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Polynomials: Hapter
Polynomials: Hapter
POLYNOMIALS
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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 xy + y2)
x3 y3 = (x y) (x2 + xy + y2)
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z 2 xy yz zx)
EXERCISE 2.1
Write the correct answer in each of the following :
1. Which one of the following is a polynomial?
(A)
x2 2
2 x2
(B)
3
(C)
x2 +
3x 2
(D)
x 1
x +1
(C)
x
2.
2 x 1
2 is a polynomial of degree
(A)
(B)
0
(B)
Not defined
(C)
(D)
1
2
(D)
( )
5. If p ( x ) = x2 2 2 x + 1 , then p 2 2 is equal to
(A)
(B)
(C)
4 2
6. The value of the polynomial 5x 4x2 + 3, when x = 1 is
(A) 6
(B) 6
(C) 2
(D)
8 2 +1
(D)
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2
5
(B)
5
2
(C)
(D)
(D)
5
2
(D)
1
Not defined
2
5
(B)
1
2
(C)
1
2
497
(D)
3xy
(D)
27
x y
19. If y + x = 1 ( x , y 0 ) , the value of x3 y3 is
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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1
2
(D)
1
2
(D)
2abc
1
1
1
(A)
(B)
1
4
(C)
1 2
x + 1 is a polynomial
5
(i)
6 x + x2
(ii)
is a polynomial, x 0
Solution :
(i) False, because the exponent of the variable is not a whole number.
(ii)
True, because
6 x+
3
x2
= 6 + x , which is a polynomial.
EXERCISE 2.2
1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials? Justify your answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
1
+ 5x + 7
5 x 2
(v)
(vii)
1 3 2 2
a
a + 4a 7
7
3
(viii)
3x2 2 x
( x 2 )( x 4 )
x
(iii)
1 5x
(vi)
1
x +1
1
2x
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POLYNOMIALS
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2. Write whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your answer.
(i) A binomial can have atmost two terms
(ii) Every polynomial is a binomial
(iii) A binomial may have degree 5
(iv) Zero of a polynomial is always 0
(v) A polynomial cannot have more than one zero
(vi) The degree of the sum of two polynomials each of degree 5 is always 5.
x 1
3 4
Solution :
(i) p(x) will be a multiple of g(x) if g(x) divides p(x).
Now,
g(x) = 2 3x = 0 gives x =
2
3
3
Remainder
2 2 2
= p = +1
3 3 3
=
8 2
17
+1 =
27 3
27
x 1
3
= 0 gives x =
3 4
4
3
g(x) will be a factor of p(x) if p = 0 (Factor theorem)
4
3
Now,
3
3
3
3
p = 8 6 4 + 3
4
4
4
4
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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
= 8
Since,
27
9
6 3 +3 = 0
64
16
3
p = 0, so, g(x) is a factor of p(x).
4
a 3 a(a)2 + 2a + a 1 = 0
a 3 a3 + 2a + a 1 = 0
3a = 1
Therefore, a =
1
3
Sample Question 3 : (i)Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of
483 303 183.
(ii)Without finding the cubes, factorise (x y) 3 + (y z) 3 + (z x) 3.
Solution : We know that x3 + y3 + z 3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx).
If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z 3 3xyz = 0 or x3 + y3 + z 3 = 3xyz.
(i) We have to find the value of 483 303 183 = 483 + (30)3 + (18)3.
Here, 48 + (30) + (18) = 0
So, 483 + (30)3 + (18)3 = 3 48 (30) (18) = 77760
(ii) Here, (x y) + (y z) + (z x) = 0
Therefore, (x y)3 + (y z) 3 + (z x) 3 = 3(x y) (y z) (z x).
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Classify the following polynomials as polynomials in one variable, two variables etc.
(i)
(iii)
x2 + x + 1
(ii)
y3 5y
xy + yz + zx
(iv)
x2 2xy + y2 + 1
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POLYNOMIALS
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2x 1
3
(iii) x 9x + 3x
3. For the polynomial
(ii)
10
(iv)
y3 (1 y4)
x3 + 2 x + 1 7 2
x x 6 , write
5
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
x + x 2 1
6
(ii)
3x 5
(iii) (x 1) (3x 4)
(iv) (2x 5) (2x2 3x + 1)
5. Classify the following as a constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials :
(i)
2 x2 + x3
(ii)
3x3
(iii)
5t 7
(iv)
4 5y2
(v)
(vi)
2+x
(vii)
y3 y
(viii) 1 + x + x2
(ix)
t2
(x)
2x 1
1
8. If p(x) = x2 4x + 3, evaluate : p(2) p(1) + p
2
9. Find p(0), p(1), p(2) for the following polynomials :
(i) p(x) = 10x 4x2 3
(ii) p(y) = (y + 2) (y 2)
10. Verify whether the following are True or False :
(i) 3 is a zero of x 3
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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
1
is a zero of 3x + 1
3
(ii)
(iii)
4
is a zero of 4 5y
5
(iv)
(v)
(iv)
3
x
2
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POLYNOMIALS
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(iii)
1
1
2x + x
3
2
(ii)
9x2 12x + 4
(ii) (3a 5b c) 2
(iii) ( x + 2y 3z) 2
29. Factorise the following :
(i) 9x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 12xy 16yz 24xz
(ii) 25x2 + 16y2 + 4z2 40xy + 16yz 20xz
(iii) 16x2 + 4y2 + 9z 2 16xy 12yz + 24 xz
30. If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 26, find a2 + b2 + c2.
31. Expand the following :
3
(i)
(3a 2b)3
1 y
(ii) +
x 3
(iii) 4
3x
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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
(ii)
8 p3 +
12 2 6
1
p +
p+
5
25
125
x
x
+
2
y
xy + 4 y 2
2
4
(ii)
(x2 1) (x4 + x2 + 1)
(ii)
a3 2 2b 3
34. Factorise :
(i)
1 + 64x3
a3 8b 3 64c3 24abc
(ii)
3
3
3
2 2 a + 8b 27c + 18 2 abc.
(i)
1 1 5
+
2 3 6
(ii)
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Alternative Solution :
x3 + y3
= (x + y) 3 3xy (x + y)
= 123 3 27 12
= 12 [122 3 27]
= 12 63 = 756
EXERCISE 2.4
1. If the polynomials az3 + 4z2 + 3z 4 and z3 4z + a leave the same remainder
when divided by z 3, find the value of a.
2. The polynomial p(x) = x4 2x3 + 3x2 ax + 3a 7 when divided by x + 1 leaves
the remainder 19. Find the values of a. Also find the remainder when p(x) is
divided by x + 2.
3. If both x 2 and x
1
are factors of px 2 + 5x + r, show that p = r.
2
a 2 b 2 c2
+ +
= 3.
bc ca ab
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