Physics 710-712

May 14, 2010

Problem Set 21
Problem 17.2.1: With H 0 =
p
X = ~/(2m)(a + a ), we have:
(1):
En1 = hn|H 1 |ni =

1
P2
2m

+ 12 m 2 X 2 and H 1 = X 4 , and using that

~2
hn|(a + a )4 |ni
4m2 2

~2
hn|(a2 a2 + aa aa + a a2 a + aa2 a + a aa a + a2 a2 )|ni
4m2 2
~2
=
hn|(6a2 a2 12aa + 3)|ni
4m2 2
~2
{6hn + 2|(n + 1)(n + 2)|n + 2i 12hn + 1|(n + 1)|n + 1i + 3hn|ni}
=
4m2 2
~2
3~2
=
{6(n
+
1)(n
+
2)

12(n
+
1)
+
3}
=
(2n2 + 2n + 1),
4m2 2
4m2 2
=

where in the first line we dropped the zero superscripts from the unperturbed eigenstates; in the second line we kept only terms with equal numbers of as
and a s; in the

third line we used [a, a ] = 1; and in the fourth line we used a |ni = n + 1|n + 1i.
(2): For any finite value of , as n gets large
~2 n2 /(m2 2 )
En1
~

n2 2 3  1.
E
~
m
Physically, at large x, no matter how small is,
V (x) =

m 2 2
x + x4 x4
2

for 6= 0.
~ = S
~B
~ = H 0 + H 1 with H 0 = B0 Sz and
Problem 17.2.2: H = ~B
1
0
0
H = BSx . The H eigenvalues are E = B0 ~/2 with eigenstates |i0 , the Sz
eigenstates. Then
E1 = h|0 H 1 |i0 = Bh|0 Sx |i0 =

B
h|0 (S+ + S )|i0 = 0,
2

and
|h|0 H 1 |i0 |2
2 B 2 |h|0 (S+ + S )|i0 |2
=
0
E0 Em
E0 E0
4
B0 ~
m
q
B 2
B 2
~B 2
=
|h|0 S |i0 |2 =
|h|0 ~ ( 12 ( 12 ))( 32 ( 12 ))|i0 |2 =
,
4B0 ~
4B0 ~
4B0

E2 =

X0 |h|0 H 1 |mi0 |2

and
|i0 =

X0 |mi0 hm|0 H 1 |i0

0
E0 Em

B |i0 h|0 S |i0

|i0 h|0 H 1 |i0
B
=

|i0 ,
0
0
E E
2
B0 ~
2B0

where we used that h|0 S |i0 = ~, as computed in the previous equation. Therefore


B0 ~
B2
B0 ~ B 2 ~
0
1
2
3
,

=
1+
E = E + E + E + O(B ) =
2
4B0
2
2B02
and

B
|i0 .
2B0
p
~ where
bS,
Now compare to the
exact
answer.
H
=
(B
B02 + B 2 n
0 Sz + BSx ) =
p
2
2
~ are ~/2 with eigenvectors |i
n
b = (B0 b
k + Bb)/ B0 + B . The eigenvalues of n
bS
with
|i = |i0 + |i1 + O(B 2 ) = |i0

|+i = cos 2 ei/2 |+i0 + sin 2 ei/2 |i0 ,

|i = sin e

i/2

|+i + cos e

i/2

(1)
0

|i ,

where |i0 are the Sz eigenvectors. Eqn. (1) can be rewritten as

|i = cos 2 ei/2 |i0 sin 2 ei/2 |i0 ,
and
1 + cos
=
2

1 + nz
=
2

1 cos
=
2

1 nz
2

cos 2 =
sin

sp
B02 + B 2 + B0
p
= 1 + O(B 2 ),
2
2
2 B0 + B
sp
B02 + B 2 B0
B
p
=
+ O(B 3 ),
=
2
2
2B0
2 B0 + B

and = 0, since n
b is in the x-z plane. This implies
|i = |i0

B
|i0 + O(B 2 ),
2B0

in agreement with the perturbation theory result. Similarly, the exact eigenvalues are
~
E =
2


1/2


q
~B0
B2
~B0
B2
4
2
2
B0 + B =
1+ 2
=
1+
+ O(B ) ,
2
B0
2
2B02

again in agreement with the perturbation theory result.

Problem 17.3.2: H = ASz2 + B(Sx2 Sy2 ) on the spin-1 Hilbert space. In the Sz
basis, |mi (m = 1, 0), we have

0 1 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
i~
~
Sy = 1 0 1
S z = ~ 0 0 0 ,
Sx = 1 0 1 ,
2 0 1 0
2 0 1
0
0 0 1
(see p. 328 of the text). This implies

A 0 B
H = ~2 0 0 0 .
B 0 A

(2)

Clearly

0
|mi = |0i = 1
0
is the eigenvector with E = 0. So we only need to look at the |mi = |1i subspace
where H = H 0 + H 1 with




1 0
0 1
0
2
1
2
H =~ A
,
H =~ B
on the |mi = {|1i} subspace.
0 1
1 0
H 0 is degenerate: H 0 |mi = ~2 A|mi for m = 1. The basis stable under H 1 is the one
which diagonalizes H 1 . Since

   

 
 
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1
=
and
=
,
1 0
1
1
1 0
1
1
the eigenvectors of H 1 are
 
1 1 (|1i + |1i)
2

 
1 1 (|1i |1i) .
2
 
 
To order O(B), the energy shifts of 1 and 1 are

 

 1 

0 1
1
1 1
1
2


= ~2 B,
E1 = 1 H 1 = ~ B 1 1
1 0
1
2
2

 

  

0 1
1
1
1
1
= ~2 B.
E1
= 1H 1 1 = ~2 B 1 1
1 0
1
2
2
and

So, the eigenvalues, to O(B), are

E1 = ~2 (A + B),

E1 = ~2 (A B),

E0 = 0.

Compare this to the exact eigenvalues of (2) given by 0 = det(H ) = (~2 (B A) +

)(~2 (B + A) ), which implies = {0, ~2 (A B), ~2 (A + B)}. So, the O(B) results
are exact.