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3. u(x, t) = X(x)T (t)
XT 00 = 4X 00 T
X 00 + kX = 0, X(0) = X(π) = 0
T 00 + 4kT = 0, T (0) = 0
k = n2
Xn = sin(nx)
Tn = sin(2nt)
u= ∞
P
n=1 An sin(nx) sin(2nt)
ut (x, 0) = ∞
P
n=1 2nAn sin(nx) = sin 2x
1
u = sin(2x) sin(4t)
4
4. DIY
5. u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y)
X 00 Y 00
X 00 Y + XY 00 = 0 ⇒ =− = λ = k2
X Y
Note: No negative eigenvalues. You can check that the case λ < 0 gives only u = 0.
X 00 − k 2 X = 0, X(0) = 0
Y 00 + k 2 Y = 0, Y 0 (0) = Y 0 (1) = 0
Yn = cos nπy, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
X0 = x; Xn = sinh nπx, n ≥ 1
X ∞
u(x, y) = A0 x + An sinh nπx cos nπy
n=1
∞
X
u(1, y) = 1 − y = A0 + An sinh nπ cos nπy
n=1
Z 1
1
A0 = (1 − y) dy =
0 2
Z 1
2 [1 − (−1)n ] 4
An sinh nπ = 2 (1 − y) cos nπy dy = = , n = 1, 3, . . . .
0 n2 π 2 n2 π 2
∞
1 4 X sinh(2n − 1)πx cos(2n − 1)πy
u(x, y) = x + 2
2 π n=1 (2n − 1)2 sinh(2n − 1)π
6. (a) Substituting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t) into (i),(ii), (iii), (v) we obtain
X 00 − kX = 0, X(0) = 0, X(1) = 0
T 0 − kT = 0
where k is a constant.
(b) The first DE has eigenfunctions
T 0 + n2 π 2 T = 0, T 0 (0) = 0.
2
∞
X ∞
X
(c) Let u(x, t) = An un (x, t) = An sin nπxexp[−n2 π 2 t].
n=1 n=1
∞
X 4
(4) ⇒ u(x, 0) = An sin nπx = 1 ⇒ An =
, n = 1, 3, 5, . . . ; An = 0, n = 2, 4, 6, . . .
n=1
nπ
Note : An =the coefficients of the half range sine series of f (x) = 1, 0 < x < 1
∞
X
f ∗ (x) = bn sin nx
n=1
( 4
Z 1
2 h cos nπx i1 2 , n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
bn = sin nπx dx = 2 − = [1 − (−1)n ] = nπ
1 0 nπ 0 nπ 0 , n = 2, 4, 6, . . .
∗ 4 h 1 1 i
Hence, the half range sine series is f (x) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + · · · .
π 3 5
4 −π2 t
1 −9π2 t 1 −25π2 t
The solution is u(x, t) = e sin πx + e sin 3πx + e sin 5πx + · · ·
π 3 5
∞ −(2n−1)2 π 2 t
4 X e sin(2n − 1)πx
or u(x, t) =
π n=1 2n − 1
7. Bar with insulated ends
(a) Case 1. k = λ2 > 0 : No nontrivial solutions.
Case 2. k = 0 : X0 = 1
nπ
Case 3. k = −λ2 > 0 : λ = λn = nπ L
, X = Xn = cos x, n = 1, 2, . . .
L
Combining Case 2 and Case 3, we conclude that the eigenvalues are
nπ 2
k=−
L
and that
nπ
Xn = cos x
L
are the corresponding eigenfunctions for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(b) X 00 − kX = 0, X 0 (0) = X 0 (π) = 0
L=π
k = −n2 , Xn = cos nx, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
T 0 − 4kT = 0
T 0 − 4kT = 0
2
Tn = e4kt = e−4n t , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
∞
2
X
u(x, t) = a0 + an e−4n t cos nx
n=1
∞
X 1 1
u(x, 0) = a0 + an cos nx = cos2 x = + cos(2x)
n=1
2 2
a0 = 12 , a2 = 21 and other an = 0
1 1
u(x, t) = + e−16t cos(2x)
2 2
h 2 1 hπ
8. ψ(x) = − x + + x,
2 π 2
Solve by separation of variables: wxx + wyy = 0, w(0, y) = w(π, y) = 0, w(x, 0) = −ψ(x)
∞
2 (−1)n
X
−ny 1 hπ h 2 h n
u(x, y) = An e sin nx + + x − x , An = + 3 [(−1) − 1]
n=1
π 2 2 π n n