HEAT-TRANSFER

(A) Conduction:
Heat energy is transferred (usually through solids) from one part of the material medium to other
without transferring the material particles.
(i) Steady State : In this state heat absorption stops and temperature gradient throughout the rod
becomes constant i.e. dT/dx = constant
(ii) Before steady State : Temparture of rod at any point changes
Note:
If specific heat of any substance is zero, it can be considered always in steady state.
LAW FOR THERMAL CONDUCTION IN STEADY STATE:

In steady state heat passing through a bar of length and cross-section in time when its ends are at
temperatures and is given by:

So rate of flow of heat will be

The quantity is called temperature gradient (minus sign indicates that with increase in ,
temperature decreases) and the constant depends on the nature of metal and is called coefficient
of thermal conductivity or simply thermal conductivity and is a measure of the ability of a
substance to conduct heat through it.