4

Reinforced Concrete Design

Strength of Rectangular Section in Bending

Location of Reinforcement

Behavior of Beam under Load

Beam Design Requirements

Working Stress Design (WSD)

Practical Design of RC Beam
Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Location of Reinforcement
Concrete cracks due to tension, and as a result, reinforcement is required
where flexure, axial loads, or shrinkage effects cause tensile stresses.

Simply supported beam

tensile stresses and cracks are

developed along bottom of the beam
Positive
Moment

BMD

longitudinal reinforcement is placed

closed to the bottom side of the beam

Location of Reinforcement
Cantilever beam
- Top bars
- Ties and anchorage
to support

Location of Reinforcement
Continuous beam

Location of Reinforcement
Continuous beam with 2 spans

Figure B-13 : Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Beams

Figure B-14 : Reinforcement Arrangement for

Suspended Cantilever Beams

Behavior of Beam under Load

w

L
c

Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)

Working Stress Condition

f < f c

f < f r = 2.0 f c

f < f c

T = As fs
s

Brittle failure mode

cu= 0.003
C

Crushing

T = As fs

s <y fs < fy
Ductile failure mode
c < 0.003
C

s y fs = fy

T = As fs

Beam Design Requirements

1) Minimum Depth (for deflection control)

oneway
slab

L/20

L/24

L/28

L/10

BEAM

L/16

L/18.5

L/21

L/8

2) Temperature Steel (for slab)

SR24:

As = 0.0025 bt

SD30:

As = 0.0020 bt

SD40:

As = 0.0018 bt

fy > 4,000 ksc:

As = 0.0018
4,000 bt
fy

b
t
As

3) Minimum Steel (for beam)

As min = 14 / fy

As

To ensure that steel not fail before first crack

4) Concrete Covering
stirrup





Durability and Fire protection

> 4/3 max. aggregate size

5) Bar Spacing

WSD of Beam for Moment

Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane
2) Stress proportioned to Strain
3) Concrete not take tension
4) No concrete-steel slip
Modular ratio (n):
Es
2.04 106
134
n=
=

Ec 15,100 f c
f c

Effective Depth (d) : Distance from compression face to centroid of steel

d

Cracked transformed section

strain condition

compression face
kd

force equilibrium
f c = Ec c
C
N.A.

s
b

T = As f s
f s = Es s

jd

Compression in concrete:

1
C = f c b kd
2

kd

N.A.

T = As f s

Tension in steel:

T = As f s
f s = Es s

Equilibrium Fx= 0 :
Compression = Tension

1
f c b kd = As f s
2
Reinforcement ratio:
fc 2
=
fs
k

f c = Ec c
C

= As / bd
1

jd

Strain compatibility:
c

c
kd
k
=
=
s d kd 1 k

kd

f c / Ec
k
=
f s / Es 1 k

fc
k
n
=
fs 1 k

s
Analysis: know find k

Design: know fc , fs find k

k = 2n + ( n ) n
2

k=

n fc
1
=
n fc + fs 1 + fs
n fc

Allowable Stresses
Steel:

Plain concrete:

f c = 0.33 f c 60 kg/cm 2
Reinforced concrete:

f c = 0.375 f c 65 kg/cm 2

SR24: fs = 0.5(2,400)

= 1,200 ksc

SD30: fs = 0.5(3,000)

= 1,500 ksc

SD40, SD50: fs

= 1,700 ksc

Example 3.1: f c = 150 ksc , fs = 1,500 ksc

n=

134
= 10.94 10 (nearest integer)
150

f c = 0.375(150) = 56 ksc
k=

1
= 0.2515
1,500
1+
9(56)

Resisting Moment
Moment arm distance : j d

kd/3

C=

1
fc k b d
2

jd
T = As fs

kd
jd = d
3
k
j = 1
3

Steel:

M = T jd = As f s jd

Concrete:

1
M = C jd = f c k j b d 2 = R b d 2
2
1
R = fc k j
2

Design Step: known M, fc, fs, n

1) Compute parameters

k=

1
1 + fs n fc

j = 1 k / 3

R=

1
fc k j
2

R (kg/cm2)

fc
(kg/cm2)

45

fs=1,200
(kg/cm2)

fs=1,500
(kg/cm2)

fs=1,700
(kg/cm2)

12

6.260

5.430

4.988

50

12

7.407

6.463

5.955

55

11

8.188

7.147

6.587

60

11

9.386

8.233

7.608

65

10

10.082

8.835

8.161

Design Parameter k and j

fc
(kg/cm2)

fs=1,200
(kg/cm2)

fs=1,500
(kg/cm2)

fs=1,700
(kg/cm2)

45

12

0.310

0.897

0.265

0.912

0.241

0.920

50

12

0.333

0.889

0.286

0.905

0.261

0.913

55

11

0.335

0.888

0.287

0.904

0.262

0.913

60

11

0.355

0.882

0.306

0.898

0.280

0.907

65

10

0.351

0.883

0.302

0.899

0.277

0.908

1) For greater fs , k becomes smaller smaller compression area

2) j 0.9 moment arm j d 0.9d can be used in approximation
design.

2) Determine size of section bd2

Such that resisting moment of concrete Mc = R b d 2 Required M
Usually b d / 2 : b = 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, . . .
d = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, . . .
3) Determine steel area
From

M = As f s jd

M
As =
fs j d

4) Select steel bars and Detailing


 .1   
 
   , .2

Number of Bars
Bar Dia.

RB6

0.283

0.565

0.848

RB9

0.636

1.27

DB10

0.785

DB12

1.13

1.41

1.70

1.91

2.54

3.18

3.82

1.57

2.36

3.14

3.93

4.71

1.13

2.26

3.53

4.52

5.65

6.79

DB16

2.01

4.02

6.03

8.04

10.05

12.06

DB20

3.14

6.28

9.42

12.57

15.71

18.85

DB25

4.91

9.82

14.73

19.63

24.54

29.45


 .3 !" #$%!

& ACI

Member

Simple
One-end Both-ends
supported continuous continuous

Cantilever

One-way slab

L/20

L/24

L/28

L/10

Beam

L/16

L/18.5

L/21

L/8

L = span length
For steel with fy not equal 4,000 kg/cm2 multiply with 0.4 + fy/7,000

Example 3.2: Working Stress Design of Beam

w = 4 t/m

Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2
Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m

From table: n = 10, R = 8.161 kg/cm2

Required moment strength

M = (4) (5)2 / 8 = 12.5 t-m

Recommended depth for simple supported beam:

d = L/16 = 500/16 = 31.25 cm
USE section 30 x 50 cm with steel bar DB20
d = 50 - 4(covering) - 2.0/2(bar) = 45 cm

Moment strength of concrete:

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (30) (45)2
= 495,781 kg-cm
= 4.96 t-m < 12.5 t-m

NG

TRY section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm
Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (40) (75)2
= 1,836,225 kg-cm
= 18.36 t-m > 12.5 t-m
Steel area:

OK

M
12 . 5 10 5
As =
=
= 10 . 8 cm 2
f s jd 1,700 0 . 908 75

Select steel bar 4DB20 (As = 12.57 cm2)

Alternative Solution:
From Mc = R b d2 = required moment M

bd

M
R

d =

M
Rb

For example M = 12.5 t-m, R = 8.161 ksc, b = 40 cm

d =

12 . 5 10 5
= 61 . 88 cm
8 . 161 40

USE section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Revised Design due to Self Weight

From selected section 40 x 80 cm
Beam weight wbm = 0.4 0.8 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m
Required moment M = (4 + 0.768) (5)2 / 8 = 14.90 < 18.36 t-m OK
Revised Design due to Support width
30 cm

Column width 30 cm

30 cm

Required moment:
M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8
= 13.17 t-m

4.7 m clear span

5.0 m span

Practical Design of RC Beam

B1 30x60 Mc = 8.02 t-m, Vc = 6.29 t.
w = 2.30 t/m

5.00

Load
dl
wall
slab
w

0.43
0.63
1.24
2.30

fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,500 ksc, n = 10

k = 0.302, j = 0.899, R = 8.835 ksc
b = 30 cm, d = 60 - 5 = 55 cm
Mc = 8.835(30)(55)2/105 = 8.02 t-m

M = (1/9)(2.3)(5.0)2 = 6.39 t-m

Vc = 0.29(173)1/2(30)(55)/103
As = 8.62 cm2 (2DB25)
V = 5.75 t (RB9@0.20 St.)

= 6.29 t
As = 6.39105/(1,5000.89955)
= 8.62 cm2

B2 40x80 Mc = 19.88 t-m, Vc = 11.44 t.

SFD
BMD
As

w = 2.64 t/m

w = 2.64 t/m

8.00

5.00

8.54

9.83
12.58
+13.81

3.37
+2.15

-16.17
13.65

15.99

2.13

3DB25

4DB25

2DB25

GRASP Version 1.02

B11-B12

Membe
r

Mz.i [T-m]

Mz.pos [T-m]

Mz.j [T-m]

Fy.i [Ton]

Fy.j [Ton]

39.03

-53.42

33.04

-50.84

-53.42

17.36

-37.97

44.52

-39.36

-37.97

20.75

-46.35

40.54

-43.34

-46.35

25.88

-28.26

44.96

-38.92

-28.26

6.59

-92.25

31.27

-52.61

-92.25

81.47

0.00

69.70

-47.73

Analysis of RC Beam
Given: Section As , b, d

Materials fc , fs

Find: Mallow = Moment capacity of section

STEP 1 : Locate Neutral Axis (kd)

k = 2 n + (n ) n
2

j =1k / 3
As
= Reinforcem ent ratio
bd
Es
2.04 106
134
n=
=

Ec 15,100 f c
f c

where =

STEP 2 : Resisting Moment

Concrete:

1
Mc = f c k j b d
2

Steel:

M s = As f s j d

If Mc > Ms , Over reinforcement

Mallow = Ms

If Mc < Ms , Under reinforcement

Mallow = Mc

Under reinforcement is preferable because steel is weaker

than concrete. The RC beam would fail in ductile mode.

Example 3.3 Determine the moment strength of beam

40 cm

fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,

n = 10, d = 75 cm

As
12 . 57
=
=
= 0 . 00419 , n = 0 . 0419
bd
40 75

80 cm

k = 2 0 . 0419 + ( 0 . 0419 ) 2 0 . 0419

4 DB 20
As = 12.57 cm2

= 0 . 251 j = 1 0 . 251 / 3 = 0 . 916

Mc = 0.5(65)(0.251)(0.916)(40)(75)2/105 = 16.81 t-m

Ms = (12.57)(1,700)(0.916)(75)/105 = 14.68 t-m (control)

Double Reinforcement
- Increase steel area
- Enlarge section

When Mreqd > Mallow

- Double RC
only when no choice
c

As
d
M

As

T = As fs
1

C = 2 fc k b d

T = As fs

As1 fs
As2 fs


 
   
T = As fs
C=

C = 2 fckbd

1
f kbd
2 c

d-d

jd
T = As fs

T1 = As1 fs

Moment strength
M = M1 + M2

Steel area

As =

T = As fs

T2 = As2 fs

1
M 1 = M c = f c kjbd 2
2
= As1 f s jd
Mc
As1 =
f s jd

M2 = M Mc
= As 2 f s (d d )
= As f s(d d )
M Mc
As 2 =
f s (d d )

Compatibility Condition
d
kd

s
d kd
=
s
kd d

From Hooks law: s = Es fs, s = Es fs

... 

Es f s
fs
d kd
=
=
Es f s
f s
kd d
k d d
f s = f s
1 k
k d d
f s = 2 f s
1 k

  ( As )
T = As fs

Force equilibrium [ Fx=0 ]

T = T2

d-d

As fs = As2 fs
T2 = As2 fs

Substitute

k d d
f s = 2 f s
1 k

1
1 k
As = As 2
2
k d d

   ( k )
d
kd
d

Compression = Tension

Cc + Cs = T

s
Substitute

1
f c b kd + As f s = As f s
2
k d d
As
f s = 2 f s
, =
1 k
bd

As
1 k
f s = n fc
, =
k
bd

k =

d 2
2

2n + 2
+ n ( + 2 ) n ( + 2 )
d

Example 3.4 Design 40x80 cm beam using double RC

w = 6 t/m

fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,

n = 10, d = 75 cm

5.0 m

k = 0.277, j = 0.908, R = 8.161 ksc

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 0.8 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required M = (6.768) (5)2 / 8 = 21.15 t-m
Mc = Rbd2 = 8.161(40)(75)2/105 = 18.36 t-m < reqd M

Double RC

Mc
18.36 105
As1 =
=
= 15.86 cm 2
f s jd 1, 700 0.908 75
M Mc
(21.15 18.36) 105
As 2 =
=
= 2.34 cm 2
f s (d d )
1, 700 (75 5)

Tension steel As = As1 + As2 = 15.86 + 2.34 = 18.20 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)
Compression steel

As =

1
1 k
1
1 0.277
= 2.34
= 4.02 cm 2
As 2
2
k d d 2
0.277 5 / 75

USE 2DB20 (As = 6.28 cm2)

0.80 m

2DB20

6DB20
0.40 m



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3 
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