Table-3
0
2
4
6
1.7999*10.^- 1.7332*10.^- 1.2667*10.^- 0.00
4
4
4
Slope(m)
p o s itio n a lo n g th e a x is ( y )
x 10
Figure-6
263
Deflection equation:-
F
T <2 <T
V
7
W
3 24
6
8
MD$ 0N, < 6N
300
6T
V
0
7
0
W
8.1 O 105T N,
60 O 10:
8
300
2T 62 O 2 6T
V
W
4.533 O 105T N,
60 O 10:
24
6
8
MD$ 4N, < 6N
300
4T 62 O 4 6T
2
V
W
1.433 O 105T N
60 O 10:
24
6
8
And MD$ 6N, < 6N
300
6T 62 O 6 6T
T
V
W 0.00N
24
6
8
60 O 10:
N
N
0
-8.1*10.^-4
Table-4
2
-4.533*10.^-4
4
-1.433*10.^-4
6
0.00
x 10
-4
0
-1
p o s it io n a lo n g t h e a x is ( y )
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
Figure-7
Case 3- Cantilever Thin Beam with Uniformly Varying Load (U.V.L)-
Figure-8
Consider a section
at a distance the fixed end AB intensity of loading at
.[17]
<
F
M+P D&A$ PD&
<
The bending moment at section
is given by
!
1
F
<
F<
2
3
<
<
.
6<
!
2
<
3
Integrating we get,
! F<
T
3
7 b
!
24<
At B the slope is 0,
265
Therefore,
At 0
Then ,
!
0
!
F<2
0
7 b
24
Y@9
T
Y@5 \
Y@9
3 T@
T . . 16 Slope equation
Integrating again we get,
F<
c F<2
3
7 ,
120<
24
The deflection at B is 0
0, 0
F<T
0
7 ,
120
F<T
,
120
Therefore,
Y@5 d
Y@9
Y@\
3
@
T 7 17 Deflection equation
To find the slope at C at the free end putting the value < in the slope equation we
get,[18]
!
F<2
3
!
24
Therefore,
!
F<2
!
243
To find the deflection at C putting < in the deflection equation we get,
F<T
F<T F<T
F<T
5
1
3
7
24 120
120
30
Therefore,
F<T
303
Y@\
Download deflection of ,
2J
Numerical Analysis-3
Cantilever of length < 6N carrying a distributed load whose intensity varies
uniformly from zero at the free end to 800N/m at fixed end, flexural stiffness 3
643300`N .[19]
Solution:Given data:]^
Span length< 6N, F
, 3 643300`N,
Slope equation
N
TJ
@5 \
<2 f
266
N
N
:5\
TO:T22
TO:T22
:5\
:
MD$ 0, < 6N
62 f
0.0090 &B D&A$",
MD$ 4, < 6N
6
4T
800
g2 N2
V
62 W
0.0111 &B D&A$"
24 O 643300
6
MD$ 6, < 6N
6
6 4
800
4 N4
V
63 W
0.0112 &B D&A$"
24 O 643300
6
N+$P+
"UBM+N
0
0
Table-4
2
-0.0090
4
-0.0111
6
-0.0112
267
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
-0.01
-0.012
Figure-9
Deflection equation
y
- L-x5
24 EI
5L
L3
- (6-0)5
y1 =
K20L
64
- 6
24*70*109*9.19*10- 6
x = 0m, L = 6m
Put
800
x7
L4
*0
5*6
= 0.00m
5
x = 2m, L = 6m
- (6-2)5
800
y2 =
64
- 6
24*70*109*9.19*10- 6
*2
5*6
= -0.011m,
5
x = 4m, L = 6m
- (6-4)5
800
y3 =
64
- 6
24*70*109*9.19*10- 6
*4
5*6
= -0.031m,
5
x = 4m, L = 6m
- (6-6)5
800
y4 =
64
- 6
24*70*109*9.19*10- 6
5*6
*6
= -0.054m,
5
x (metre)
Table-5
2
y(metre)
0.0000
-0.0110
268
-0.0310
-0.0540
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
Figure-10
FUTURE SCOPE
1- It can be extending as apply in simply supported thin beam (point load at mid, uniformly
distributed load and uniformly varying load).
2- It can be extending in case of composite materials of beam which are non-isotropic.
3- It can be extending that is used in trusses like perfect, deficient and redundant.
4- It can be extending that is used in tapered and triangular beam.
5- It can be extending in Aeronautics, Aerodynamics and Space Engineering which is consisting
of fixed vanes and crossed moving fixed vanes in rotor.
6- It can extending in Orthopaedics in Medical Sciences which is applicable in replace or
support to the bones.
269
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
270
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Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, volume 85, pp. 67-94.
[17] Bickley, W.G., 1968 Piecewise Cubic Interpolation and Two-point Boundary Value
Problem, Computer Journal, volume 11, pp. 200-206.
[18] Sastry, S.S., 1976, Finite Difference Approximations to One Dimensional Parabolic
Equation Journal Computer and Applied Maths., volume 2, pp. 20- 23.
[19] Liu, G. R. and Gu,Y. T., 2001, A Point Interpolation Method for two-dimensional
solids, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, volume 50,
pp. 55-60.
[20] Timoshenko, Stephen P. and Gere, James M., 1962, Theory of Elastic Stability,
International Student Edition by McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
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271