NUTRITION

6.4 FOOD DIGESTION

SUBSTANCES NEEDED IN CELL

METABOLISM
Metabolism : chemical reaction in cells that keep them alive,
growing & dividing

Divided into:
Catabolism breaking down substances to produce energy &
simpler molecules
Anabolism using ATP to synthesize new cell components
from simple molecules
Substances needed for metabolic processes:
Glucose
Amino acid
lipids

FUNCTIONS OF GLUCOSE
IN CELLULAR METABOLISM

Broken down to
produce chemical
energy (ATP)
ATP provide
energy for all
metabolic
activities

FUNCTIONS OF
AMINO ACID

basic building
blocks of
proteins
About 22 amino
acids are used
to synthesize
the different
type of protein
required by the
human body

LIPIDS ARE USED IN

THE SYNTHESIS OF:

Triglycerides
(energy storage
molecules)
Phospholipids
(major building
blocks of cell
membrane)
Hormones and
vitamins

HUMAN DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
ALIMENTARY CANAL

BASIC STRUCTURE OF
ALIMENTARY CANAL

The walls of the alimentary tract are formed by 4 layers of tissue:

Adventitia / serosa outer covering
Muscle layer
Submucosa
Mucosa - lining

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Tr.Rez@SB2013

PANCREATIC JUICE

pH 7.8 8.5
Pancreatic amylase
Starch + water

maltose

Trypsin
Protein / polypeptides + water
Lipase
Fats + water

peptides

fatty acid & glycerol

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BILE
Bile salts (not enzyme)
Fats
fat droplets

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INTESTINAL JUICE
pH 7.6

Erepsin
Peptides + water
Maltase
Maltose + water
Sucrase
Sucrose + water
Lactase
Lactose + water
Lipase
Fats+ lipids

amino acids
glucose
glucose + fructose
glucose + galactose
fatty acids + glycerol

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DIGESTION OF
CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN &
LIPIDS

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES,
PROTEIN & LIPIDS
1. mouth
2. Oesophagus no digestion takes place
3. Stomach

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4. Small intestine duodenum, jejunum & ileum

5. Large intestine no digestion takes place
6. Rectum

MOUTH
Digestion of carbohydrates
Salivary glands produce saliva
Saliva have 5 main components:
Water moisten & soften food
Lysozyme kill bacteria
Mucus
Sodium salts provide alkaline medium
pH 6.5 7.5
amylase

maltose

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Starch + water

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ESOPHAGUS

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STOMACH

Gastric gland
secrete gastric
juice that contain:

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Pepsin
Rennin
Mucus
HCl

GASTRIC JUICE

pH 1.5 2

Hydrochloric acid
Lowers the stomach pH : pepsin activated

Pepsin
Protein + water
Rennin
Caseinogen (milk protein)

pepsin
rennin

polypeptides

casein

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Pepsinogen
Prorennin

SMALL INTESTINE
Consist of

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Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

DIGESTION OF
PROTEIN

Erepsin
Peptides + water
Polypeptides + water

polypeptides
peptides

amino acids
amino acids

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Trypsin
Protein + water
Polypeptides + water

DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
Bile salts (not enzyme)
Fats
fat droplets

Lipase
Lipids + water

glycerol + fatty acids

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DIGESTION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
maltose

Maltase
Maltose + water

glucose

Lactase
Lactose + water

glucose + galactose

Sucrase
Sucrose + water

glucose + fructose

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Amylase
Starch + water

DIGESTION IN
RUMINANTS &
RODENTS

RUMINANTS

Herbivore
mammals
Eg. Cow, goat,
giraffe, deer
Feed on plant cellulose

RODENTS..

Rabbits
and rats
family

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
OF RUMINANTS

Feed on plant cellulose

Need cellulase to digest it
But ruminants do not produce cellulase
digestive system are specially adapted
to carry out cellulose digestion

RUMINANTS
Has a stomach with 4 chambers:
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
abomasum
Carry out rumination process of
regurgitating food and rechewing it

RUMINANTS
the saliva of a
cow contains
no salivary
amylase
depend on the
cellulasesecreting
microorganism
in its digestive
system

RUMEN
first & largest
compartment
contain bacteria
that produced
cellulase for the
cellulose digestion
function as the
fermentation
chamber

ORGANISMS IN RUMEN

RETICULUM
also contains
bacteria for
digestion
content of reticulum
called cud
regurgitation occurs
has a honeycomb
wall

OMASUM
reswallowed
cud will be
sent here
large particle
are broken
down by
peristalsis
water is
removed

ABOMASUM
true stomach
of the
ruminants
gastric juice
containing
digestive
enzymes-HCl
and pepsin

FLOW OF FOOD IN
RUMINANT

chyme

abomasum

mouth
swallow

- H2 O

omasum

oesophagus

swallow
curd

rumen
fermentation

reticulum

mouth

regurgitation

reticulum

omasum
rumen

abomasum

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF
RODENTS
caecum and
appendix are
enlarged to store the
cellulase producing
bacteria
Food pass the
alimentary canal
twice
first as food
then as soft
faeces

Soft and watery

faeces usually
produced at night

Eaten again

Pass out as hard and

dry faeces during the
day

RAT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RATS CAECUM

FLOW OF FOOD IN
RODENTS
mouth

Re-eat the faeces to absorb more nutrient

swallow

oesophagus

stomach

anus

Small
intestine

caecum
Digest
cellulose

EATEN AGAIN? WHY??

to enable the animals to absorb

the products of bacterial
breakdown

allow rodent to recover the

nutrients initially lost with the
faeces