Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

The large hadron collider (LHC) of the CERN in Geneva uses several thousands
superconducting magnets spread on the 27-km circumference, producing a magnetic field
four times higher than classical electromagnets, with an electric intake ten times smaller
(considering the power consumed by the cryogenic cooling device).

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

CSJA2
HFZ

Lorentz
Force

The strands move in

Click
The
Etching
Nb
for:
the Cu
3Sn
the direction
of the
fractures
away allows
at the
Lorentz Force
Extended
grain
broken
boundaries
Zoom
and
filaments
thus
intowe
tosee
fall
area
the
out.grain
with
broken upacross
structure
Opening
void
filaments
the
filaments.
space
where strands
can move more
easily.

Peter
J. Lee &
FESEM:
CarlosSE
Sanabria

Filaments
fractured by
strand
bending

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade

Supercondutividade
Production Process of YBaCuO:
1)

mix dry powders of yttrium oxide, barium carbonate, and cupric oxide in the
proper molecular ratios.

2)

This first firing results in a porous dark gray or black clump. This mass is ground into
a fine powder and placed again in the furnace. This time a oxygen flow is
maintained as the material is heated to about 950 degrees Celsius for about 18
hours.

Supercondutividade
Production Process of YBaCuO:
3) An additional grinding and firing under flowing oxygen is usually necessary
to obtain a good quality superconductor. In the process of being heated under
oxygen flow, the oxygen content of each crystal unit is increased from 6.5
atoms of oxygen to approximately 7.

4) The rate of cooling in this final firing must not exceed 100 degrees per hour
until the temperature of the material is below 500 degrees Celsius. This slow
rate of cooling is an absolute necessity for producing superconductors with a
critical temperature above the temperature of liquid nitrogen.

Supercondutividade
Production Process of YBaCuO:
3) An additional grinding and firing under flowing oxygen is usually necessary
to obtain a good quality superconductor. In the process of being heated under
oxygen flow, the oxygen content of each crystal unit is increased from 6.5
atoms of oxygen to approximately 7.

4) The rate of cooling in this final firing must not exceed 100 degrees per hour
until the temperature of the material is below 500 degrees Celsius. This slow
rate of cooling is an absolute necessity for producing superconductors with a
critical temperature above the temperature of liquid nitrogen.

Supercondutividade
Production Process of YBaCuO:
5) Adequate oxygen flow must be maintained until the temperature of the
sample has dropped below 400 degrees Celsius. If the oxygen flow is removed
too soon, much of the necessary oxygen will be lost.

4) There are several problems with the results of the ordinary methods of
preparation. One problem is that the material is very brittle and breaks easily
under repeated thermal stress. This problem can be relieved somewhat by
cycling the temperature several hundred degrees up and down during the final
heating cycle. This causes the material to develop thermal stress cracks at
unstable locations during the heating process. These small thermal stress
cracks are then re-sintered before the material is finally brought back down to
room temperature.