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Test
tube
Concentration
of sucrose
Change in
Initial(cm) Final(cm)
solution(M)
length(cm)
P
Q
R
S
T
U
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
5
5
5
5
5
5
The
Concentration Time taken for the mixture to
rate of
turn colourless (min)
of albumen
enzyme
solution (%)
reaction
1
2
3
average (min-1)
1
2
3
4
formula]
10. Tabulate the results in table below
11. Steps 1 to 9 are repeated by using different food sample such as peanut and cashew
nut
Presentation of data
Temperature 0C
Food
sample
Initial
Final
Increase in
temperature
Energy
value
White
bread
Peanut
Cashew
nut
tube,stopwatch,60W electric bulb , measuring cylinder , retort stand, paper clip, metre
ruler
Procedure
1. A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel
2. The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards
3. A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig
4. 10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube
5. The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature maintained
at 280C
6. A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant
7. When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles released for 5
minutes is recorded using a stopwatch
8. The steps are repeated by placing the apparatus at distance 40cm,30cm,20cm and 10cm
from the light source.
9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using a
formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Number
Rate of
Distance
of
photosynthesis
of light bubbles
(number of
source released
bubble
(cm)
in 5
/minute)
minutes
50
40
30
20
10
TO INVESTIGATE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Problem statement
What is the effect of temperature on the rate anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis
The increase the temperature,the increase the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : volume/concentration of yeast
Apparatus and materials
Yeast solution, glucose solution, coloured liquid, paraffin oil, manometer tube, measuring
cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch,
marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
1.Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
3. The boiling is filled with paraffin oil
4. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube, rubber tubing and the
manometer
5. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
6. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a
marker pen
7. Then, placed the boiling tube in water bath at 200C
8. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer (after 10
minutes)
9. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
10. Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths at 300C, 400C and
500C
11. Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
12. Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a formula
The height
of coloured
Concentration
liquid in the
of glucose
manometer
(%)
(cm)
initial final
5
10
20
Rate of anaerobic
respiration(cm/min)
Presentation of data
Size of
cubes(cm3)
Rate of
Percentage diffusion
of
of
coloured
potato
area (%)
cube
(%/min)
1
8
27
64
TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
Problem statement
Does number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
The higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of photosynthesis
Variables
MV : number of leaves
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Plant shoot with leaves, water, photometer (or capillary tube, ruler, rubber
tube),stopwatch, light bulb, beaker
Procedure
1. A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant. The shoot is cut and is immersed immediately into
a basin of water
2. The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water. The leaves are removed
from the shoot and 8 leaves is left behind
3. The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber tubing of the photometer
under water
4. The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the tube is immersed in a
beaker of water
5. The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth
6. Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is air tight
7. An air bubble is introduced in the tube
8. The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air movement
9. The shoot is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state before any readings is taken
10. The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble travel10cm distance is
recorded
11. The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading
12. Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with difference number of leaves
6, 4, 2 and 0.
13. The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is recorded in the following
table using stopwatch
14. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula
Presentation of data
Number Time
Rate of
of
taken
transpiration(cm/min)
leaves (min)
0
2
4
6
8
2. The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint between the plant and the
photometer are sealed using Vaseline to make the airtight
3. The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that outside lightning will
not affect the outcome of experiment
4. A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the photometer with a
meter ruler placed to measure the distance
5. The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is
started when the air bubble cross X mark.
6. The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is stopped when the bubble
reaches Y mark that is 10cm
7. Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch
8. Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put at 40cm,50cm,60cm
away from the photometer.
9. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula
10. All the findings are recorded In a table
Presentation of data
Distance of
lamp from the
edge of
photometer
(cm)
0
40
50
60
Capillary tube, retort stand, 50ml beaker, basin, scalpel, rubber tubing, tissue paper,
Vaseline, marker pen and stopwatch, ruler, fan, water and plant shoot
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed In the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water. The
apparatus is filled with water. The leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing
3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are trapped in the
apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open the end of the capillary tube. The apparatus is removed
from the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before removing
the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using a tissue paper.
Some Vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make the apparatus airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber tubing is
squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is
placed in water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand. A marker pen is used to mark two points,
X and Y at a distance of 5 cm apart
9. The photometer is placed under the table fan with speed 1 .record the time taken (in
minutes) for the air bubble to move from point X to point Y using stopwatch
10. Repeat the experiment twice
11. To reset the photometer, squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into
the beaker of water
12. The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot in under water a
an with speed 2 and respectively
13.The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table
using formula
Presentation of data
Speed
of fan
Speed 1
Speed 2
Speed 3
Second
reading
Third
reading
Rate of
transpiration
average (cm/min)
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water. The
apparatus is filled with water. The leafy shoot is inserted into the rubbing tubing.
3. Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are trapped in the
apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube. The apparatus is removed
from the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before removing
the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot using tissue paper.
Some Vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make it airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir. The rubber tubing is
squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube. The capillary tube is
placed in water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand. A marker pen is used to mark two
points ,X and at a distance 5cm apart
9. The non-transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and of the photometer is
placed in the shady place at 300C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using
stopwatch
10. Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move from X to Y using
stopwatch
11. To reset the photometer, squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into
9. At the interval of half an hour, until two hours, students empty his bladder
10. After two hours, the total collected urine is measured using measuring cylinder
11. Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking water (400ml, 600ml, 800ml, 1000ml)
12. Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place
13. Dispose the measured urine properly
14. Measure and record the data collected into a table
Presentation of data
Volume of
urine is
produced(ml)
800
1000