/

2016

VLSITechnologyandComputerArchitectureLab

1: Ohm /

2: Thevenin Norton

3: -
/

4: RC

:
..
______________ ____
______________ ____
______________ ____

0.1
0.1.1 -
.
, ,
( ), ( )
. 0.1
.

4
2

3
3
6

6
10

4
2

5
7

10
9

7
8

V


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
AC/DC .
ON/OFF.
LCD.
.

6. .
7. V/.
8. .
9. A 1.
10. A 10.

0.1:

/ (6)
(V) 0.1. ,

()
().
, /

. .. 12V
/ (6)
20V ,
.
,
/ .
.

.

(probes) . ,
(8).
,
(7).
, 1
(9), 10
(10).
, (2)
DC AC (RMS) .
: /
(
), .
.
, ,
( =
= ).
,


0.2.
.
2

,
1..

()

()
0.2: ) )

0.1.2
.

.

!

.

/
. ,
.
/
.

(
).

0.2
.
(DC) (DC) .
(. 0.3) :
:
o (2) 5V 1.
o (9) 20V
250mA
(9) 30V
2A.

10 9

1
9

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ON/OFF.
: 5V 1A.
: () .
C: () .
/.

10 6

6. .
7. C .
8. /.
9. .
10. .

0.3:

0.3

. ,
, (DC offset).
.
0.4.
, , .
3MHz.

3
2

10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
.
(DC offset).
20db 40db.
(,
,
).

6. .
7. (:10).
8. (50
600).
9. TTL/CMOS ( 5V).
10.

0.4:

, , .
0.5
(
).
f , .
. ,
[Frequency Range (6)] (.
). , [frequency
(1)] .
[f/10 (7)] 10 .
VI ( )
, .
. [DC offset (3)]
.
Vi
. [Amplitude (2)].
10
(20db) 100 (40db)
[Attenuation (4)].
5

f=1/T

(DC offset)

Vi

VI

t
T
0.5:

0.4
0.4.1. -
.

0.6, (4) (CH1 CH2).

9
1 5

3
4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2 6
7

10

.
.
.
.
.

6.
7.
8.

3
4

.
0.
.
9. .
10. LCD.

0.6:

0.7
.

17

15

16
7

10

1.
(sample, peak, average).
2. (triggering).
3. .
4.
.
5. .
6.
()
.
7. .
8.

0.7:

11

9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

12 13 14

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.8
.
. POSITION
(1) (5) .
MENU [(17) 0.7]
) CH1 CH2 (2), ) (6)
(10)
CH1 CH2 (2) :
o DC - DC AC

o AC - AC
o GND (ground) -
(10)
(Edge, Video, Pulse Width) (CH1, CH2, EXT, EXT/5, AC
Line).

14

14

14

14
6

2
7

10
11

12
3

8
13

1. CH1 CH2.
2. CH1 CH2.
3.
CH1 CH2 Volts/Div.
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. 0.
8.

Sec/Div.

9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.

.
.


.
.

.
LED .

0.8: -

(3)
CH1 CH2 Volts/Div (Div=division) (8)
Sec/Div.
Volts (Div)
(Sec)
(Div) .
(11)
.

0.9:

0.9.
BNC (CH1 CH2)
(EXT TRIG). 0.9
BNC.

. ()
.

1
2

1. .
2. (cursors).

3.

0.10:

. 0.10 .
.
MEASURE (1) .
11 , 5
. : (Freq), (Period),
(Mean), (Pk-Pk), RMS (Cyc RMS),
(Min), (Max), (Rise time) . 10%
90% , (Fall time) .
90% 10% , (Pos
Width) . 50% 50%
, (Neg Width) . 50%
50% .
CURSOR (2) (cursors)
. :
Type , ) Voltage (
) Time / ( ).
Source (CH1, CH2, MATH, ).
Delta .
Cursor 1 () .
Cursor 2 () .
DISPLAY (3)
. :
Type , ) Vector
Dots
.
Format )
)
1 (CH1) 2 (CH2). 1
2
.
.:
(9) 0.6 ( ).
(17)
0.7 .

0.4.2

.
.
10

()
.
(
EXT TRIG) ()
.
. (10)
TRIG MENU 0.8. [ (9)
(11) 0.8]
.

0.4.3
,
. /
0.11. 1 2 (CH1,
CH2). BNC
( ).

()

()

3,4Divs

3,2Divs
0.11:

11

.
:

(
).

,

. :
o (2) 0.8,
o , (9)
0.6, Ground,
o (1) 0.8
,
o , ,
(9) 0.6 DC.
:
o



.
.
o
[ (8) 0.8]
,
.
o .. 0.11

2 Volts/Div.

(Divs)
, . 3,2 Divs (

0,2 ).
3,2 Divs 2 Volts/Div = 6,4 Volts.
:
o

.
.
o
,
12

[ (10) 0.7],
.
o .. 0.11
250 Sec/Div.

0,2 Divs
3,6 Divs.
3,4 Divs.
3,4 Divs 250 Sec/Div = 850 Sec = 850106 Sec.
.
MEASURE
. , CURSOR
()
(). 0.12:
CURSOR [. (2) 0.10]
. LED POSITION [.
(14) 0.8] CURSOR 1,2.
[. (9)
0.6]
(TIME, VOLTAGE) [. (17) 0.7].
[. (9)
0.6] (CH1 CH2).
CURSOR 1
( TIME
VOLTAGE) .
CURSOR 2
.
(Delta)
(17) 0.7.
Delta

Cursor 2

Cursor 1

Cursor 1

Cursor 2

Delta

Delta

0.12: (cursors)

13

0.5 BREADBOARD

breadboard .
breadboard 0.13.

. ,
breadboard ()
( ).
, ) ,
)
,
. breadboard
.

0.13: breadboard

()
breadboard
0.14. ,

.
.

14

LED

0.14: breadboard

0.6

.
0.6.1.

, Ohms (),
. V
, , R
Ohm:

V
I

15

0.15:

0.15 .

(, ).
.

0.15,
(multiplier) (tolerance) .
.
.
.. (5), (6), (1000)
(5%), 561000 5% = 56 5%.
16

0.15,
(multiplier) (tolerance) .
.. (4), (7), (0),
(100) (1%), 470100 1% = 47 1%.

0.6.2. ()
, .
. 0.16
,
.
: , .
RMAX.
.
R
RMB MB,
: RMAX = R + RMB, 0 R RMAX.

A
A

RAM

RAB

RMB

B
M

B
M

0.16: ()

0.16
: ) (. 0.17()) )
(. 0.17()).
0.17() ( )
.
R.
0.17()
MB (VMB) (VB)
:

VMB

RMB
VAB
R AB

17

+
V +
_

V +
_

VAB

+
VMB

B
()

()

0.17: ) )

0.6.3.
, ,
.
farad (F).
Q V, C :

Q
V

0.18 .
. 0.19
.

0.18:

18

0.19:

0.7
0.7.1.
.

.
.

. .
5mA 10mA .
10mA 100mA , ,
.
100mA
.

19

0.7.2.
:
1. .

.
2.

.
3.
.
4. ,
.
.
5. ,
.

.

0.7.3.


.

.
.
( )
.
(. 166).

20

1
1.1 OHM
: Ohm:

V
I

: breadboard 1.1().
R=20.
:
) V 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V 5V
.
. 1.1() ,
, .
- .
) R=10.
) (R).
(R) .

()
()
1.1: Ohm

21

) R =

R =

) R =

R =

1.2 -
: .
: breadboard 1.2.
R1=10 R2=10.

()

()

1.2: ) )

: V=10V.
) V1 V2 R1 R2
1.2(). V1 V2 V.
; R2=1.
R.
V1
V2

R2 = 10K
R2 = 1K
) 1 2 R1
R2 1.2().
1 2. ;
R2=1.
R
I1
I2
I

R2 = 10K
R2 = 1K
22

2
2.1 THEVENIN
: Thevenin.
: ,
,
VT RT.
: breadboard 2.1.
V=5V, R1=R2=R3=10 RL=1.

Thevenin . 2.1
Thevenin.
A
+
V_

Thevenin

R2
R1

R3

RL

B
()

()

2.1: Thevenin

:
) Thevenin
.
VTtheory =

RTtheory =

) R1, R2 R3,
Thevenin.
R1real =

R2 real =

R3 real =

VTexpected =

RTexpected =

) 2.1() , :
) RL ( VL) ) RL
( VT). (VT) Thevenin. (VL)
Thevenin
, :

VL

RL
V V
VT R T T L RL
R T RL
VL
23

.
VL =
VT =
RT =

.
- :

2.2 NORTON
: Norton.
: ,
,
R.
: 2.1()
2.2() (V=5V, R1=R2=R3=10 RL=1).
2.2 Norton.
Norton
A
+
V_

R2
R1

R3

RL

B
()

()

2.2: Norton

:
) Norton
.
INtheory =

RNtheory =

) R1, R2 R3
2.1., Norton.
INexpected =

RNexpected =

) Norton (RN) Thevenin (R)

2.1(). 2.2() (IL)
RL. (L) Norton (),

, :

IL

RN
R R
IN IN N L IL
RN RL
RN
24

.
RN =

L =

IN =

.
- :

25

26

3
3.1
: .
: breadboard 3.1.
V=10V, () 10
Cs=Co=100nF.
A

Co

+
V_

Cs
S
s

+
~
_

3.1:

:
) DC VM=5V.
S s
fS=1KHz Vs=1V (DC-offset=0). ( /
) DC (VM), (Vm), RMS (V-RMS)
(fM) . .
V =
VO =

Vm =
Vo =

V-RMS =
VO-RMS =

f =
fO =

) DC VM=7V
.
V =
VO =

Vm =
Vo =

V-RMS =
VO-RMS =

f =
fO =

) Vs=2V
.
V =
VO =

Vm =
Vo =

V-RMS =
VO-RMS =
27

f =
fO =

3.2 -
: / .
t

,
RC
: C (t) VC 0 1 e

C (t) VC0 e

t
RC
:

R C , VC0
( ) t
.
: 3.2
() 10 C.
f=20Hz, 5V (DC offset) 5V .
A

+
_
~

+
C

3.2: RC

:
) R=5K.
( 10% 90% )
C
:
R = 5K
C = 100nF
C = 200nF
C = 300nF

t =
t =
t =

,
.

C
28

) C=300nF (
90% 10% ) R
:
C = 300nF
R = 2K
R = 4K
R = 6K
R = 8K

t =
t =
t =
t =

,
.

R
) C=200nF R=5K.
(C(t))
(t) .
RC .
.


C(t) =
t=
=
= R C =

29

30

4
4.1
: RC.
: breadboard 4.1.
() 10 R=5K
C=300nF.
R=5K

+
s

C=300nF

+
_
~

4.1: RC

:
) s Vs=4V (DC-offset=0)
. , , fS
10z 5KHz ( ) Vo
t s . ,
20log10(Vo/Vs) ( db) deg
. S S
.
fS
s = 2fs
S
t
deg
Vo
20log10(Vo/Vs)
:

10Hz

20Hz

50Hz

rad 2

100Hz

200Hz

500Hz

t
t
deg 2 57.295
S
S

31

1KHz

2KHz

5KHz

) ,
20log10(Vo/Vs) ( db) deg,
fS. : 1)
0 ( -3db
DC). 2)
( db/). 3)
( deg/).
db

20log10(Vo/Vs)

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16

-18
-20
-22

(log)

-24

-26
10

20

30

40 50 60 7080 100

200

300

0() =

500

700

1K

2K

3K

4K 5K 6K 7K8K 10K

Hz

=
deg

db/

10

20

30

40 50 60 7080 100

200

300

500

700

1K

2K

3K

4K 5K 6K 7K8K 10K

Hz

-10

(log)
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70

-80
-90
-100
-110

-120

deg/

)
0 (0=1/).
. ;
=RC=

0() =

0() 0();

32

4.2
: RC.
: breadboard 4.2.
() 10 R=5K
C=300nF.
C=300nF

+
s

R=5K

+
_
~

4.2: RC

:
) s Vs=4V (DC-offset=0)
. , , fS
10z 5KHz ( ) Vo
t s . ,
20log10(Vo/Vs) ( db) deg
. S S
.
fS
s = 2fs
S
t
deg
Vo
20log10(Vo/Vs)
:

10Hz

20Hz

50Hz

rad 2

100Hz

200Hz

500Hz

1KHz

2KHz

5KHz

t
t
deg 2 57.295
S
S

) ,
20log10(Vo/Vs) ( db) deg,
fS. : 1)
0 ( -3db
). 2)
( db/). 3)
(
deg/).

33


/

db

20log10(Vo/Vs)

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16

-18
-20
-22

(log)

-24

-26
10

20

30

40 50 60 7080 100

200

300

0() =

500

700

1K

2K

3K

4K 5K 6K 7K8K 10K

=
deg

Hz

db/

120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50

40
30
20

(log)
f

10
0
10

20

30

40 50 60 7080 100

200

300

500

700

1K

2K

3K

4K 5K 6K 7K8K 10K

Hz

deg/

)
0 (0=1/).
. ;
=RC=

0() =

0() 0();

34