-11

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"
"

.
11

, 2008

25/8/08

..............................................................................................................3

;...................................................................................6
2.1

...........................................................................7

2.2

......................................................................7

2.3

(business rules)......................................................8

.......................................................................................9

(functional dependencies) ........................................12

....................................................................................14

.........................................................................................15

Boyce-Codd .............................................................................17

....................................................................................19

8.1

.................................................................19

8.2

...............................................................................19

8.3

.......................................................19

8.4

.......................................................................21

BCNF .........................................................................................23
9.1

..................................25

/ ................................................................26
..........................................................................................32

25/8/08

1


:

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forms), .
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(functional dependency).
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:

123
123
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134

12

11

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12

12

10

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-email

del@eap.gr

ram@eap.gr

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25/8/08

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25/8/08

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form 1NF), (second normal form 2NF),
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form 5NF).
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BoyceCodd ( 3NF),
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,
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1,
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,
1.

25/8/08

2 ;


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123

124

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126

2.1

(redundancy)
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11

123

12

124

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125

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25/8/08

) 4
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2.1

2.2 (. 2.3),
.

11

123

123

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124

124

10

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125

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125

2.3

( , ) .
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2.2


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25/8/08

2.3 (business rules)

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2 .
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.
2-2
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:
1.
2.
3.

(. 11 BDnotes1-ennoiologikos-sxediasmos.zip)

25/8/08

3
/
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3.1.

12

11, 10, 12

13

21

3.1

3.1 ,
,
.
:
1.
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, .
2.
like (

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12

11

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21

3.2

25/8/08

3.2 (
;). , (,
)
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12

11

12

13

10

12

12

12

21

13

3.3

(. 3.4)
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11

12

12

10

13

21

3.4

3.4
(..
sql
11, 11
....).
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,

1
,
2
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.

.
3-1

.
/ :
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10

25/8/08

2. (, 1, /1, 2, /2, 3,
/3)

.

(1NF)
.

.
(
1).

11

25/8/08

4 (functional dependencies)
R A, B.
( )
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) , . , t1 t2
R, t1(A) = t2(A) t1() = t2().
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12

25/8/08

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4-1
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;
1.
2.
3.
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13

25/8/08

5
(second normal 2NF)
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1) . ,
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).


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14

25/8/08

(-, , , -email)
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11

del@eap.gr

12

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10

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(
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, 2NF, email

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email .
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2NF.

(3NF) )
)
. 3
3

The key, the whole key, and nothing but the key, so help me Codd"
( Bill Kent, Edgar Codd,
) 2NF 3NF. , ( )
,
.

15

25/8/08

,
( ):
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3NF.

?

16

25/8/08

7 Boyce-Codd
:
- (, /, -, , /-)
:
(, -)
(, )
(/, -)
(/, )
,
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. :
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3NF (
/
). :

,
(
),
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,
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.
.

,
7.1 (.. ).

/-

123

11

2/9/2008

123

12

2/9/2008

134

11

1/9/2008

134

12

1/9/2008

7.1 3NF

17

25/8/08

R Boyce-Codd (BCNF)
R, ,
.

BCNF ( ):
(, /)
- (-, )
(, -, /-)
,
( , ,
).
.
7-1

3NF BCNF.
(, , )

, .
,
( ,
-
) :
1.
2.
3. 3NF BCNF
4. 3NF BCNF

18

25/8/08

8
,
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.
R (projection,
) R
(
R ).
.
:

8.1
,
.

8.2
,
.

8.3

:
(, -, /, , -)
:
1 (, -, /)
2 (/, , -)
.
:

123

11

2/9/2008

-21

123

12

2/9/2008

-21

134

11

1/9/2008

-21

1351

21

2/9/2008

-2

138

22

5/9/2008

-6

19

25/8/08

123

11

2/9/2008

123

12

2/9/2008

134

11

1/9/2008

1351

21

2/9/2008

138

22

5/9/2008

2/9/2008

-21

2/9/2008

-21

1/9/2008

-21

2/9/2008

-2

5/9/2008

-6

.
1, 2
11 :

123

11

2/9/2008

-21

123

11

2/9/2008

-21

123

11

2/9/2008

-2

123

12

2/9/2008

-21

123

12

2/9/2008

-21

123

12

2/9/2008

-2

1351

21

2/9/2008

-21

1351

21

2/9/2008

-21

1351

21

2/9/2008

-2

134

11

1/9/2008

-21

138

22

5/9/2008

-6

. ,
-
.
(lossy join decomposition).
(lossless join decomposition)

. ,
(;).

.
/. ,

20

25/8/08

( )
.

R R1, R2, ..., Rn

R
R1, R2, ..., Rn.

,
,
.

8.4
, 4 .
R(A, B, C, D) F
: B, C
A R R1(A, B), R2(B, C, D),
C .

,
. F
R1, R2, ..., Rn,
R, F R,
F F (
F F ).
,
(, -, _)
:
-
_
- _
3NF
1 (, -)
2 (, _)
- _
( -,
_).

Boyce-Codd
(. 7.1), 3NF .
.

21

25/8/08

8-1
8.4, 3NF
. .

22

25/8/08

9 BCNF

BCNF , .

.
5 .

.

, ( )
,
.
( )
.
BCNF . ,

,
.
9.1
,
R(,B,C,D,,F,G)

R1(,B,F)
R2(,C)
R3(C,D,)
R4(F,G)


. R
( i, i = 1...,
(1, 2, ..., ))
(1, 2, ..., ) (1, 2, ..., )
BCNF ( (1, 2, ..., )
) R 1, 2, ... , 1, 2, ... .
i, . R
i.
9.2, R
( )
.

23

25/8/08

A
F

B
G

A
F

F
G

F
B
D

9.1 BCNF

9-1

.
24

25/8/08

9-2
9.1.

Bi

9.2 BCNF

9.1
,
,
:
1. R
2. F R
F F
( )
3. R1 R2 R
4.
F
R1 R2 R1
R1 R2 R2
9-3

9.1 .

25

25/8/08

/
1-1
,
-11,
-

. , ,
- ( )

, ,
. ,
top-down

( ).
,
,
,
top-down .
,

, (universal relation)
( ,
).

. bottom-up
.

1. ,

. ,
.
,
:

-:

26

25/8/08

(, /, )
(, -email)
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( , ) -1
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:
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4 2;)
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) ;

27

25/8/08

2-2
2. . ,

(. 11 BD-notes1ennoiologikos-sxediasmos.zip)
3-1
(3)

1, 2, 3 (..
, , ).

. ..,
( , ,
,
).
()
.
.. , MSc.
;
4-1
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. . ;
7-1
H
3NF BCNF.

.
,
:

(, )
.
(, ) (
). (, ) (
, ,
(, ) , ).
(, ) (
).

28

25/8/08

BCNF ,
.
( 8) BCNF :
(, )
(, )

(, ) .
,
.
,
, (, ) .
:

DEON

DEON

MAD

DEON

MAD

STER

STER

MAD

STER

MAD

, BCNF ,
.
3NF . ,

( ).
BCNF
.
:
R
(1, 2, ..., ) , (1, 2, ..., )
.
,

DEON

MAD

ODEON

CRAZY

DEO.
8-1
:
1 (, -)
2 (-, _)

29

25/8/08

9-2
,
BCNF
1
: (, , C, D, E, F, G)
(A, B) F
AC
C (D, E)
FG
2 ( C)
: (, C), (, , D, E, F, G)
(A, B) F
C (D, E)
FG
3
: (, C), (C, D, E), (, , F, G)
(A, B) F
FG
4
: (, C), (C, D, E), (F, G), (, , F)
(A, B) F
, ,
BCNF. 9.
9-3
F 6 R
(A, B) F
AC
C (D, E)
FG
To F
(A, B) F
AC
C (D, E)
C (C, D, E)
FG
F F, G
(A, B) G
A (D, E)
A (C, D, E)
A (A, C, D, E)
(A, B) (F, G)
(A, B) (A, F, G)
(A, B) (A, B, F, G)

F F

30

25/8/08

9.1
( ).
D

R1

R2

R1 R2 = {A}
R2
F

B
G

R1

R2

R1 R2 = {F}
R2
F

A
F

B
D

R1
A

R1 R2 = {C}
R2
F

F
B

R2
F

31

25/8/08

M

1. Silberschatz, Korth, Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, McGraw-Hill,
Fifth Edition, 2005.
2. Ullman, Widom, A First Course in Database Systems, Prentice Hall, Third
Edition, 2008.


3. Ullman, Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems, Computer
Science Press, 1988.
wikipedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization)

32