Vertical Structures

Height motivations: express power

Vertical structures

religion
Prof Schierle

symbol

visibility

wind power
1

Cheops
Pyramid
Giza

Vertical structures

Canary
Warf
London

Empire
State
New York

Petronas
Towers
Kuala Lumpur

Sears
Taipei
Tower
101
Chicago Taipei

Prof Schierle

Burj
Dubai
Dubai

Burj
Dubai
Dubai

1776 US Declaration of Independence

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Vertical structure links

CTBUH: Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
http://www.ctbuh.org/
http://www.archdaily.com/tag/ctbuh/
CTBUH awards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTBUH_Skyscraper_Award
CTBUH conferences
http://www.ctbuh2012.com/
http://www.ctbuh.org/Events/Conferences/tabid/74/language/en-GB/Default.aspx
Most Skyscrapers
http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscrapers
http://twistedsifter.com/2011/11/top-25-cities-with-most-high-rise-buildings/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_high-rise_buildings
http://www.terragalleria.com/pictures-subjects/high-rise-buildings/
High-rise fire:
http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/compare/fires.html
Japan quake 2011:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JQBGOliAcQ
Wind Engineering:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_engineering
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/41016(314)285
Risk Assessment:
http://www.academia.edu/1391325/Performance-Based_Aeolian_Risk_assessment_and_reduction_for_tall_buildings
High-rise publications:
http://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=highrise+architecture&tag=googhydr20&index=stripbooks&hvadid=18556336517&hvpos=2t4&hvexid=&hvnetw=s&hvrand=820989502673924540&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=b&ref=pd_sl_68lit4kpn1_b
Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

ASCE 7, page 10
ASCE 7 Table 4.1 excerpts of common live loads
Residential and
schools

40 psf

Office

50 psf

Assembly
Manufacturing
Library

fixed seating = 60 psf

movable seating = 100
light = 125 psf
psf
heavy = 250 psf
reading room = 60 psf
stack room = 150 psf

Live load reduction

Since large members are unlikely fully
loaded, ASCE 7 allows live load reductions
(except for public spaces and LL 100 psf):
For members supporting 600 sq. ft.
Reduction shall not exceed
50% for members supporting 1 floor,
60 % for members supporting 2 or more
floors
Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Bracedframeoptimization

Alternate 1:
Standard framing

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Momentframeoptimization

Alternate 2:
Tapered steel beams
Rectangular ducts
Reduced curtain wall
Savings:

Alternate 1:
Standard framing

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

$12,000 more
$3,000 more
$120,000 less
S105,000
7

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
8

Structure systems vs. building height, by Faslur Kahn

Structure weight (steel structures)

Structure weight per floor area defines efficiency.
Structure weight for gravity load increases only slightly with height.
Structure weight for lateral load, however, increases substantially.
1
2
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Structure weight vs. building height by Fazlur Kahn

Structure weight per floor area of actual buildings
Number of stories
Structure weight in psf
Structure weight in N/m2
Structure weight for floor framing only
Structure weight for gravity load only
Structure weight for gravity and lateral optimized
Structure weight for gravity and lateral not optimized
Structure weight for various buildings
Empire State building New York
Chrysler building New York
World Trade center New York
Sears tower Chicago
Pan Am building New York
United Nations building New York
US Steel building Pittsburgh
John Hancock tower Chicago
First Interstate building Los Angeles
Seagram building New York
Alcoa building Pittsburgh
Alcoa building San Francisco
Bechtel building San Francisco
Burlington House New York
IDS Center Minneapolis
Koenig residence Los Angeles
9

Vertical / lateral systems

1

Shear walls are least flexible but good for

apartments and hotels with party walls

Cantilevers provide the least intrusion at

ground floor

Moment frames are most flexible, good for

office buildings

Concrete moment resistant joint:

rebars extend through beam and column

Steel moment resistant joint:

beam flanges welded to column flanges;
stiffener plates between column flanges
resist bending stress of beam flanges

Braced frames are more flexible than walls

but less flexible than moment frames
bracing is usual around central cores

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

10

Note:

Walls in 4 are offset but provide concentric support

Prof Schierle

Note: eccentric shear walls cause torsion and should be avoided

Shear walls resist only lateral load parallel to wall

One-way shear walls collapse @ perpendicular load
Eccentric shear walls cause torsion
Concentric shear walls resist torsion

Concentric & eccentric shear walls

Note: shear walls resist lateral load only parallel to wall

Shear walls

Vertical structures

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
5
6

X-direction concentric, Y-direction eccentric

X-direction eccentric, Y-direction eccentric
X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
11

Platform framing
Platform framing is used for low-rise residential
structures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs
@ 16 reach from platform to platform. Double
top plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywood
sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind and
seismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16 support
plywood floor and roof (platforms). Blocking
resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel
edges to transfer shear. Standard plywood and
gypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4
joist/stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c..

Blocking
Double top plates overlap at corners and splices
Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16 or 24 o. c.
Bottom plates
Double plates supporting joists
Anchor bolt, 1/2 @ 6 o. c.
Sole plate, min. 6" above soil
Concrete foundation

Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

12

Wall erection
plywood sheathing resists
lateral load

Woodframe house

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

13

Clifton Condos, Beverly Hills

Architect: Schierle

Vertical structures

Woodframing over concrete parking

3-story limit is in addition to parking level
assuming 3-hour fire separation (concrete slab)

Prof Schierle

14

Terrace Homes, Hermosa Beach

3-story limit is assumed above grade

Architect: Schierle

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

15

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
16

CMU walls (Concrete Masonry Units)

(required in seismic areas)

Reinforced brick masonry

Salk Institute, La Jolla

Architect: Louis Kahn
Engineer: Komendant and Dubin

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Concrete shear walls

17

Shear wall cores

1. Unilever building, Hamburg
Architect: Hentrich / Petchnigg
2. Victoria tower, Montreal
Architect: Moretti, Greenspoon,
Freelander and Dunne
Engineer: Nervi

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

18

Marina City towers, Chicago

Architect: Bertrand Goldberg

Vertical structures

Cylindrical core wall

Sixty-story towers
Each has 450 apartments
Over continuous parking ramp

Prof Schierle

19

Curved shear walls

City Hall Toronto
Architect: Viljo Revel

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

20

3, 4

Twin tower

5, 6

Suspended

Prof Schierle

Engineer: Fritz Leonhard

Single tower

T V tower Stuttgart

Cantilevers
Vertical structures

1, 2

21

Cantilever
Pirelli Tower, Milan
Architect: Ponti
Engineer: Nervi

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

22

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
23

Architect: Bea and Walter Betz

Four circular towers support a mid-level mechanical floor that
supports the floors above while floors below are suspended from it.

Hypo Bank Munich

Moment frames

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

24

Moment frames
Provide ductility
Require rigid
beam-column joints
to transfer moments
Steel:
Reduced beam flanges
reduce joint stress

Vertical structures

I = inflection points of zero bending stress

Concrete:
Extend rebars through beam & column

Prof Schierle

25

Moment frames
Casa Terragni, Como, Italy
Architect: Terragni
Concrete moment frame combined with
shear wall for fail-save seismic performance

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

shear wall provides stifness

moment frame ductility

26

Articulated moment frames

Beam / column moment joints
provide lateral resistance
to provide full width windows

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

27

Crown Zellerbach building

San Francisco
Architect: SOM & Hertzka and Knowles
Engineer: H J Brunnier
The 19-story building has an external
core and column-free office wing with
moment frames, spaced 20 feet
Size:
201x69
Height:
285
Height/width ratio
4.1

8 mat footing
Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

A Column
B Spandrel beam
C Girder

D Joist @ 7
E Gusset plate
F Fire proofing
28

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
29

Architect: Norman Foster

Engineer: Ove Arup

Commerzbank, Frankfurt

Vierendeel frames
above sky gardens

Framed Tube

Framed tubes have narrowly spaced

exterior columns that, combined with
spandrel beams, form rigid frames to
resist lateral load.

Vertical structures

1 Framed tube
2 Framed tube with core
3 Shear lag visualized
(shear lag = reduced shear transfer
from tension to compression side)
4 Framed tube with outriggers
5 Prefab framed tube
6 Prefab framed tube element
A Shear lag at mid facade
B Shear peak at cross walls
C Joint at inflection point of zero
bending stress

Prof Schierle

30

CBS Tower New York

Architect: Eero Saarinen
Framed tube
The 38-story CBS tower has a framed tube of concrete
columns that are triangular on the upper floors and diamond
shaped on the ground floor.
The columns have niches for mechanical ducts that decrease
with decreasing duct sizes from mechanical floor on top but
not from the second floor mechanical room.
A
B
C

Top floor columns

2nd floor columns
Ground floor columns

Concrete floors span between core and framed tube:

One-way rib slabs face the core

Two-way waffle slabs at corners

Size:
Typical story height:
Height/width ratio

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

155x125x494 high (47x38x151m)

12 (3.66m)
3.9

31

World Trade Center New York

Architect: Minoru Yamasaki
Engineer: Skilling / Robertson
The World Trade center had a Framed Tube structure,
composed of closely spaced columns (~ 1 meter).
Moment resisting beam / column joints formed a
lattice wall to resist gravity and lateral loads.
1
2
3
4

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

Axonometric view of one tower

Floor framing
Prefab steel element
Typical columns

32

World Trade Center - Framed Tube

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

33

Bundled tubes

Sears tower Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM

Vertical structures

Bundled tube structure

Tubular walls to transfer shear from
tension to compression to reduce
1 Reduced shear lag
2 Shear lag

Prof Schierle

34

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
35

regarding locations of openings

Architectural bracing options

Braced Frames

First interstate Bank Los Angeles

Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: CBM

Bracing configurations

Combines framed tube exterior

with braced core

Moment frame
drift

Vertical structures

Braced frame
drift

Combined
drift
Prof Schierle

36

Expressed bracing
Vertical structures

1 IBM building Pittsburgh

Architect: Curtis and Davis
Engineer: Worthington & Skilling
2 Alcoa building San Francisco
Architect/Engineer: SOM
3 Federal Reserve Banc Boston
Architect: Hugh Stubbins
Engineer: Le Messurier

Prof Schierle

1 Onterie Center Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM
2 Proposed 142 story tower Chicago
Architect: Kay Vierk Janis

37

John Hancock tower Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM
Braced tube
Reduced top reduces wind load

Vertical structures

AT&T tower, Seattle

Architect: Basetti et all
Engineer: Skilling et all
Braced superstructure with
4 columns of 12 ksi high strength
concrete in 10 steel tubes

Prof Schierle

Bank of China Hong Kong

Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: Ove Arup
Braced superstructure defines
architectural form

38

Centre Pompidou, Paris

Architect: Piano and Rodgers
Engineer: Ove Arup
Bracing provides lateral stability in
both width and length directions

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

39

Eiffel Tower form follows wind load bending diagram

Form- and axial resistant

Eiffel Tower Paris

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
41

John Hancock Tower Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM

Expressed bracing

Alcoa Building San Francisco

Architect/Engineer: SOM

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

42

Twisted Tower Mal (1996) - Architect/Engineer Santiago Calatrava: 54 stories, 9 cubes, 147 apartments

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

43

joins exterior columns to transfer shear to reduce drift

Belt truss/outrigger

Vertical structures

1 Georgia-Pacific tower, Atlanta

Architect: SOM
Engineer: Weidlinger Associates
2 Barcelona hotel
Architect: SOM

Prof Schierle

44

Gue-lam beam anlogy

Small drift
Large
(unglued
(glued
boards
boards
resist
resist
in synergy
independently)
shear joins tension & compression)

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

45

Hotel Artes Barcelona

Architect/Engineer: SOM
Features:
Exposed steel 5 from skin
for fire protection
Belt trusses reduce lateral drift

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

46

Hong Kong-Shanghai Bank

Features belt trusses to reduce lateral drift

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

47

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
48

A Column; B beam; C brace; D gusset plate; E stiffener plates

Eccentric braced details

stiffness between flexible moment frame and stiff braced frame

e = link beam (short link beam stiff; long link beam flexible frame

(Adjusts

Eccentric braced frames

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
49

Century Tower Tokyo

Architect: Norman Foster; Engineer: Ove Arup

Chase Manhattan Banc New York

Architect/Engineer: SOM

Link Beam
Short Link Beam for stiffness
Long Link Beam for ductility
Typical link beam ~ 20% of beam
Visco elastic bracing
Stiff at normal load
Ductile at large earthquakes

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

50

Suspended high-rise
1
2
3
4

Gravity load path

Differential deflection
Prestress to reduce deflection
Ground anchors for stability

1
2
3
4
5
6

Single tower
Multiple towers
Multiple stacks
Multiple stacks / towers
Triple stacks
Triple stacks / twin towers

Challenges
Load path detour: load travels up to
top, then down to foundation
Combined hanger / column deflection
yields large differential deflection
Architectural rational
Column-free flexible ground floor
Facilitates top down future expansion
with minimal operation interference
Small hangers replace large columns
Structural rational
Eliminates buckling in hangers
Hangers replace large columns
Concentration of compression to a few
large columns minimizes buckling
Options
Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift
Multiple stacks control deflection
Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL
to reduce deflection
Prestress hangers to reduce deflection

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

51

West coast Transmission Tower,

Vancouver
Architect: Rhone & Iredale
Engineer: Bogue Babicki
174

12 suspenders
supported by concrete core

108
36

Vertical structures

36

36

Prof Schierle

52

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
53

Architect: Hentrich and Petschnigg

Standard Bank Center, Johannesburg

Architect: Karl Schwanzer

BMW headquarters Munich

Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
54

Hong Kong Shanghai Bank

Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup

UN Center Vienna
Competition entry
Architect: G G Schierle
Competition objectives:
Independent expansion
of conference center and
offices
Triangular grid allows
expansion in 3 directions
Suspended design allows
independent top-down
expansion

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

UN Center Vienna
built project
Architect: J Staber

55

Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis

Architect: Gunnar Birkerts

Parabolic suspenders are supported by 2 towers

Top trusses resist lateral suspender thrust
Floors below parabola are suspended
Floors above parabola are supported by columns
Support type is expressed on the facade

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

56

Read chapters 10 &15-19 and bring book to class for quiz next Tuesday

Design stable structures

Vertical structures

Prof Schierle

57