Chap 27

Chapter 27 - Viruses
Chapter 27
Viruses
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme renders the protein non-functional.
How would the affect the HIV infection cycle?
A. The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor.
B. Reverse transcription would no longer be possible.
C. Formation of the provirus would be stopped.
D. Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.
Blooms Level: 3. Apply

LO: 27.03.01 Explain how the HIV virus compromises the immune system.
Section: 27.03 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Topic: Viruses
2. Vibrio cholerae lives in water and gets the genes to produce a toxin from a virus (phage
conversion). The toxin kills the intestinal epithelial cells in the human host resulting in
massive diarrhea. Untreated cholera has about a 50% mortality rate. How does killing humans
help the bacteria?
A. The diarrhea helps the bacteria to spread.
B. Killing humans provides nutrients for the bacteria.
C. Humans are the wrong host and are killed by accident.
D. The bacteria reproduces faster in a dead human.
Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate

LO: 27.02.02 Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their hosts.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
27-1
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3. Once a prophage is formed, the viral genes are reproduced every time the bacterium
multiplies. The genes that encode the lytic cycle are held in check by a repressor protein.
Stress induces the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. How would this affect the
prophage?
A. Apoptosis would be induced.
B. The bacterium rejects the viral genes.
C. The virus enters the lytic cycle.
D. The bacterial genome is denatured.
LO: 27.02.01 Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophage.
Topic: Viruses
4. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

A. Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.
B. If a host cell is weakened, viruses have an easier time infecting it.
C. The host cells have the correct surface receptor that the virus can fit into.
D. Viruses only attack epithelial cells, such as the cells lining the lungs.
E. The initial choice is random but once a cell type is chosen it becomes the preferred host.
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze

LO: 27.01.02 Understand the basic mechanism of viral replication.
Section: 27.01 The Nature of Viruses
Topic: Viruses
27-2
True / False Questions
5. Viruses are self-replicating but the replication is much faster in a host cell.
FALSE
Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Viruses
6. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleave phosphodiester bonds.

How would the affect a virus?
A. Fragment the genome
B. Digest the capsid
C. Dissociate the envelope
D. Alter the host binding site
E. Hydrolyze the protein coating

LO: 27.01.01 Describe the different structures found in viruses.
Topic: Viruses
27-3
7. Can a virus be killed?

A. Yes, destroying its genome kills it.
B. No, viruses are capable of self-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.
C. Yes, separating the genes from the capsid kills it.
D. No, viruses are non-living and cannot die.

Topic: Viruses
27-4
8. Retroviruses are unique because they are a combination of RNA and DNA.
FALSE

Topic: Viruses
9. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to cause infections after being treated with
powerful proteolytic chemicals that would destroy all proteinaceous material?
A. A virus
B. A prion
C. A fungus
D. A bacterium
E. A viroid

LO: 27.05.02 Describe the mechanism of prion transmission.
Section: 27.05 Prions and Viroids: Subviral Particles
Topic: Viruses
27-5
10. Flu shots are vaccines against the most common strains of the flu virus. Most vaccines are
rarely changed but new flu vaccines are produced every year. Why are flu shots constantly
being reformulated?
A. The flu virus is not completely known.
B. Certain parts of the viral genome are reshuffled by mutations and recombination.
C. The virus mixes with prions.
D. The virus shifts from RNA to DNA.
LO: 27.04.01 Explain why we need a new vaccine each year for influenza.
Section: 27.04 Other Viral Diseases
Topic: Viruses
11. Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but not against most other
pathogenic viruses?
A. Nucleotide analogs that halt replication.
B. Receptor antagonists that block viral entry.
C. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription.
D. Translation inhibitors that stop assembly of viral proteins.

LO: 27.03.03 Illustrate the different therapeutic options for AIDS.
Topic: Viruses
27-6
12. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highly effective against many types of
viruses. They work by halting the replication of viral genes. They are equally effective at
stopping the spread of prion diseases.
FALSE

Topic: Viruses
13. Gardasil is marketed as a cervical cancer vaccine but it is actually a human papilloma
virus vaccine. Why is this done?
A. The virus multiplies more rapidly in cancerous cells.
B. Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to viral infection.
C. Genital warts is a sign of cancer.
D. The viral infection in the cervical epithelial cells may cause the cells to become cancerous.

Topic: Viruses
27-7
14. If the gp120 glycoprotein were damaged as a result of a mutation, HIV would have
difficulty:
A. binding to a host cell
B. leaving a macrophage
C. inserting its genes into the host cell's genome
D. assembling the capsid
E. attaching its RNA to a host cell's ribosome
Topic: Viruses
15. Integrase inhibitors work by:

A. Agglutinating the reverse transcrptiase inhibitors
B. Degrading the viral envelope
C. Preventing the incorporation of the viral DNA into the genome
D. Blocking the final viral assembly

LO: 27.03.03 Illustrate the different therapeutic options for AIDS.
Topic: Viruses
27-8
16. Tetracycline is effective against viruses because it disrupts the action of the viral
ribosomes.
FALSE

Topic: Viruses
17. The pneumonia caused by the influenza virus results from the accumulation of fluid and
cell debris in the lungs. This occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus.
FALSE

Topic: Viruses
27-9
18. Plasma from a sick mouse is filtered across a membrane that has a 200 nm pore size. If
the filtrate is still infectious if injected into a healthy mouse, then the pathogen is most likely
a(n):
A. bacterium
B. archaean
C. fungus
D. virus
E. parasitic worm

Topic: Viruses
27-10
Fill in the Blank Questions
19. Viruses are ______ -coated fragments of DNA or RNA.

protein

Topic: Viruses
20. A ____________ can contain DNA or RNA as its genetic material, but not both.
virus

Topic: Viruses
21. Outside the protein sheath, many viruses have a(n) _______ made of protein, lipid, and
carbohydrate.
envelope

Topic: Viruses
27-11
22. Viruses can ________ only after they have entered a host cell, and only by using the
host's cellular machinery.
reproduce
Topic: Viruses
23. _____________ infects the CD4+ T cells, which are required for normal immunity.
HIV

Topic: Viruses
24. The SARS virus is a member of the family of viruses called ____________.
coronavirus

LO: 27.04.02 Illustrate where emerging viruses come from.
Topic: Viruses
27-12
25. Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleic acid core. This capsid is composed of
A. proteins.
B. monosaccharides.
C. glycoproteins.
D. lipoproteins.

Topic: Viruses
26. Virulent viruses multiply within infected cells and eventually

A. cause an alternation of generations in the host cell, releasing new viruses.
B. cause the transformation of the host cell, releasing new viruses.
C. cause lysis of the host cell, releasing new viruses.
D. cause the transduction of the host cell, releasing new viruses.
E. cause a transfer of material from the host cell, releasing new viruses.
Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Viruses
27-13
27. Recently a class of infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid have been
identified. They are referred to as
A. bacteriophages.
B. latent viruses.
C. viroids.
D. prions.
E. virions.

LO: 27.05.01 Explain why prion replication was a heretical concept.
Topic: Viruses
27-14
28. The HIV virus is considered a(n) ______ virus, because after getting integrated into the
host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately.
A. phage
B. latent
C. transforming
D. benign
E. inducible
LO: 27.03.02 Describe the disease AIDS.
Topic: Viruses
29. Each HIV particle possesses a ___________ on its surface, called gp120, that precisely
binds to a protein, called CD4, that is found on the surfaces of the immune system cells called
macrophages and T cells.
A. nucleic acid
B. phospholipid
C. polysaccharide
D. glycolipid
E. glycoprotein

Topic: Viruses
27-15
30. Viruses are characterized by all of the following except

A. being found in every organism investigated so far.
B. being specific to the hosts they infect.
C. being capable of independent reproduction.
D. being acellular.
Topic: Viruses
31. All of the following are diseases caused by viruses except

A. strep throat.
B. AIDS.
C. polio.
D. small pox.
E. measles.

Topic: Viruses
32. Phages are viruses that can infect

A. humans.
B. plants.
C. insects.
D. farm animals.
E. bacteria.

Topic: Viruses
27-16
33. A layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some viruses is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
capsid.
casing.
envelope.
membrane.
viroid.

Topic: Viruses
34. Viruses that become established as stable parts of the host cell genome are called
A. lethal.
B. potent.
C. temperate.
D. virulent.

Topic: Viruses
35. Prions are

A. strands of nucleic acids encased in a protein coat.
B. viral nucleic acids integrated into the host chromosomes.
C. viral-infected cells.
D. infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid.
E. proteins coded by genes.

LO: 27.05.01 Explain why prion replication was a heretical concept.
Topic: Viruses
27-17
36. Which of the following is a virus with an icosahedral head, a capsid that contains
primarily three proteins, a connecting neck with a collar and long whiskers, a long tail and a
complex base plate?
A. influenza virus
B. measles virus
C. T4 bacteriophage
D. HIV
E. tuberculosis
Topic: Viruses
37. Benign Vibrio cholerae becomes pathogenic by all of the following steps except
A. a bacteriophage introduces a gene coding for the cholera toxin.
B. the cholera toxin gene is incorporated into the benign Vibrio cholerae chromosome.
C. the benign host is transformed into a disease-causing agent by the toxin.
D. the cholera toxin gene is translated.
E. a bacteriophage binds only to benign Vibrio cholerae without pili.

Topic: Viruses
27-18
38. The infection cycle of HIV includes all of the following steps except
A. attachment.
B. entry.
C. replication.
D. immediately killing the host cell.
E. viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Topic: Viruses
39. HIV studies revealed that it is closely related to

A. smallpox virus.
B. ebola virus.
C. herpes virus.
D. a chimpanzee virus.
E. mad cow disease.

Topic: Viruses
40. The onset of AIDS is often accompanied by

A. a steep drop in T cell numbers.
B. macrophage infection.
C. a positive HIV test.
D. lung infections and other opportunistic infections.
E. Kaposi's sarcoma.

Topic: Viruses
27-19
41. An example of an "emerging virus" (a virus in a new host) with a lethality rate in excess
of 50% is
A. influenza virus.
B. Ebola virus.
C. hepatitis B.
D. variola virus.
E. yellow fever.
Topic: Viruses
42. HIV infects cells by recognizing the cell-surface markers with its own
A. DNA.
B. glycoproteins.
C. reverse transcriptase.
D. capsid protein.
E. enzymes.

Topic: Viruses
27-20
43. Mad cow disease is caused by a

A. bacterium.
B. virus.
C. viroid.
D. virion.
E. prion.
Topic: Viruses
44. Nearly all viruses are constructed of

A. DNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.
B. RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.
C. either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.
D. either DNA or RNA, however many do not have the capsid.

Topic: Viruses
27-21
45. A scientist is studying the lysogenic cycle of the lambda 1 phage of Escherichia coli. This
means that she is investigating
A. the integration and stabilizing of the lambda 1 phase into a host cell's genome.
B. the integration of the bacteria's genome with the viral genome outside of the bacteria's cell
wall.
C. the integration of the viral genome into the ribosomes present in the bacteria to direct
protein synthesis for the capsid formation.
D. the integration and stabilizing of a virus into its capsid, which provides protection until
conditions are better for reproduction.
Topic: Viruses
46. If a virus enters the lytic phase in a host's cell, it will cause the host cell to
A. reject the virus.
B. shrink because of the loss of cytoplasm that has been used in the synthesis of viral DNA.
C. lyse due to the action of enzymes
D. replicate itself at a higher than normal frequency.
E. initiate an attack on the virus.

Topic: Viruses
27-22
47. Scientists have demonstrated that the cholera bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, can exist as a
rather harmless form or, by phage conversion, can exist as a disease-causing, virulent form.
This conversion is caused by
A. the phage entering the cholera bacterium genome and causing the bacterium's cell to lyse.
B. the phage introducing a gene into the bacterium's chromosome that codes for the cholera
toxin that can cause death in humans.
C. the phage altering the cell wall of the cholera bacterium that produces a toxin that can
cause death in humans.
D. the phage alters the host cell, which permits direct entry of the cholera bacterium into the
host cell leading to death in humans.
Topic: Viruses
48. The specific white blood cells that HIV attaches to are the ____________ cells.
A. CD4+
B. gp120 -T
C. CCR5-T
D. CXCR4-T
E. CD8-T

Topic: Viruses
27-23
49. Diseases such as scrapie in sheep, "mad cow" disease in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in humans are known as
A. viroids.
B. viruses.
C. retroviruses.
D. TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies).
E. emerging viruses, for example Ebola.
Topic: Viruses
50. Viruses infect every organism that has been investigated for their presence. However,
viruses can only replicate in
A. very limited conditions, depending on their capsid type.
B. a very limited manner if they are a retrovirus.
C. a very limited manner depending on their envelope capability with the host's cell
membrane or cell wall.
D. their lytic stage outside the host cell membrane.
E. a very limited number of the host's cells.

Topic: Viruses
27-24
51. Viruses may cause cancer by

A. disrupting a cancer-causing gene.
B. inserting cancer causing genes into the cell's genome.
C. triggering cell division through attachment to a cell surface receptor.
D. triggering the expression of cancer-causing genes present in the genome.
E. suppressing a gene that regulates cell division.
General LO: Relate structure to function.
Topic: Viruses
52. The switch from a lysogenic prophage to a lytic cycle is called

A. transformation.
B. induction.
C. latency.
D. phage conversion.
E. injection.

Topic: Viruses
53. All of the following are part of phage conversion except

A. injection of phage gene into host.
B. transcription and translation of phage gene.
C. induction of phage.
D. expression of phage gene by host.
E. integration of phage gene to form a prophage.

Topic: Viruses
27-25
54. What is the name for parasitic viral DNA that has been integrated into the chromosome of
its bacterial host?
A. prophage
B. prophase
C. viroid
D. virion
E. arbovirus
Topic: Viruses
55. One way in which retroviruses differ from all other types of viruses is that retroviruses
A. possess an RNA genome.
B. possess only single-stranded nucleic acids.
C. can create a prophage.
D. have single-strained RNA that serves as viral mRNA.
E. have the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Topic: Viruses
27-26
56. The enormous genetic diversity of HIV has made it especially difficult to create a vaccine
against the virus. This genetic diversity is largely the result of
A. its large variety of capsid proteins.
B. the great variety of HIV in the environment.
C. alternate splicing of exons.
D. the high error rate of reverse transcriptase.
E. the high sensitivity of the virus to UV radiation.
Topic: Viruses
57. The direction of genetic information transfer in a retrovirus (such as HIV) is

A. DNA to mRNA to protein.
B. RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein.
C. DNA to protein.
D. RNA to mRNA to protein.
E. RNA to protein.

Topic: Viruses
27-27
58. Which of the following statements about bacteriophage is false?

A. Bacteriophages do not have a viral envelope.
B. A temperate phage can have its DNA integrated into the host chromosome as a prophage.
C. Ultraviolet radiation can cause induction.
D. A prophage is replicated with the bacterial chromosome and passed to the two new
daughter cells.
E. Late genes are only expressed during the lysogenic cycle.
Topic: Viruses
59. Which of the following is a unique feature of viruses that separates them from bacteria?
A. They are generally smaller.
B. They are often highly toxic.
C. They lack proteins.
D. They have different nucleotides in their hereditary material.
E. They cannot exist outside of a host cell.

Topic: Viruses
27-28
60. While they are simple relative to cells, viruses often have a very diverse collection of
components. Which one of the following choices is least likely to be found as part of a virus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
proteins with functional binding sites

membrane components
single-stranded DNA
ribosomes
glycoproteins

Topic: Viruses
61. Which of the following would not be a component of a newly produced HIV virus?
A. protein capsid
B. RNA
C. reverse transcriptase
D. viral envelope
E. complementary DNA

Topic: Viruses
27-29
62. Which of the following statements about the types and subtypes of the influenza (flu)
virus is false?
A. Of the three major types of flu virus (A, B, and C), only Type A can occur in humans,
other mammals, and birds.
B. Flu subtype is determined by the kinds of proteins representing the H and N protein spikes
making up the capsid of the virus.
C. The A(H2N2) and the A(H3N2) strains of the virus require different vaccines.
D. High mutation rates create more diversity in strains of flu than does genetic
recombination.
E. Genetic recombination between flu strains from different species is common.
Topic: Viruses
63. Which of the following statements about emerging viruses is false?

A. Emerging viruses are able to "jump" from one species to another.
B. Hantavirus, which causes a hemorrhagic-type fever, originates in deer mice.
C. Ebola is an emerging virus of unknown origins that can have a mortality rate in excess of
50%.
D. The emerging virus SARS is a coronavirus.
E. The stable genome of the SARS virus makes it an unlikely candidate for vaccine
development.

Topic: Viruses
27-30
64. Which of the following statements about TSEs (transmissible spongiform

encephalopathies) is false?
A. TSEs include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk,
and kuru and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
B. The incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans increased after an outbreak of mad
cow disease in England, suggesting that mad cow disease may be transmitted to humans.
C. Viroids are the likely cause of TSEs.
D. TSEs do not seem to be affected by treatments that would eliminate nucleic acid-based
diseases.
E. Infectious TSE preparations do not seem to contain DNA or RNA.
Topic: Viruses
27-31

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Chapter 27 - Viruses

Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate

4. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Blooms Level: 4. Analyze

True / False Questions

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

6. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleave phosphodiester bonds.

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

7. Can a virus be killed?

Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate

True / False Questions

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

True / False Questions

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

15. Integrase inhibitors work by:

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

True / False Questions

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Fill in the Blank Questions

19. Viruses are ______ -coated fragments of DNA or RNA.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

26. Virulent viruses multiply within infected cells and eventually

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

30. Viruses are characterized by all of the following except

31. All of the following are diseases caused by viruses except

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

32. Phages are viruses that can infect

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

35. Prions are

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

39. HIV studies revealed that it is closely related to

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

40. The onset of AIDS is often accompanied by

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

43. Mad cow disease is caused by a

44. Nearly all viruses are constructed of

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

51. Viruses may cause cancer by