Nhà Máy Nư C Đá

1
PHN I : NH MY SN XUT NC CY
CHNG 1: LUN CHNG KINH T
1. 1. Lun chng kinh t :
Ngy nay nc c s dng trong qu trnh lm lnh nhiu lnh vc.
Trong sinh hot nc c s dng cng vi hu ht cc loi nc gii kht dng
lm mt. Trong nghnh thc phm, nc dng lm nguyn liu lnh, tr lnh khi
vn chuyn bo qun nng sn, thc phm, bn thnh phm thy sn. c bit, trong
qu trnh khai thc v ch bin thy sn do iu kin c s vt cht k thut cha cho
php nn khng th lm lnh nguyn liu thy sn trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ch
bin, bng cch s dng trc tip h thng lnh. Cn dng phng php lm lnh
bng nc n gin, tin li, ph hp vi nguyn liu thy sn. Chnh v vy, vic
s dng nc lm lnh ph bin trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ch bin, bo qun
thy sn c ng dng ph bin nht hin nay.
Nc l sn phm ng bng ca nc, l cht ti lnh r tin v quan trng
khng th thiu c trong sinh hot v cc ngnh sn xut, c bit l trong nh bt
v ch bin bo qun thy sn.
Vi c im a l ca Khnh Ha ni chung v Nha Trang ni ring c b bin di
120 Km thun li cho vic nh bt thy sn m trong iu kin hin nay, phng tin
bo qun cn th s, khng c trang b tt h thng my lnh bo qun trn tu
c th nc cy c vai tr quan trng trong vic gi ti nguyn liu thy sn
trong iu kin nh bt xa b.
Nha trang cn l mt thnh ph du lch vi mt dn c ng nn nhu cu s dng
nc trong sinh hot, m thc, gii kht ln. Mt khc, y nghnh khai thc
thy sn v ch bin thy sn pht trin rt mnh ng vo hng nht nh khu vc
min Trung, chnh v vy m nhu cu s dng nc khi trong qu trnh vn
chuyn, bo qun, ch bin thy sn rt ln.
Bn cnh nh bt vic vn chuyn nguyn liu thy sn n ni tiu th hoc
ni ch bin cng phi gi nguyn liu ti trong iu kin nhit thp nn cn phi
s dng nc p.
Nh vy nc sn xut ra phc v cho ba hng :
-Phc v cho sinh hot i sng.
-Dng cho tu thuyn nh bt xa b.
-Dng bo qun nguyn liu, bn thnh phm cc x nghip.
Nm bt c nhu cu , nh my sn xut nc c xy dng ti cng
Hn R 1, nm pha Nam thnh ph Nha Trang. Nh my nm pha Ty ca cng
Hn R, pha Bc gip vi bin ng, pha Ty tip gip ch thy sn, pha ng tip
gip vi ng ln, pha Nam tip gip vi bi u xe. Nh my c xy dng v
tr v cng thun li v giao thng vn chuyn c ng b ln ng thy. Do vy
nhu cu s dng cho vic bo qun thy sn rt ln nn nc y sn xut ra
ch yu s dng cho cc tu nh bt c v bo qun c mi, vi sn lng khai thc
thy sn ngy cng nhiu, v theo quan st ring ca em th nhu cu thc t v tiu th
cy hin nay ti y ang tng ln r rt, cung khng u cu, mt s ch tu phi
mua bn ngoi vn chuyn vo cng. Do vic chn thit k b nng sut
120 tn/ngy v kho bo qun c dung tch 120 tn l c tnh kh thi trong
thc t nhm p ng nhu cu rt ln v cy ti y.
1. 2. S v tr nh my
1. 3. Tnh cht vt l ca nc :
Nc to thnh do nc b mt nhit v h xung 0 0C, ha v lm qu
lnh xung khong -50C.
2
00C v p sut l 0, 98 bar nc c tnh cht vt l nh sau:
- Nhit lng nng chy:333, 6 KJ/kg(79. 8 kcal/kg)
- Nhit dung ring :2, 09 KJ/kg(0. 58 kcal/kg)
- H s dn nhit:2, 326W/m. K(2 kcal/m. h. K)
Khi nc ng bng to thnh nc th th tch cu n tng 9%. Nc
c s dng lm lnh v n c kh nng nhn nhit t mi trng xung quanh v
tan ra thnh nc 00C.
Hm lng tp cht trong nc cng nghip:
Tp cht
-S lng vi khun
-Vi khun ng rut
-Cht kh
- cng chung ca nc
- c theo hm lng cht l lng
-Hm lng st
- PH
Hm lng
100 con / ml
3 con/l
1 g/l
7mg/l
1, 5 mg/l
0, 3 mg/l
6, 5 9, 5 mg/l
1. 4. Phn loi nc :
C nhiu cch phn loi nc :
* Da vo nguyn liu sn xut:
- Nc t nc ngt (nc l, si, nguyn cht).
- Nc t nc bin, t nc mui.
- Nc t nc st trng v khng sinh
* Da vo trong ca :
- Nc pha l
- Nc trong sut
- Nc c
* Da vo hnh dng:
- Nc khi
- Nc tm
- Nc thi
- Nc ng
- Nc vy
1. 5. Phng php sn xut nc cy:
Nc c cho vo trong khun thp nhng ngp trong b mui. Nc mui
ng vai tr l cht ti lnh. N nhn nhit t cc khun lm lnh nc trong
khun sau nh nhit cho dn lnh, nc mui c chy tun hon nh cnh
khuy. y thng ngi ta s dng dn lnh kiu xng c.
Ty theo loi nc v phng php lm nc cy m ngi ta thu c
nc c trong khc nhau .
- Nc pha l c sn xut t nc ngt v l nc mm hon ton nu
chng ta dng phng php lc ion hoc c th sn xut t nc ct.
- Nc trong sut nhng cha t pha l: c sn xut t nc mm
nhng trong qu trnh sn xut khng loi trit khng kh.
- Nc c (nc k thut): c sn xut t mng nc sinh hot, do
cha loi ht cc tp cht c trong nc, khng loi c khng kh ra trong qu trnh
lm ng. Lai nc ny c sn xut v s dng ph bin nht hin nay v
3
phng php sn xut n gin, gi thnh r. gp phn lm cho nc trong hn
th trong qu trnh sn xut ngi ta c th s dng mt s bin php nh:
+ Phng php p thp:s dng khng kh p sut thp 0, 2-0, 25 bar p sut
d thi vo gia khun, khi ng gn n gia khun th rt ng phun kh ra
+ Phng php p cao:l s dng kh nn p sut cao hn 1, 5- 2 bar p sut
d. S dng phng php ny ngi ta khc phc c nhc im l phi rt ng
phun ra kp thi nh phng php thp.
+Phng php khuy: l dng mt que g khuy, nhng cng phi kp thi rt
que ra nu khng que cng s ng bng vo khi
Phng php sn sut cy l phng php c s dng rt lu v hin nay
vn c s dng rng ri v n c nhiu u im :
- Qu trnh sn xut n gin c v thit b v vn hnh nn gi thnh h.
- Nc cy c kch thc ln, kh nng chy d bo qun vn chuyn i xa
ph hp vi cc phng tin nh bt, vn chuyn thy sn.
Ty thuc vo tng loi hnh dng v kch thc khun ta c cc loi
sau:5kg, 7kg, 10kg, 12, 5kg, 25kg, 50kg, 150kg, 200kg, trong khun 50kg c
s dng ph bin nht hin nay.
1. 6. Nhng thng s v kh tng:
Nhng thng s v kh tng nh nhit , m tng i ca khng kh,
bc x mt tri, gi v hng gi, l nhng thng s rt quan trng tnh ton, thit
k xy dng b v h thng lnh.
1. 6. 1. Nhit v m khng kh:
Nhit v m trung bnh thng nng nht vo ma h dng tnh ton
b dy cch m cch nhit tnh kim tra ng sng, c bit dng xc nh nhit
bu t, qua xc nh nhit nc tun hon lm mt dn ngng. Nha Trang
l 1 thnh ph bin khu vc Nam Trung B, nhit trong nm tng i n nh
nn thun li cho vic tnh ton thit k h thng sn xut nc . y ly nhit
trung bnh thng nng nht trong nm l 36, 60C, m 79%.
1. 6. 2. Bc x mt tri:
Bc x mt tri gy tn tht lnh ng k, dng nhit do bc x mt tri ph thuc
v v tr phn xng nm v no, hng cu vch tng ngoi. Theo v tr b
th ch c vch pha ng Bc chu bc x mt tri, cn cc vch pha ng Nam gip
vi phng my, pha Ty gip b cha nc, pha Ty Bc gip b nhng nc ra
v hm c mi che nn khng chu bc x ca mt tri.
1. 6. 3. Nng lng sn xut nc :
Phn xng s dng ngun nng lng in, dng in c ly t li in ca
thnh ph Nha Trang. dng in chy cho ng c c ly t mng in ba pha vi
hiu in th 380V, dng in c s dng cho vic thp sng bm nc, vi hiu
th 220V. Chng ta cn phi kho st tnh n nh ca li in trnh trng hp
li in b st p, ng c s b qu ti, dng in v in p y tng i n
nh.
CHNG 2 : CHN PHNG N THIT K TNH NHIT

TI CHN MY NN
2. 1. Phng n thit k :
- i my sn xut cy th yu cu nhit lm lnh khng su (khong
100C ) nn nhit si ca mi cht thp. Do ta thit k h thng lnh mt cp
sn xut nc .
- Sn xut nc cy th cht lng sn phm khng b nh hng bi mi
cht, cho nn vic la chn loi mi cht va r tin va d kim nhng vn m bo
yu cu vn hnh . p ng c yu cu , ta chn mi cht tun hon trong h
thng l NH3
- H thng lnh sn xut nc cy phi m bo yu cu nhit ca sau
khi ra khi khun c nhit t -6 0C
- Nng sut b 120 tn/24h ( 2400 cy loi 50kg/ cy)
2. 2. Nhim v thit k:
2. 2. 1. Tnh thit k b :
Thit k b bao gm xc nh thi gian lm , kt cu v kch thc b , tnh
cch nhit cch m cho b .
2. 2. 2. Tnh nhit ti chn my nn:
Vic xc nh cc tn tht qua kt cu bao che, do nguyn liu thi ra, cc tn tht
khc cng chnh xc th vic la chn my s ph hp hn v m bo yu cu lm
vic, lm gim c chi ph u t, gim chi ph vn hnh.
2. 2. 3. Tnh thit k cc thit b:
- Thit b ngng t kiu xi
- Thit b bay hi xng c
- Cc loi bnh : bnh cha cao p, bnh cha tun hon, bnh cha du, bnh
tch du, bnh tch lng, bnh tch kh khng ngng
- Cc thit b khc nh cc loi van, ng ng, . .
2. 2. 4. Trang b in cho h thng:
- Trang b in ng lc.
- Trang b in iu khin.
2. 3. u nhc im ca cc loi b:
Hin nay c nhiu loi b nhng c 2 loi b c s dng rng ri nht l
b chm v b ni. Mi loi c u v nhc im ring.
2. 3. 1. Loi b chm : L b c xy dng chm di t b hoc c b.
+ u im: C mt phn vch chn di t nn tng sc chu lc ca vch,
tn tht lnh qua vch gim.
+ Nhc im: B thp, kh bc ln cc phng tin vn chuyn, phi xy
dng ni cao ro.
2. 3. 2. Loi b ni : l loi b c xy ni trn mt t.
+ u im: B cao d ra v bc ln cc phng tin vn chuyn.
+ Nhc im: Chi ph xy dng tng cho vic xy nn mng v tng
2. 4. Tnh kch thc b :
2. 4. 1 . Thi gian lm
Thi gian lm ph thuc rt nhiu yu t, trong ch yu l cc yu t :

- Khi lng v kch thc cy . Cy c khi lng v kch thc cng
nh th thi gian lm cng nhanh v ngc li
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- Nhit nc mui:do c im ca hm thit k l lin tc. Do vy nhit
nc mui trong hm l n nh . Nn chn nhit nc mui tm = -100 C
.
Tuy nhin khi nhit qu thp th tiu tn in nng v tn tht nhit tng
- Tc tun hon ca nc mui : thng tc ny khng ln lm, do tit
din ngang b ln, tc tun hon khong 1 2 m/s
Ta chn khun c tit din trn l 280 x 190 v tit din di 260 x 170 .
Ta c thi gian lm theo cng thc Plank (trang 179_KTLCS) :

A
b0 (b0 B ) ,
tm
h.
Trong :
- tm : Nhit nc mui trung bnh trong b, tm = -100 C.
- b0: Nhiu rng khun ( ly cnh ngn ca tit din ln nht ca khun ), m
- A, B : Cc hng s ph thuc t s n = a 0/b0. (l t s cnh di trn cnh ngn
ca tit din)
Nu khun hnh ch nht n = 2 th A = 4540 v B = 0, 026
4540
.0,19.(0,19 0,026) 18,63h .
10
Nhng tra th 9-7 (trang 179_KTLCS) :gi tr thc nghim thi gian lm
ph thuc vo nhit nc mui v loi khun, TL [1] . an ton ta chn 19,
5 h.
2. 4. 2. Kch thc v s lng khun
Hnh 2-1 :Mt Linh gm 20 khun.

Bng 2-1 : kch thc khun , TL [5]
Tit din
Chiu cao
Tit din trn,
Chiu cao
di,
chun
mmmm
tng, mm
mmmm
mm
280190
260170
1101
1170
Khi lng
, (kg/cy)
50
Ta c s khun
N
M
m
,h
- M : Khi lng trong b ng vi mt m, (kg). Khi lng trong b

ng bng nng sut ca b trong mt ngy. V trong mt ngy ngi ta ch c
mt m ( ht 19, 5 h ), thi gian cn li dnh cho vic ra v np mi nc cc
khun .
- m : Khi lng mi cy , kg
N
M 120000
2400 khun
m
50
- Ta chn mt linh gm 20 khun

s linh Z =
2400
120 linh
20
2. 4. 3. Kch thc b .
Vic xc nh kch thc b ph thuc vo cc thng s sau:
- Nng sut ca b 120tn/ngy hay 2400cy/ngy.
- Chn 1 linh gm 20 khun
- Chn thi gian lm l 19, 5 gi.
- Trong b , dn lnh c t dc theo chiu di ca b v c 2 vch
ngn bng thp
- Thanh thp chu lc c: chiu dy 4 mm.
- B tr cc cy nm dc theo chiu rng ca b.
- y khun cch y b l: h1 = 150 mm.
2. 4. 3. 1 Chiu di ca b :
L = m1. ( a + b ) + ( m1-1)l1 + 2c , mm
Trong :
- m1
: S linh trn mt dy, m1 = 60 linh
-a
: Kch thc khun tnh theo chiu di b, a = 280 mm
-b
: dy thp gia c ming khun, b = 4 mm
-c
: Chiu rng on h cui b, c =300 mm
- l1
: Khong cch gia hai linh, l1 = 5 mm
L = 60 . (280 +4. 2 ) + (60 1 ). 5 + 2 . 300 = 18175 mm.
2. 4. 3. 2 Chiu rng ca b :
- Xc nh chiu di thanh thp hn cht vi linh :
d = m2. ( f + 2. I2 ) + 4. k + 2. r + 2. n , mm
Trong :
m2 : S khun trong mt linh , m2 = 20 khun
f
: Kch thc ming khun theo chiu rng b, f =190 mm
I2 : dy ca tm thp gia c ming khun, I2 = 4 mm
k : dy ca tm thp gn thanh dng mc linh , k = 12mm
r
: Chiu di thanh thp mc linh , r = 50 mm
n : di t khun cui cng n u mt ca thanh thp, n = 75 mm
d = 20. ( 190 + 2. 4 ) + 4. 12 + 2. 50 + 2. 75 = 4258 mm

- Chiu rng ca b :
B = 2. d + 4. u + e, mm
Trong :
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d : Chiu di mt linh , d = 4258 mm
e : Khong t dn lnh v cnh khuy, e = 1200 mm
u : Khong trng khun u v khun cui vi thnh b, u = 25 mm
Vy chiu rng b : B = 2. 4258 + 4. 25 + 1200 = 9816 mm.
2. 4. 3. 3 Chiu cao ca b:
H = h 1 + h2 + h3
Trong :
- h1 : Khong cch y khun v y b, h1 = 150 mm
- h2 : Khong cch ming khun v ming b, h2 = 50 mm
- h3 : Chiu cao ca khun , h3 =1170 mm
H = 150 + 50 + 1170 = 1370 mm.
B NC NHNG KHUN
SN RA
10715
Hnh 2-2. Mt bng b
18175
V TR T KHUN
V TR T DN LNH
V TR T KHUN
CNH
KHUY
2. 5. Tnh cch nhit cch m cho b .

+ Do c s chnh lch gia nhit mi trng bn ngoi v nhit bn
trong hm nn lun c xu hng xm nhp nhit v m t bn ngoi vo gy tn
tht lnh, lm tng chi ph sn xut. Ta c phng trnh truyn nhit :
q = kw (tng - ttr) = (tng - ttr)/Rw.
Rw : L nhit tr ca vch.
+ gim dng nhit truyn qua vch b ta phi tng nhit tr ca vch bng
cch bc cch nhit cho vch b. Vt liu cch nhit lnh c nhim v hn ch dng
nhit tn tht t ngoi mi trng c nhit cao vo bung lnh c nhit thp qua
kt cu bao che. Vt liu cch nhit i hi phi m bo cc yu cu sau :
- H s dn nhit nh
- Khi lng ring nh
- thm hi nc nh
- bn c hc v do cao
- Bn nhit thp
- Khng chy, khng bt mi v c mi l
- Khng c hi vi con ngi v sn phm cn bo qun
- R tin v d kim
+ Bn cnh s chnh lch nhit cn c chnh lch m hay p sut ring phn
hi nc gia bn trong v bn ngoi b s to nn dng hi nc khuych tn qua
vch vo kho. S xm nhp ca m gy nn cc tc hi:
- Lm m vt liu cch nhit gim kh nng cch nhit ca vt liu.
- Lm cho cu trc vt liu tham gia vch m t nhanh h hng.
- m i vo s mang theo c nhit, lm tng nng sut lnh, tng chi ph
2. 5. 1. Tnh cho tng ca b .
Bng 2-2 : Kt cu tng(vch) b :[1]
TT
Vt liu
(m)
1
2 34 5 67
(w/mK)
(g/mhMPa)
1 Va xi mng
0, 93
0, 020
90
2 Gch xy
0, 82
0, 200
105
3 Va xi Mng
0, 93
0, 020
90
4 Lp Bitum
0, 18
0, 003
0, 86
5 Lp giy du
0, 18
0, 001
1, 35
6 Polystirol
0, 047
0, 2
7, 5
Hnh 2- 3:Kt cu tng
7 Thnh b bng thp
45, 35 0, 005
0
Ti Nha Trang mi trng c :
Nhit
tmt
m
Tra th I d ta c:
ts
Nhit nc mui trong b:
tm
a. Tnh chiu dy lp cch nhit.
1 1 n i 1
cn cn

(m)
k
1 i 1 i 2
Trong :
= 36, 6 0C,
= 79%.
= 32, 6 0C.
= -10 0C
9
- cn : dy lp cch nhit, m
- cn : H s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit W/mK
- k : H s truyn nhit tra bng 3-3, TL1 ta c: K = 0, 23 W/m2. K
- 1 : H s to nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi. Tra bng 3-7, TL1
ta c : 1 = 23, 3 W/m2. K
- 2 : H s to nhit ca vch bung lnh vo bung lnh. Trong phng
lu thng khng kh cng bc tra bng 3-7, TL1. 2 = 10, 5 W/m2. K
- i : B dy ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, m
- i : H s dn nhit ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, W/mK
1
0,02
0,2
0,003 0,001 ,005
1
1
cn 0,047.
2.
2

0,93
0,82
0,18
0,18
45,35 10,5
0,23 23,3
cn = 0, 1833 mm
Chn chiu dy cch nhit theo tiu chun cn = 0, 2 m

- H s truyn nhit thc t:
Kt
Kt

1
1
i cn
1
i cn 2
1
1
0,02
0,2
0,003 0,001 0,005
0,2
1
2.
23,3
0,93 0,82
0,18
0,18
45,35 0,047 10,5
0,213
W/m2K.
b . Kim tra ng sng.

Khi c hin tng ngng t m trn b mt ngoi ca vch th chng t c mt
lng nhit ln xm nhp vo b qua vch. Nu nh b my b thng xuyn c
hin tng ng sng th co nguy c ph hy lp cch nhit lm tng h s
truyn nhit gim tui th ca cng trnh.
Cho nn m bo b mt ngoi khng b ng sng th nhit b mt
ngoi ca vch phi ln hn nhit ng sng hoc h s truyn nhit thc
ca vch nh hn h s truyn nhit ng sng ( ks ).
- iu kin kim tra : Kt 0, 95 Ks.
- Ti Nha Trang mi trng c : nhit tmt = 36, 6 0C, m = 79%.
Tra th I d ta c: ts = 32, 6 0C.
Ta c: K s 1 .
t1 t s
W/m2K
ts t2
- t1 : Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, t1 = 36, 6 0C

- t2: Nhit nc mui trong b, t2 = -10 0C
K s 1 .
t1 t s
36,6 32,6
23,3.
= 1, 9 W/m2K
ts t2
36,6 (10)
Kt = 0, 213 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks =1, 805 W/m2K

Nh vy vch ca kho khng b ng sng
c. Kim tra ng m trong c cu cch nhit
- Mt dng nhit qua kt cu cch nhit:
q = k. t = 0, 213. (36, 6 + 10) = 9, 926 W/m2.
- Xc nh nhit cc lp vch:
q = 1. (tn t1)
10
q 1
1
q 2
2
q 3
3
q 4
4
q 5
5
q 6
6
q 7
9,926.0,02
36,39 0C.
0,93
t 2 t1
36,6
t3 t 2
36,39
9,926.0,2
33,97 0C.
0,82
33,97
9,926.0,02
33,76 0C.
0,93
33,06
9,926.0,003
33,59 0C.
0,18
33,59
9,926.0,001
33,53 0C.
0,18
33,53
9,926.0,2
8,71 0C.
0,047
8,71
9,926.0,005
8,711 0C.
45,35
t 4 t3
t5 t 4
t6 t5
t7 t6
t8 t 7
t f 2 t8
q
9,926
8,711
10 0C.
2
10,5
Bng 2-3: p sut hi bo ho ca khng kh m:[4]

Vch
2
3
4
5
6
0
t, C
36, 39
33, 97
33, 76
33, 59
33, 53
Phmax, Pa 6070, 3 5309, 5
5248,
5199,
5182,
79
63
28
7
-8, 71
290, 87
- Dng hi thm thu qua kt cu bao che:
Ph1 Ph 2
H
Ph1: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn ngoi b.

Ph2: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn trong phng, Ph2= 0
Ph1 =Px(t= 36, 6 0C). 1 = 6140, 44 . 79% = 4850, 95 . 10-6 MPa.
H: Tr khng thm hi ca kt cu bao che;
H
i
0,02 0,2 0,003 0,001 0,2
2.
0,0332 m2hMPa/g.
i
90 105 0,86
1,35 7,5
4850,95.10 6
0,146 g/m2h.
4
332.10
- Phn p sut thc ca hi nc trn cc b mt:
1
0,02
4850,95 0,146.
.10 6 4818,51 Pa.
1
90
0,2
Px 3 Px 2 2 4818,51 0,146.
.10 6 4540,41 Pa.
2
105
0,02
Px 4 Px 3 3 4540,41 0,146.
.10 6 4507,97 Pa.
3
90
0,003
Px 5 Px 4 4 4507,97 0,146.
.10 6 3998,67 Pa.
4
0,86
0,2
Px 6 Px 5 5 3998,67 0,146.
.10 6 105,34 Pa.
5
7,5
Px 2 Ph1
8
-8, 711
290, 86
11
Bng 2-4: Bng so snh gi tr phn p sut hi nc.
Vch
2
3
4
5
6
0
t, C
36, 39
36, 39
33, 76
33, 59
33, 59
Phmax, Pa
6070, 3
6070, 3
5248, 79 5199, 63 5199, 63
Pxi, Pa
4818, 51 4540, 41 4507, 97 3998, 67
105, 34
T bng so snh gi tr phn p sut thc (Pxi) ca hi nc trn cc b mt vi
gi tr bng p sut hi trn th cc Pxi u tho mn iu kin: Pxi < Phmaxi.
Vy vch khng b ngng t m.
2. 5. 2. Tnh cho nn b
a. Kt cu nn b
Bng 2-5 : Kt cu nn b :[1]
TT
Vt liu
(w/mK)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lp thp tm
Lp ct chng chy mng
Lp b tng
Lp cch nhit Polystirol
Lp giy du
Lp Bitum
B tng dm lm kn
nn
45, 35
0, 19
1, 55
0, 047
0, 18
0, 18
1, 28
2
3
(m)
4
0,
5
005
6
0, 01
7
0, 1
0, 15
0,
001 Hnh 2-4:Kt cu nn b
0,
003
0, 2
b . Tnh chiu dy lp cch nhit

- Chiu dy ca lp cch nhit y b c tnh:
cn A cn
1 m n i
A
1,25 i 1 i
Vi: - m: H s nhit xm nhp qua nn: m = 0, 15 0, 25.
Chn m = 0, 2
1 0,2
0,005
0,01
0,1
0,001
0,003
0,2
cn 0,047. 1,25.0.2 45,35 0,19 1,55 0,18 0,18 1,28 = 0, 137 m
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit l: cn = 0, 15 m.

2. 5. 3. Tnh cho np b
Np b l ni tn tht nhit ra ngoi nhiu nht. Np thng c lm bng cc
tm thanh g, trn cng ph tm bt
a. Kt cu np b
12
Hnh 2-5:Kt cu np b
- Lp g: B dy 1 = 30 mm = 0, 03 m,
- H s dn nhit 1 = 0, 15 W/m.
- Lp bt: B dy 2 = 1 mm = 0, 001 m
- H s dn nhit 2 = 3, 95 W/m
b. H s truyn nhit qua np b
- H s truyn nhit qua np b:
Kn
1
1
i
1
i 2
Trong :
- 1 : H s to nhit t mi trng vo np b, W/m2. K
tra bng 3-7, TL1 ta c : 1 = 23, 3 W/m2. K
- 2 : H s to nhit t b mt trong ca np b vi khng kh i lu
t nhin trn b mt nc mui tra bng 3-7, TL1
ta c 2 = 6, 5 W/m2. K
- i : B dy ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, m
Kn
1
1
0,03 0,001
1
23,3 0,16
3,95
6,5
= 2, 6 W/m2K
PHN II : H THNG KHO BO QUN

I. Kho lnh lp ghp:
-u im: c lp ghp t cc tm panel cch nhit, cch m tiu chun nn
vic xy dng d dng, thi gian thi cng ngn, cn t nhn lc, nhit trong kho
dao ng b, sn phm t b bin i cht lng.
- Nhc im: Gi thnh cao.
II. Kho lnh xy dng:
- u im: Gi thnh r do nguyn vt liu xy dng c th tn dng ti a
phng hoc x nghip, dung tch kho xy ty , bn cao.
13
- Nhc im: Thi gian thi cng, cu trc xy dng phc tp, kh thc hin theo
yu cu thit k nn nhit trong kho dao ng ln hn so vi kho lp ghp.
III. Kt lun :
Qua phn tch cc u v nhc im ca 2 loi kho trn th kho lp ghp s
m bo cht lng sn phm tt hn. Nhng do chi ph u t ca x nghip cn hn
ch, kh nng chu va chm khi vn chuyn thp. Mt khc kho xy dng vn m
bo c yu cu trn. T cc yu t em chn phng n thit k kho bo qun
l kho xy dng.
CHNG 1: TNH TON CC KCH THC CA KHO

1. 1. Cc kch thc ca kho.
-Din tch kho bo qun cn xy dng : TL [ 2, 127]
F =
F
G
g
:
:
:
:
:
G
g
m2
Din tch phng bo qun , m2

Sc cha yu cu ca kho , G = 120 tn
H cht ti ca , g = 0, 8 (tn / m3 )
H s s dng din tch cc bung cha, = 0, 85
Chiu cao kho cha , H = 2, 5 m
F =
120
0,8 0,85 2,5
70, 59 m2
1. 2. Cu trc xy dng v cch nhit kho lnh.

Cu trc xy dng v cch nhit phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- m bo bn vng lu di.
- Chu c ti trng ca bn thn v ca hng bo qun.
- Phi chng c m xm nhp t ngoi vo v b mt ngoi ca tng
khng b ng sng.
- Phi m bo cch nhit tt.
- Thun tin cho vic bc d v sp xp hng ha.
1. 2. 1. Mng v ct
Mng phi chu c ton b ti trng ca kt cu xy dng v hng ha.
Mng c lm theo kiu rm mng, ct c c bng b tng ct thp ng theo
tiu chun chu lc.
1. 2. 2. Vch ca kho.
Bng 1-1:kt cu vch kho
TT
Vt liu
(W/mK)
(m) (g/mhMPa)
1
2
3
4
5
Va xi mng
Gch
Cch m
polystirol
Tn lnh
0, 93
0, 82
0, 18
0, 047
39, 6
0, 02
0, 2
0, 003
0, 15
0, 001
1. 2. 2. 1 . Tnh chiu dy cch nhit:

1 1 n i 1
cn cn

(m)
k
2
i 1 i
1
90
105
0, 86
7, 5
0, 15
14
- Vi nhit phng -5 0C, tra bng 3-3, TL1 ta c: K = 0, 28 W/m2. K
- Trong phng lu thng khng kh cng bc, tra bng 3-7, TL1 ta c:
1 = 23, 3W/m2. K, 2 = 9 W/m2. K
0,02
0,2
0,003
0,001
cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 2. 0,93 0,82 0,18 39,6 9 0,15m
- Chiu dy cch nhit theo tiu chun cn = 0, 15 m

Kt
Kt
1
i cn 1
1

1
i cn 2
1
1
0,02
0,2
0,003 0,001
0,15
1
2.
23,3
0,93 0,82
0,18
39,6 0,047 9
= 0, 274 W/m2K.
1. 2. 2. 2. Kim tra ng sng.

- Ti Nha Trang mi trng c : nhit tmt = 36, 6 0C, m = 79%.
Ta c: K s 1 .
t1 t s
W/m2K
ts t2
Trong :
- t1 : Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, t1 = 36. 6 0C
- t2 : Nhit khng kh trong kho, t2 = -5 0C
K s 1.
t1 t s
36,6 32,6
23,3.
2,24 W/m2K
ts t2
36,6 ( 5)
Kt = 0, 217 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks =2, 128W/m2K

Nh vy vch ca kho khng b ng sng
1. 2. 2. 3. Kim tra ng m.
- Mt dng nhit qua kt cu cch nhit:
q = k. t = 0, 217. (36, 6 + 5) = 11, 2736 W/m2.
- Xc nh nhit cc lp vch:
q = 1. (tn t1)
q 1
11,2736.0,02
36,6
36,358 0C.
1
0,93
q 2
11,2736.0,2
t2
36,36
36,61 0C.
2
0,82
q 3
11,2736.0,02
t3
36,61
33,07 0C.
3
0,93
q 4
11,2736.0,003
t4
33,07
32,88 0C.
4
0,18
q 5
11,2736.0,15
t5
32,88
3,1 0C.
5
0,047
t 2 t1
t3
t4
t5
t6
t f 2 t6
q
11,2736
3,1
4,4 0C.
2
9
Bng 1-2. p sut hi bo ho ca khng kh: TL[4]

Vch
1
2
3
4
15
t, 0C
Phmax, Pa
36, 6
6140, 44
36, 61
6060,
304
33, 61
5205, 412
33, 07
5049,
244
32, 88
4995,
952
-3, 1
471, 5597
Tnh phn p sut thc ca hi nc:

- Dng hi thm thu qua kt cu bao che:
Ph1 Ph 2
H
Ph1: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn ngoi b.

Ph2: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn trong phng
Ph1 =Px(t= 36, 6 0C). 1 = 6140, 44 . 79% = 4850, 95 . 10-6 MPa.
Ph2 =Px(t= -20 0C) . 2 = 401, 0333. 85% = 360, 9297. 10-6 MPa.
H: Tr khng thm hi ca kt cu bao che;
H
i
0,02 0,2 0,003 0,15
2.
0,0258 m2hMPa/g.
i
90 105 0,86
7,5
4850,95 360,9297 .10 6

0,174 g/m2h.
4
258.10
- Phn p sut thc ca hi nc trn cc b mt:
1
0,02 6
4850,95 0,174.
10 4812,28 Pa.
1
90
0,2
2 4821,08 0,174.
.10 6 4480,85 Pa.
2
105
0,02
3 4480,85 0,174.
.10 6 4442,18 Pa.
3
90
0,003
4 4442,18 0,174.
.10 6 3835,2 Pa.
4
0,86
0,15
5 3835,2 0,174.
.10 6 355,2 Pa.
5
7,5
Px 2 Ph1
Px 3 Px 2
Px 4 Px 3
Px 5 Px 4
Px 6 Px 5
Bng 1-3. Bng so snh gi tr phn p sut hi nc.

Vch
1
2
3
4
0
t, C
36, 6
36, 61
33, 61
33, 07
Phmax, Pa 6140, 44
6060,
5205,
5049,
304
412
244
Pxi, Pa
4850, 95 4812, 28 4480, 85 4442, 18
5
32, 88
4995,
952
3835, 2
6
-3, 1
471,
5597
355, 2
T bng so snh gi tr phn p sut ca hi nc trn cc b mt th ta c cc

Pxi u tho mn iu kin: Pxi < Phmaxi. Vy, m bo khng b ngng t m.
1. 2. 3. Nn kho.
Trong iu kin kh hu nng m Vit Nam th trnh s ng bng di nn
ta chn cch xy dng nn khng si vi iu kin kt cu nn khng tip xc mt
t m t trn cc rm b tng v c thng gi di nn.
Bng 1- 4 : Kt cu nn b
1
2
1. 2. 3. 1. Tnh chiu dy cch 3
TT
Vt liu
W/m
(m)
nhit:
4
K
1
2
3
4
5
Nn b tng nhn 1, 2
Polystirol
0, 047
Lp Bitum
0, 18
Giy du
0, 18
Lp b tng
1, 2
0, 04
0, 2
0, 002
0, 002
0, 2
5
Dm b
tng
t t
nhin
16
n
1 1
1
cn cn .
i
(m)
k 1 i 1 i 2
- cn : H s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit, W/mK
- k : H s truyn nhit tra bng 3-3, TL1 ta c: K = 0, 21 W/m2. K
1 : H s to nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi, tra bng 3-7, TL1 1 = 23, 3 W/m2. K
2 : H s to nhit ca vch bung lnh vo bung lnh. Trong phng lu thng
khng kh cng bc tra bng 3-7, TL1 ta c 2 = 9 W/m2. K
i : B dy ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, m
i : H s dn nhit ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, W/mK
0,04
0,002
0,2
cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 0,93 2 0,18 1,2 9 0,1502 m.
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit tiu chun: cn = 0, 2 m

Kt

1
1
i cn
1
i cn 2
1
1
0,04
0,002 0,2
0,2
1
2.
23,3
1,2
0,18
1,2 0,047 9
= 0, 216 W/m2K
1. 2. 3. 2. Kim tra ng sng.

iu kin kim tra : Kt 0, 95 Ks.
Ti Nha Trang mi trng c : nhit tmt = 36, 6 0C, m = 79%.
Ta c: K s 1 .
t1 t s
W/m2K
ts t2
- t1 : Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, t1 = 36, 6 0C

- t2 : Nhit khng kh trong kho, t2 = -5 0C
K s 1.
t1 t s
36,6 32,6
23,3.
2,24 W/m2K
ts t2
36,6 ( 5)
Ta c : Kt = 0, 216 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks = 2, 128W/m2K

Nh vy nn ca kho khng b ng sng
1. 2. 4. Trn kho:
Bng 1-5 : Kt cu trn kho
1. 2. 4. 1. Tnh chiu dy cch nhit:
TTVt liu (w/mK) (m)1
2
3
4B tng ct thp
Lp bitum
Cch nhit Polystirol
Tn1, 55
0, 18
0, 047
39, 60, 1
0, 002
0, 2
0, 001
1
2
3
4
17
1 1 n i 1
cn cn .

m
k 1 i 1 i 2
Trong :
- cn : H s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit, W/mK
- k : H s truyn nhit. Tra bng 3-3, TL1 ta c: K = 0, 21 W/m2. K
- 1 : H s to nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi, tra bng 3-7, TL1 1 = 23, 3 W/m2. K
- 2 : H s to nhit ca trn vo bung lnh. Trong phng lu thng khng kh
cng bc tra bng 3-7, TL1 ta c 2 = 9 W/m2. K
- i : H dy ca lp vt liu xy dng th i, m
0,1
0,002
0,001
cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 1,55 0,18 39,6 9 0,157 m.
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit tiu chun: cn = 0, 2 m

H s truyn nhit thc t:
K tr

1
1
i cn
1
i cn 2
K tr
W/m2K
1
1
0,1 0,002 0,001
0,2
1
23,3 1,55
0,18
39,6
0,047 9
= 0, 223 W/m2K
1. 2. 4. 2 Kim tra ng m:
- Tng t ta c : Kt = 0, 223 W/m2K 0, 95 Ks = 2, 128 W/m2K
Vy trn kho lnh khng b ng sng.
TNH NHIT TI V CHN MY NN CHO B
2. 1. Xc nh nng sut lnh theo yu cu :
Q0 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +Q4 +Q5. KW.
Trong :
- Q1: Dng nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che, gm c: thnh, y v np b .
- Q2: Dng nhit thu ca nc lm t 32, 6 0C xung -6 0C.
- Q3: Dng nhit do thng gi Q3 = 0.
- Q4: Dng nhit do vn hnh nh bm khuy nc mui, m np b thao tc a
vo ra, dng nhit do tan gi tho khun, lng hao ht khi tan gi.
- Q5: Dng nhit do sn phm h hp Q5 = 0.
2. 1. 1. Tnh dng nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che:
Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 +Q14, KW
Trong :
- Q11 : Tn tht nhit qua np b.
- Q12 : Tn tht nhit qua thnh (vch) b.
- Q13 : Tn tht nhit qua y (nn) b.
- Q14 : Tn tht nhit do bc x mt tri
a. Tnh tn tht nhit qua np b.
Q11 = kn. Fn. (ttr tng ) KW
18
- kn : H s truyn nhit qua np b, kn = 2, 6 W/m2K
- Fn : Din tch np b, Fn = 18, 175 . 9, 816 = 178, 40 m2
- ttr : Nhit khng kh bn trong b, ttr = 40C.
- tng : Nhit mi trng bn ngoi, tng = 36, 6 0C.
Q11 = 2, 6 . 178, 40. [36, 6 (-4)] = 18831, 90 W = 18, 83 KW.
b. Tnh tn tht nhit truyn qua tng b :
Q12 = kt. Ft . (tng ttr) W .
Trong :
- kt : H s truyn nhit thc ca tng bao, kt = 0, 213 W/m2K
- Ft : Din tch tng bao,
Ft = 2. (1, 37 . 18, 175 + 1, 37 . 9, 816) = 76, 70 m2
- ttr : Nhit nc mui bn trong b, ttr = 10 0C.
- tng : Nhit mi trng bn ngoi , tng = 36, 6 0C.
Q12 = kt. Ft. (tng ttr) = 0, 213. 76, 70 . [36, 6 (-10)] = 761. 31 W=0,761 KW
c. Tnh tn tht nhit truyn qua nn b :
Q13 = kn. Fn . (tng ttr) . m W
Vi :
1
n
1 1,25 i
i 1 i
- m : H s c tnh n s gia tng tng i tr nhit ca nn khi c lp cch

nhit c trng cho s tng tr nhit ca nn
1
0,2
0,003 0,2
0,005 0,01 0.1 0,001 0,15
1 1,25.
0,18 0,047
0,18 1,28
45,35 0,19 1,55
Ta c : Q13 = kn. Fn . (tng ttr) . m W

Trong :
- kn
: H s truyn nhit thc ca nn, W/m2K
- kvng 1 = 0, 47 W/m2K , kvng 2 = 0, 23 W/m2K
- ttr
: Nhit nc mui bn trong b, ttr = 100C.
- tng
: Nhit mi trng bn ngoi , tng = 36, 6 0C.
- Fnn
: Din tch nn b, Fnn = F1 + F2 m2
F1: Din tch 2m nn u tin, F1 = 4 ( 9, 816 + 18, 175 ) = 111, 964 m2
F2 : Din tch cn li
F2 = 66, 44m2
Vy : Q13 = kn. Fn . (tng ttr) . m W
Q13 = ( 0, 47. 111, 964 + 66, 44. 0, 23 ) . [36, 6 (-10)] =3164, 345 W = 3,
164 KW
d. Nhit truyn vo b do bc x mt tri :
- y b c t trong nh xng c mi che ch c vch pha Ty - Nam
chu tn tht bc x mt tri ln nht, dng nhit ny c tnh nh sau :
Q14 = kt. Ft . td W .
Trong :
- Ft : Din tch tng bao, m2
Ft = 1, 37 . 18, 175 = 24, 90 m2
- td: Hiu nhit d c trng nh hng bc x mt tri, xc nh theo bng
Bng 2-1: Hiu nhit d theo hng v tnh cht b mt vch [1]
19
Hng
V
Vch
B tng
Va sm mu
Vi trng
Nam
100 200 300
0
2
4
0 1, 6 3, 2
0 1, 2 2, 4
Ty ng n
Nam Nam
g
11
10
7
10
8
5
Ty
Ty
Bc
n
g
Bc
Bc
6
5
3
0
0
0
T 100 n 300
11
13
7
10
12
6
7
8
4
T bng trn ta chn hiu nhit d theo hng Ty Nam : td = 10 0C.

Q14 = kt. Ft. td = 0, 213 . 24, 90 . 10 = 53, 04 W = 0, 053 KW
Nh vy :
Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 + Q14
Q1 = 18, 83 +0, 761 + 3, 164 + 0, 053 = 22, 81 KW
2. 1. 2. Dng nhit thu ca nc lm t 32, 6 0C xung - 60C.
Q2 m C pw (t1 0) r C pd (0 t 2 ) kW.
Trong :
- m : Nng sut yu cu, m
120000
kg/s.
24.3600
- Cpw : Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpw = 4, 186 kJ/kg. K

- r : Nhit n ng c ca nc, r = 333, 6 kJ/kg,
- Cpd : Nhit dung ring ca nc , Cpd = 2, 09 kJ/kgK
- t1 : Nhit nc vo (chn t1 =32, 6 0C. )
- t2 : Nhit nc ra, t2 = -6 0C
Vy: Q2
120000
4,186 (32,6 0) 333,6 2,09 (0 (6)) =670, 28 KW.
24.3600
2. 1. 3. Tnh dng nhit Q4 .

Q4 = Q41 + Q42 + Q43
KW
- Q41: Dng nhit ly ra t cc linh , KW
- Q42: Dng nhit do hot ng ca cnh khy bm nc, KW
- Q43: Dng nhit tn tht khi ra , KW
2. 1. 3. 1 Dng nhit ly ra t cc linh :(Q41 )
Linh c cu to gm c 20 khun c hn cht 2 thanh thp np cc
khun li vi nhau v 2 khong h mc linh khi ra .
a . Xc nh khi lng ca 1 thanh kim loi :
m1 = D . V
Trong :
- D : Khi lng ring ca st, D = 7900 kg/m3
- V : Th tch ca thanh kim loi , m3
m1 = V x D = D . ( di . rng . cao )
m1 = 7900. ( 4, 258 x 0, 012 x 0, 12 ) = 48, 44 kg
b. Tng khi lng ca 1 linh :
M = 2. m1 + 20. m2
- m2: Khi lng ca khun l 11kg
M = 2 . 48, 44 + 20 . 11 = 316, 88 kg
Dng nhit ly ra t cc linh c tnh theo cng thc sau :
20
Q41
n.M .C k .(t1 t 2 )
24.3600
-n
: S linh , n = 120 linh
- M : Khi lng 1 linh , M = 640, 88 kg
- Ck : Nhit dung ring ca khun, Ck = 0, 046 kj/kg. K
- t1 : Nhit ban u ca linh , t1 =32, 6 0C.
- t2 : Nhit sau khi ng , . t2 = -6 0C
Q41
120.316,88.0,046 32,6 6
= 0, 781 KW
24.3600
2. 1. 3. 2. Dng nhit i vo b do hot ng ca cnh khy, bm nc : Q42

Q42 = N . KW
Trong :
- N : Cng sut ng c in, N = 11 KW
- : Hiu sut my cng tc, = 0, 8
Q42 = . 11. 0, 8 = 8, 8 KW
2. 1. 3. 3. Dng nhit tn tht khi ra : Q43
Tn tht nhit do lm tan c coi l tng cng sut cn thit lm lnh
khi b lm tan nhm rt ra khi khun
Q43 = n. f. . .
q0
KW
Trong :
- n : S khun , n = 2400 khun
- f : Din tch b mt cy , theo TL [2] ta c f = 1, 25 m2
- : Chiu dy phn tan khi nhng, = 0, 002 m
- q0 : Nhit lng cn thit lm lnh 1 kg t nhit ban u 32, 6 0C n
nhit ng -6 0C :
q0 = 4, 186. (32, 6 0) + 333, 6 +2, 09. [(0 ( 6)] = 482, 60 kJ/kg
- : Thi gian lm , = 19, 5 h
- : Khi lng ring ca , = 900kg /m3
Q43 = 2400. 1, 25. 0, 002. 900.
482,60
3600.19,5
= 37, 12 KW
Q4 = Q41 + Q42 + Q43

Q4 = 0, 781 + 8, 8 + 37, 12= 46, 70 KW
Nng sut lnh ca b l :
Q0 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +Q4 +Q5. KW.
Q0 = 22, 81 + 670, 28 + 46, 70 = 739, 791 KW

- Nng sut lnh ca my nn :
Q0MN = k. Q0
Trong :
- Q0 : Nng sut lnh ca b , W
K : H s tnh n tn tht trn ng ng v thit b. y l h thng lnh
gin tip vi cht ti lnh l nc mui v y l loi my nn ln chy tng i
n nh nn chn k = 1, 12
Q0MN = 1, 1107 . 739, 791 = 821, 57 KW.
2. 1.4. Mi cht lnh
+ Chn mi cht lnh tun hon trong h thng tun hon trong h thng l
amnic (NH3) . NH3 l cht kh khng mu c mi c trng.
+ Nhit si p sut kh quyn :-33, 35 0C.
21
+ p sut nhng ngng t thuc nhit ngng. Vit Nam Pk 17 kgf/cm2
+ NH3 thch hp cho my lnh c ln. c bit l trong sn xut nc bi v
n t hiu qu kinh t cao v c chng minh trong thc t.
+ u im :
- Nng sut lnh ring khi lng (q0) ln
-NH3 c tnh trao i nhit tt, tnh lu ng cao, tn tht p sut tn ng
ng v thit b b.
- Nng sut lnh ring th tch (qv) nn my nn gn nh
- L mi cht r tin d kim
+ Nhc im:
- Khng ho tan du nn kh bi cho cc chi tit chuyn ng v cc b mt
ma st.
- n mn ng v cc hp kim ca ng
+ Tuy c tnh c hi vi ngi nhng xt v tnh kinh t v k thut i vi h
thng sn xut nc cy l thch hp v hiu qu kinh t nht.
2.1.5. Nhit bay hi ca mi cht.
- Theo yu cu nc ra khi khun c t -6 0C. Mt khc Q k .F .t
- t: Hiu nhit gia nhit si mi cht (t 0) v nhit nc (t ), t
0
5 7 C. Chn t = 7 0C, khi ta c nhit si ca mi cht NH3 l: t0 = t - t = 6 7 = -13 0C. ta chn to = - 15 0C.
2.1.6. Nhit ngng t ca mi cht.
- H thng lnh sn xut nc t ti Khnh Ha nn ta c thng s kh
hu: t1 = 36, 6 0C; = 79% (bng 1-1, 1). T th I - d ta c t = 33 0C.
- Vi thit b ngng t kiu xi th nhit nc tun hon trong thp l:
tw = t + (4 8) 0C. Chn tw = 33 + 3 = 36 0C.
- Thit b ngng t xi c chnh lch nhit u vo v u ra ca nc lm
mt: t = 2 4 .
- Nhit ngng t: tk = tw + t, chn tk = tw + 4 =36 + 4 = 40 0C.
2.1.7. Chn qu nhit v qu lnh.
- Do s tn tht nhit trn ng ng ht t dn lnh v my nn nn nhit
thc ca mi cht ht v my nn l hi qu nhit, n c li v my khng ht phi
lng gy va p thy lc. Chn : tqn = 5 0C khi tqn = -10 0C.
- tng nng sut lnh th ta h nhit mi cht trc khi vo van tit lu cng
thp cng tt. Nhng vic ny gy tn km m hiu qu khng cao. Vic qu lnh c th
thc hin trn dn ngng bng cch tng din tch trao i nhit nhng xt v hiu qu
kinh t th khng cao. Do ta khng cn lm qu lnh (tql = 0 0C). Trong thc t sn
xut nc cy chng minh i vi h thng lnh mi cht NH 3 th khng cn phi
c thit b qu lnh .
2.1.8. Xc nh thng s cc trng thi im nt
t0 = -150C P0 = 2, 3675 bar theo Ph lc 1b, TL 6 .
tk = 400C Pk =15, 559 bar theo Ph lc 1b, TL 6 .
Pk 15,559
6,572 9
T s nn:
P0 2,3675
Vy ta chn my nn mt cp.
Bng 2-2: Bng thng s trng thi cc im nt. [6]
im
t, 0C
p, bar
i, kJ/kg
v, m3/kg
Trng thi
22
1
1
2
3
4
-15
2, 3675
1743
0, 51
-10
2, 3675
1755
0, 53
130
15, 559
2038
0, 12
40
15, 559
685
0, 0017
-15
2, 3675
685
0, 105
2.1.9. Tnh ton chu trnh.
- Nng sut lnh ring:
q0 = i1 i4 = 1742, 9 685 = 1057, 9 kJ/kg.
- Nng sut nhit ring:
qk = i2 i3 = 2038 685 = 1353 kJ/kg.
- Lng mi cht tun hon:
G=
Hi bo ha kh
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng bo ha
Hi m
Q0 MN 828,57
0,783 kg/s
q0
1057,9
- Th tch ht thc t ca my nn:
Vtt G.v1 0,783.0,51 0,399
(m3/s). = 1436, 40 (m3/h).
- H s np ca my nn
= c. tl. k. w.
Trong :
- c : H s tnh n th tch cht.
- tl : H s k n tn tht do tit lu
- k : H s kn ca my nn
- w : H s tn tht do hi ht vo xilanh b t nng
Vi my nn Fren th :w =
T0
.
Tk
Theo TL [ 1] ta c h s np ca my nn c tnh nh sau:
P Pk
P P0
0
c k
P0
P0
1
m

P0 P0 T0
.
Tk
P0

Ta ly : P0 = Pk = 0, 005 0, 01 MPa
Chn P0 = Pk = 0, 0075MPa = 0. 075 bar.
Vi my nn NH3 th m = 0, 95 1, 1 chn m = 1
H s th tch cht: c = 0, 03 0, 05 chn c = 0, 04.
1
1
15,559 0,075
2,3675 0,075
0,04.
2,3675
15,559

2,3675 0,075 273 15
. 273 40 0,797 .
2,3675
- Th tch ht l thuyt ca my nn:

Vlt
1436,4
1802,26
0,797
m3/h.
- Cng nn on nhit ( cng nn l thuyt ) :

N s G.l 0,783.283 221,59 KW .
(l:cng nn ring l = i2 i1 =2038 1755 = 283 kJ/kg)
- Cng nn ch th:
Ni
Trong :
Ns
,
i
23
i w bt o
T0
263
0,001.t 0
0,001(10) 0,809
Tk
313
Ni
221,59
273,90
0,809
KW
- Cng sut tiu tn do ma st:

N ms Vtt .Pms
Pms :p sut ma st ring, Pms = 0, 049 0, 069 MPa.

( Chn Pms = 0, 059 MPa = 59 Pa)
- Cng nn hiu dng:
N e N i N ms 237,90 0,399.59 261,44
KW
- Cng sut in tiu th:

N el
Ne
KW
td el
Trong :
- td : Hiu sut truyn ng, td = 0, 95
- el : Hiu sut ng c in, cl = 0, 8.
N el
Ne
261,44
344 KW
td . el 0,95.0,8
- Cng sut ng c cn lp t:
Nc = K . Nel
K :l h s an ton K = 1, 1 2, 1. Chn K = 1, 4.
Nc = K. Nel = 1,4.344 = 481, 6 KW
2.2. Chn my nn.
- C nhiu phng n chn my nn ph hp vi yu cu, c th chn my
nn ca Nga, Nht sn xut, cng c th chn loi my nn sn xut trong nc do
nh my c kh Long Bin sn xut, hoc nh my c kh duyn hi Hi Phng sn
xut. Nhng chn loi no cn tu thuc vo vn u t ban u, nu vn c hn c
th chn loi my sn xut trong nc hoc my ca Nga sn xut, nhng loi ny tuy
hot ng vi tin cy khng c nh , tiu tn nng lng hn, nhng gi r, khi
h hng d sa cha. Xu th hin nay cc nh my c s dng lnh ngi ta thng
s dng loi my nn ca Nht Bn sn xut.
- ph hp vi xu th, yu cu cng ngh, v vn u t, h thng ny ta
dng loi my nn MYCOM - Nht Bn.
- Ta c: Mi cht tun hon trong h thng lnh l NH3.
- iu kin: - Nhit mi cht: t0 = -15 0C; tk = 40 0C;
- Nng sut lnh: Q0 = 828, 57 KW
- Ta tra ph lc 2(p513), TL[7] catalogue my MYCOM ca Nht Bn ta chn 2
my nn 1 cp truyn ng ai c k hiu l: my nn N12WB.
24
Bng 2-3 : Thng s k thut ca my nn N12WB.

Th tch
ng knh Hnh trnh Tc ,
K hiu
qut,
piston, mm piston s, mm Vg/ph
m3 /h
N12WB
130
100
1170
1118. 1
Q0, KW
446. 74
2. 3. Chn my nn cho kho

2. 3. 1. Xc nh nng sut lnh theo yu cu
- L cc dng nhit t mi trng i vo kho lnh, y chnh l dng nhit tn
tht m my lnh phi cung cp m bo s chnh lch nhit trong phng lnh
vi mi trng bn ngoi v mc ch cui cng l xc nh nng sut lnh ca
my lnh m chng ta cn lp t.
- Tng lng nhit tn tht vo phng lnh c xc nh bi cng thc:
Q0 = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 + Q 5 + Q 6 W
Trong :
Q1 : Dng nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che.
Q2 : Dng nhit tn tht do ng c qut dn lnh
Q3 : Dng nhit tn tht do n chiu sng
Q4 : Dng nhit tn tht do m ca
Q5 : Dng nhit tn tht do ngi vn hnh
Q6 : Dng nhit tn tht do x bng dn lnh
Kch thc kho: Di rng cao = 11, 77 m 6 m 2, 5 m.
. 2. 3. 2. Dng nhit qua kt cu bao che Q1:
Q1 = Q11 + Q12
Trong :
- Q11: Dng nhit qua tng, trn, nn do chnh lch nhit , W
- Q12: Dng nhit qua tng, trn, nn do bc x mt tri, W
2. 3. 2. 1. Nhit truyn qua tng kho do chnh lch nhit :
Qtng = kt. Ft . t
Trong :
- Ft : Din tch tng bao, Ft = 2. ( 6 + 11, 77). 2, 5 = 88, 85 m2
25
- t : chnh lch nhit bn trong v ngoi phng lnh, 0C
Qtng = kt. Ft . t = 0, 274 . 88, 85. [36, 6 (-5)] = 1012, 75 W .
2. 3. 2. 2. Nhit truyn qua nn kho do chnh lch nhit :
Qnn = kn. Fn . t . m
- Fn : Din tch nn kho bo qun, Fn = 11, 77 . 6 = 70, 62 m2
- kt : H s truyn nhit thc ca nn, kt = 0, 216 W/m2K
- m : H s c trng cho s tng tr nhit ca nn. Do nn khng c si
m
1
n
1 1,25 i
i 1 i
1
0,2
0,002 0,002 0,2
0,04
1 1,25
0,047
0,18
0,18
1,2
1,2
0,152
Qnn= kn. Fn . t . m = 0, 216 . 70, 62. [36, 6 (-5)] . 0, 152 = 96, 45 W

2. 3. 2. 3 Nhit truyn qua trn kho do chnh lch nhit :
Qtrn = ktr. Ftr . t
Trong :
- Ftr : Din tch trn kho bo qun, Ftr = 11, 77. 6 = 70, 62 m2
- ktr : H s truyn nhit thc ca trn kho, ktr = 0, 223 W/m2K
Qtr = ktr. Ftr. t = 0, 223 . 70, 62. [36, 6 (-5)] = 653, 55 W
Vy Q11 = Qtng + Qnn + Qtrn
Q11 = 1012, 75 + 96, 45 + 653, 55 = 1762, 75 W
2. 3. 2. 4 Xc nh Q12:
Kho lnh thit k c t trong nh xng c mi che ch c mt mt hng
ng Bc chu tn tht bc x mt tri ln nht .
Q12 = Qbxtrn + Qbxtng kbx. Fbx. td W
Trong :
Qbxtng = kbx. Fbx. td W
- Fbx : Din tch tng nhn bc x trc tip,
Fbx = 11, 77. 2, 5 = 29, 425 m2
- td: Hiu nhit d c trng nh hng bc x mt tri vo ma H,
Theo TL [1] ta chn hiu nhit d theo hng ng Bc : td = 3 0C.
Qbxtng = kbx. Fbx. td = 0, 274 . 29, 425 . [36, 6 3] = 270, 90 W
Tnh cho trn b bc mt tri :
Qbxtrn = kbx. Fbx. td W
- Fbx : Din tch trn nhn bc x trc tip,
Fbx = 11. 77 x 6= 70, 62 m2
- td: Hiu nhit d c trng nh hng bc x mt tri vo ma H,
Theo TL [1] ta chn hiu nhit d l : td = 19 0C.
- ktr : H s truyn nhit thc ca trn kho, ktr = 0, 223 W/m2K
vy Qbxtrn = kbx. Fbx. td =0, 223 . 70, 62 . 19 =299, 22 W
Q12 = Qbxtrn + Qbxtng =270, 9 + 299, 22 = 570, 12 W
Nh vy : Q1 = Q11 + Q12 =1762, 75 + 570, 12 = 3332, 87 W = 3, 33 KW
2. 4. 1. Dng nhit tn tht do ng c qut dn lnh:Q2
26
Q2 = 1000 . N W
- N : Cng sut ca ng c in, N = 1 4 KW
V kho bo qun c din tch nh nn ta chn N = 3 KW
Q2 = 1000 . N = 1000 . 3 = 3000 W
2. 4. 2 . Dng nhit tn tht do n chiu sng :
Q3 = A . F
- A : Nhit to ra khi chiu sang 1 m2 din tch nn
Do y l kho bo qun . Theo TL [1] nn chn A = 1, 2 W/m2
- F : Din tch ca bung, F = 70, 62 m2
Q3 = A . F = 1, 2 . 70, 62 = 84, 744 W
2.4.3. Dng nhit tn tht do m ca :
Q4 = B . F
- B : Dng nhit ring khi m ca
Theo bng 4. 4 TL [ 1 ] ta c B = 22 W/m2
- F : Din tch ca bung, F = 70, 62 m2
Q4 = B. F = 22 . 70, 62 = 1553, 64 W
2.4.4. Dng nhit tn tht do ngi vn hnh :
Q5 = 350 . n
- n : S ngi lm vic trong phng, n = 2 3 ngi
Q5 = 350 . n = 350 . 2 = 700 ( W )
2.4.5. Dng nhit tn tht do x bng dn lnh :
Sau khi x bng nhit ca kho lnh tng ln, iu chng t c mt phn
nhit lng dng x bng trao i vi khng kh v cc thit b trong phng. Nhit
dng x bng i b phn lm tan bng trn dn lnh v c a ra ngoi cng vi
nc tan, mt phn truyn cho khng kh v cc thit b trong phng lnh gy nn
tn tht.
xc nh tn tht nhit do x bng c th tnh theo t l phn trm tng
dng nhit x bng mang vo hoc c th xc nh theo mc tng nhit khng
kh trong phng sau khi x bng. Mc tng nhit ca phng ph thuc vo dung
tch kho lnh. Thng thng nhit khng kh sau khi x bng tng 4 7oC.
Q6 = n.
kk .V .C pkk .t
24.3600
- n : S ln x bng trong mt ngy m. Chn n = 3.

- kk : Khi lng ring ca khng kh, kk = 1, 2 kg/m3.
- V : Dung tch kho lnh, m3. (E/gv)
- Cpkk: Nhit dung ring ca khng kh, Cpkk= 1000 J/kgK.
- t : tng nhit khng kh trong kho lnh sau khi x bng 0C, tnh theo
kinh nghim, chn t = 5oC.
Q6 = 3 .
1,2.
120
.1000.5
0,8
10, 42
24.3600
Q0 = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 + Q 5 + Q 6 W
Q0 = 3332, 87 + 3000 +84, 744 +1553, 64 +700 +10, 42 = 8681, 67 W = 8, 682
KW
Tng lng nhit xm nhp vo kho lnh hay nng sut lnh yu cu:
Chn k h s an ton : k = 1, 5.
Q0MN = k . Q = 1, 5 . 8, 862 = 13, 293 KW
2. 5. Chn my nn.
27
2.5.1. Mi cht lnh
+ Chn mi cht lnh tun hon trong h thng tun hon trong h thng l
amnic (NH3) . NH3 l cht kh khng mu c mi c trng.
+ Nhit si p sut kh quyn :-33, 35 0C.
+ p sut nhng ngng t thuc nhit ngng. Vit Nam Pk 17 kgf/cm2
+ NH3 thch hp cho my lnh c ln. c bit l trong sn xut nc bi v
n t hiu qu kinh t cao v c chng minh trong thc t .
+ u im :
- Nng sut lnh ring khi lng (q0) ln
-NH3 c tnh trao i nhit tt, tnh lu ng cao, tn tht p sut trn ng
ng v thit b nh.
- Nng sut lnh ring th tch (qv) nn my nn gn nh
- L mi cht r tin d kim.
+ Nhc im:
- Khng ho tan du nn kh bi cho cc chi tit chuyn ng v cc b mt
ma st
- n mn ng v cc hp kim ca ng.
+ Tuy c tnh c hi vi ngi nhng xt v tnh kinh t v k thut i vi h
thng sn xut nc cy l thch hp v hiu qu kinh t nht.
2.5.2. Nhit bay hi ca mi cht.
- Theo yu cu nc nhit trong kho bo qun c t -5 0C. Mt khc
Q k .F .t
- t: Hiu nhit gia nhit si mi cht (t0) v nhit nc (t),

- t 5 7 0C. Chn t = 5 0C, khi ta c nhit si ca mi cht NH 3 l:
t0 = t - t = -5 5 = -10 0C.
2.5.3. Nhit ngng t ca mi cht.
- H thng lnh sn xut nc t ti Khnh Ha nn ta c thng s kh
hu: t1 = 36, 6 0C; = 79% (bng 1-1, 1). T th I - d ta c t = 33 0C.
- Vi thit b ngng t bay hi th nhit nc tun hon trong thp l:
tw = t + (4 8) 0C. Chn tw = 33 + 3 = 36 0C.
- Thit b ngng t bay hi c chnh lch nhit u vo v u ra ca nc
lm mt: t = 2 4 .
- Nhit ngng t: tk = tw + t, chn tk = tw + 4 =36 + 4 = 40 0C.
2.5.4. Chn qu nhit v qu lnh.
- Do s tn tht nhit trn ng ng ht t dn lnh v my nn nn nhit
thc ca mi cht ht v my nn l hi qu nhit, iu ny c li v my khng ht
phi lng gy va p thy lc. Chn : tqn = 5 0C khi tqn = -5 0C.
- tng nng sut lnh th ta h nhit mi cht trc khi vo van tit lu cng
thp cng tt. Nhng vic ny gy tn km m hiu qu khng cao. Vic qu lnh c th
thc hin trn dn ngng bng cch tng din tch trao i nhit nhng xt v hiu qu
kinh t th khng cao. Do ta khng cn lm qu lnh (tql = 0 0C). Trong thc t sn
xut nc cy chng minh i vi h thng lnh mi cht NH 3 th khng cn phi
c thit b qu lnh .
2.5.5. Xc nh thng s cc trng thi im nt
t0 = -100C P0 = 2, 9136 bar theo bng 2. 2, TL 6 .
tk = 400C Pk =15, 559 bar theo bng 2. 2, TL 6 .
28
T s nn: =
15,559
Pk
= 2,9136 = 5, 34 < 9
Po
Vy ta chn my nn mt cp.
Bng 2-4: Bng thng s trng thi cc im nt.
0
im
t, C
p, bar
i, kJ/kg
v, m3/kg
Trng thi
1
-10
2, 9136
1749, 1
0, 42
Hi bo ha kh
1
-5
2, 9136
1754, 9
0, 346
Hi qu nhit
2
120
15, 559
2010
0, 12
Hi qu nhit
3
40
15, 559
685
0, 0017
Lng bo ha
4
-10
2, 9136
685
0, 07
Hi m
2.5.6. Tnh ton chu trnh.
- Nng sut lnh ring:
q0 = i1 i4 = 1749, 1 685 = 1064, 1 kJ/kg.
- Nng sut nhit ring:
qk = i2 i3 = 2010 685 = 1325 kJ/kg.
-Cng nn ring: l = i2 - i1 = 2010 1749, 1 = 260, 9 kJ/kg
- Lng mi cht tun hon:
G=
Q0 MN 13,293
0,0125 kg/s
q0
1064,1
- Th tch ht thc t ca my nn:
Vtt G.v1 0,0125.0,42 0,00525
(m3/s). = 18, 9 (m3/h).
- H s np ca my nn
= c. tl. k. w.
Trong :
- c : H s tnh n th tch cht.
- tl : H s k n tn tht do tit lu
- k : H s kn ca my nn
- w : H s tn tht do hi ht vo xilanh b t nng
Vi my nn Fren th :w =
T0
.
Tk
Theo TL [ 1] ta c h s np ca my nn c tnh nh sau:
P Pk
P P0
0
c k

P0
P0
1
m

P0 P0 T0
.
Tk
P0

Ta ly : P0 = Pk = 0, 005 0, 01 MPa
Chn P0 = Pk = 0, 0075MPa = 0. 075 bar.
Vi my nn NH3 th m = 0, 95 1, 1 chn m = 1
H s th tch cht: c = 0, 03 0, 05 chn c = 0, 04.
15,559 0,075
2,3675 0,075
0,04.

2,3675
15,559
1
1

2,3675 0,075 273 15
. 273 40 0,797 .
2,3675
- Th tch ht l thuyt ca my nn:

Vlt
18,9
23,71
0,797
m3/h.
- Cng nn on nhit ( cng nn l thuyt ) :
29
N s G.l 0,0125.260,9 3,26
KW .
- Cng nn ch th:
Ns
,
i
Ni
Trong :
i w bto
T0
263
0,001.t0
0,001(10) 0,85
Tk
313
Ni
3,26
3,84
0,85
KW
- Cng sut tiu tn do ma st:

N ms Vtt .Pms
Pms :p sut ma st ring, Pms = 0, 049 0, 069 MPa.

( Chn Pms = 0, 059 MPa = 59 Pa)
- Cng nn hiu dng:
N e N i N ms 3,84 0,00525.59 4,15 KW
- Cng sut in tiu th:
N el
Ne
KW
td el
Trong :
- td : Hiu sut truyn ng, td = 0, 95
- el : Hiu sut ng c in, cl = 0, 8.
N el
Ne
4,15
5,46 KW
td .el 0,95.0,8
- Cng sut ng c cn lp t:
Nc = k . Nel
k :l h s an ton k = 1, 1 2, 1. Chn k = 1, 4.
Do Vit Nam c iu kin kh hu nng m nn c nhng ngy h nhit tng
ln rt cao gy ra kh nng gii nhit ca dn ngng gim mt cch trm trng. c
bit h thng li in Vit Nam cha n nh, thng gy st p vo gi cao im,
chng lm cho my nn b qu ti v dng my v khng th khi ng chy tip tc
na. Do trnh nhng s c trn m bo an ton cho my nn ta chn h s
k= 1, 5.
Nc = k. Nel = 1,5.5,46 = 8, 19 KW
2.5.7. Chn my nn.
Ta chn my nn bn kn mt cp iu kin tiu chun:
t0 = -10 0C, tk = 40 0C. C cng sut ng c cn lp t Nc = 8, 19 KW
Bng 2-5 : Thng s k thut ca my nn.
ng knh
Hnh trnh
Tc ,
Th tch
K hiu
Q0, KW
piston, D mm piston S, mm (Vng/pht) qut, (m3 /h)
30,
2A
95
76
900
58, 2
11
CHNG 3: TNH THIT K MT S THIT B

TRONG H THNG LNH
3. THIT B NGNG T
30
3. 1. Khi nim v phn loi
Khi nim: Thit b ngng t l thit b trao i nhit bin hi mi cht lnh
c p sut v nhit cao sau qu trnh nn thnh trng thi lng.
Phn loi: C nhiu cch phn loi thit b ngng t.
* Da vo dng ca mi trng lm mt, c th chia cc thit b ngng t
thnh 4 nhm:
1. Thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc.
2. Thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc khng kh.
3. Thit b ngng t lm mt bng khng kh.
4. Thit b ngng t lm mt bng mi cht si hay cc sn phm cng ngh.
* Da theo c im ca qu trnh ngng t mi cht, c th chia thit b ngng
t thnh 2 nhm:
1. Thit b ngng t c mi cht ngng b mt ngoi ca b mt trao i
nhit.
2. Thit b ngng t c mi cht ngng trn b mt trong ca ca b mt trao
i nhit.
* Da theo c im qu trnh chy ca mi trng lm mt qua b mt trao i
nhit c th chia thnh cc nhm:
1. Thit b ngng t c mi trng lm mt tun hon t nhin.
2. Thit b ngng t c mi trng lm mt tun hon cng bc.
3. Thit b ngng t c ti cht lng lm mt.
3. 2. Chn kiu thit b
Mi loi thit b ngng t c nhng u v nhc im ring, do vic la
chn kiu loi thit b cho ph hp vi tng h thng lnh va p ng c cc
yu cu kinh t k thut l rt quan trng.
i vi my lnh NH3 sn xut nc nng sut trung bnh ta chn loi thit b
ngng t kiu bay hi (thp ngng t). Bi thit b ny c nhng u v nhc im
sau:
* u im:
- Thit b c th b tr ngoi tri, trn trn nh. Do c th tit kim c din
tch nh xng. V kh nng lm mt nc tng ln do s bay hi ca nc tun
hon.
- Rt tit kim nc b sung.
- Thit b tng i n gin, d ch to.
- t hiu qu truyn nhit kh cao.
* Nhc im.
- Ch lm vic ph thuc vo
iu kin kh tng v thi
1
gian trong nm.
Cu to:
2
1 Qut gi.
15
2 Tm chn nc.
14
3 ng trao i nhit.
3
13
4 Van phao.
5 Nc b sung.
12
6 Bm nc.
10
11
4
6
7 Phin lc nc.
5
8 X trn.
9
9 X y.
8
31
10 Ca gi vo.
11 ng gp lng.
12 Lng v BCCA
13 Cn bng p sut.
14 Hi mi cht vo.
15 Ming phun nc.
b ngng t bay hi
Hnh 3 -1. Thit
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b:

- Gas: Vo (14) trng thi hi v gas thi nhit cho nc v khng kh i ngoi
ng thnh phn (ng trao i nhit), nhit ca gas gim v ngng t thnh
lng ra ngoi theo (12) vo bnh cha cao p.
- Nc: Bm (6) ht t b phun ln b mt ng trao i nhit ca dn ngng, nc
nhn nhit ca gas th nhit ca nc tng ln v gp khng kh i ngc
chiu, nc nhn nhit bay hi mt phn v gim nhit .
- Khng kh: c qut ht (1) ht khng kh t di ln v c mt phn nc bay
theo khng kh nn cn c tm chn nc (2) bo v qut ht v gim lng
nc tn tht do gi cun theo.
3. 3. Tnh ton nhit thit b ngng t:
Nhit ti ca thit b ngng t Qk.
Qk = Qk-kho + Qk-b =Q0 + Ni = 828, 57+ 273, 90 +13, 293 + 3, 84 =
1119, 603 kW.
Trong :
- Q0 l nng sut lnh, Q0 = 106, 2 kW.
- Ni l cng nn ch th, Ni = 38, 521 kW.
Vy:
Qk = 106, 2 + 38, 521 = 144, 721 kW.
Hay Qk = 144721 W.
Mt khc:
Qk = FqF, W.
Trong :
F Din tch b mt trao i nhit, m2.
qF Mt dng nhit, W/m2. Vi thp ngng t mi cht NH3
th ta chn qF = 1700 W/m2 (Bng 8-6, HDTK HTL).
Vy ta c din tch trao i nhit:
F
Qk 1119603
658,59 m2.
qF
1700
3. 4. Chn thit b ngng t

T Qk = 1119, 603 kW v F = 658, 59 m 2 tra: Bng 6 4; Bnh
ngng bc hi trang 132 ti liu My Lnh GS Trn Thanh K.
p ng yu cu lm vic ca thit b ta chn thit b ngng t
bay hi c ph ti nhit v din tch trao i nhit ln hn tnh ton.
Vy ta chn thit b c cc thng s k thut sau:
Kch thc, mm
Ph ti
nhit, KW
Di
Rng
Cao
1120
4800
4000
4050
Lu lng
Din tch,
khng kh,
m2
kg/s
800
48
S lng
qut gi
10x15kW
32
3. 5. Tnh bm nc v ng knh ng nc cho thit b

ngng t
Lng nc gii nhit dn ngng:
Mw
Qk
C p t w
Trong :
- Qk: Nhit ti dn ngng, 1120 kW;
- Cp: Nhit dung ring ca nc, 4, 187 kJ/kg. ;
- tw: Chnh lch nhit nc vo v ra khi dn ngng, 3 0C.
Vy:
Mw
1120
89,16
4,187.3
kg/s = 320, 97 m3/h = 0, 0892 m3/s.
3. 5. 1. Tnh ng knh ng nc cho thit b ngng t

* Tnh ng knh ng ht
Chn s b tc ca nc i trong ng w1 = 1, 5 m/s.
ng knh ng ht:
d
4.M w
.w1
4.0,0892
0,275 m = 275 mm.
3,14.1,5
Tra bng 10-4, hng dn thit k HTL ta c ng theo tiu chun:

dy vch ng
ng knh danh
ng knh
ng knh
ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
ngoi dn, mm
, mm
304, 5
299
323, 9
17, 5
Tc nc i trong ng:
w1
4.M w
4.0,0892
1,27 m/s.
2
.(d tr )
3,14.(0,299) 2
* Tnh ng knh ng y
Chn s b tc ca nc i trong ng w2 = 2 m/s.
ng knh ng y:
D
4.M w
.w2
4.0,0892
0,238 m = 238 mm.
3,14.2
Tra bng 10-4, hng dn thit k HTL ta c ng theo tiu chun:

ng knh danh ng knh
ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
250, 4
243
Tc nc i trong ng:
w2
4.M w
ng knh
ngoi dn, mm
273
4.0,892
1,92 m/s.
3,14.(0,243) 2
dy vch
ng , mm
15
.( Dtr )
3. 5. 2. Tnh chn bm nc cho thit b ngng t
Chiu cao ct p ca bm:
H = Hh + H + ph + p
Chn chiu cao ht bng chiu cao
mc nc trong b l 2mH2O = 19620 N/m2. Bm thp hn mc
nc trong b nn c gi tr m.
Chiu cao y chn theo chiu cao dn ngng tr i chiu cao
ht nn ta c H = 4, 050 2 = 2, 050 mH2O = 20110, 5 N/m2.
2
33
Tn tht p sut ht:

2
2
w L
w
p h h . . 1 . h . . 1
2 d
2
Trong :
h: l h s ma st c xc nh theo chun s Reynol:
Re
w1 .d tr . 1,27.0,299.1000
501624,83 > 2320
0,757.10 3
Cht lng trong ng chy ri.

H s ma st:
h
1
1
0,013
2
(1,82. lg Re 1,64)
(1,82. lg 501624,83 1,64) 2
ng ng ht gm mt van chn van = 2, mt li lc lc = 7

Vy p h
Lh
w1
1,27 2
1000
.
h
van
loc
2
d tr
2
0,013. 0,299 2 7 7258,09 Pa.
Tn tht p sut trn ng y:

p = h + hf
hf: Tn tht p sut do vi phun, 0, 5 0, 8 bar . Chn hf = 0, 6 bar
=6. 104Pa.
h: Tn tht ma st trn ng ng y:
2
2
w L
w
h . . 2 . . . 2
2 D
2
Trong :
: l h s ma st c xc nh theo chun s Reynol:
Re
w2 .Dtr . 1,92.0,243.1000
616327,6 > 2320
0,757.10 3
Cht lng trong ng chy ri.

H s ma st:

1
1
0,0126
2
(1,82. lg Re 1,64)
(1,82. lg 616327,6 1,64) 2
ng ng ht gm mt van chn van = 2, mt li lc lc = 7

Vy
2
L
w2
1,92 2
1 2,050
1000
.
0
,
0126
.
2 0,6 7
van
loc
cua 90

2
Dtr
2
0,243
= 17695 Pa.
Vy chiu cao ct p ca bm:
H = 20110, 5 19620 + 7258, 09 + 6. 10 4 + 17695 = 85543, 6
N/m2.
Hay H 0, 86 bar.
p h
34
Cng sut tip in ca ng c:
N el
M w .H 0,0892.85443,6
9526,96 W = 9, 527 kW.

.
0,8
Cng sut ng c lp t ca bm:

N = 1, 2. Nel = 1, 2 . 9, 527=11, 432 kW.
Tra bng 10-6, [1], ta chn bm li tm do Nga ch to c k hiu 4K18:
- Nng sut 83 m3/h;
- Ct p 2, 2 bar;
- Cng sut trn trc: 6, 3 kW.
Chn s bm: n
320,7
3,8 . Vy ta chn 4 ci.
83
3. 6. Thit b bay hi.
Hnh 3-2 : Thit b bay hi

3. 6. 1. Khi nim v phn loi.
+ Khi nim:
- Thit b bay hi l thit b trao i nhit trong mi cht lnh lng hp th
nhit t mi trng cn lm lnh, si v ho hi.
+ Phn loi:
C nhiu cch phn loi thit b bay hi:
Da vo tnh cht ca mi trng lm lnh
. Da theo mc chim ch ca mi cht lnh lng trong thit b
- Thit b bay hi kiu ngp.
- Thit b bay hi kiu khng ngp.
3. 6. 2. Chn loi thit b bay hi .
- Vic chn thit b bay hi phi ty thuc vo yu cu ca qu trnh sn xut
(sn phm sn xut, cht lng v gi thnh sn phm). Cn ph thuc vo mi
trng lm lnh, c th ch to n gin chi ph thp, d vn hnh
- i vi qu trnh sn xut nc cy th mi trng cn lm lnh l cht
lng (nc mui). Do , thng thng ngi ta s dng dn lnh kiu ng ng hay
gi l dn lnh xng c xng c, c cu to nh hnh v.
3. 6. 3. Tnh ton thit b bay hi cho b :
3. 6. 3. 1. Din tch b mt trao i nhit:
35
Din tch b mt trao i nhit: F
Q0
Q
0 , m2
k t q F
Trong : - Q0: Nng sut lnh Q0 = 893480 W.

- qF : Mt dng nhit (ph ti nhit ring) W/m2.
Vi dn lnh xng c th:
qF = 2900 3500 W/m2
( Tnh ton vn hnh v sa cha my lnh Nguyn Vn May).
Ta chn: qF = 3400 W/m2.
F
Q0 893480
258,93 263 m2.

qF
3400
Do qu trnh lm vic lu di nn du s bm trn b mt trong

ca ng v b mt ngoi ca ng cng b bm bn lm gim kh
nng trao i nhit. V vy, m bo cho thit b lm vic n nh
v an ton th ta nhn thm h s d tr k = 1, 1.
Vy din tch trao i nhit thc ca thit b bay hi l:
Fbh = 1, 1263 = 289 m2.
Dn lnh c th c thit k 1 cm, 2 cm hoc hn, thng t 2
cm tr ln.
* Chn thng s thit k cho 1 cm dn lnh.
Chn chiu di dn lnh l 16 m.
Chiu cao ca dn l 1m.
Chn ng thp trn Dy25 ch to 2 ng gp ca mi cm, c kch thc
ng knh
ng knh
Chiu di
Tng chiu
B dy ng
ngoi
trong
L, mm
di ca cc
G, mm
Dn, mm
Dt, mm
ng gp(mm)
121
113
4
16000
128000
Chn ng thp trn Dy25 ch to cc ng thnh phn (ng trao i nhit), vi
kch thc:
ng knh
ngoi
Dn, mm
ng knh
trong
Dt, mm
B dy ng
G, mm
Chiu di
L, mm
Tng chiu
di ca ng
thnh
phn(mm)
1452000
57
51
3
3000
Cch b tr ng thnh phn trn ng gp:
a : Khong cch t u mt ng gp ti ng thnh phn u tin (2 u ng l nh
nhau) l a = 100 mm.
b: Bc ng b = 75 mm.
36
Tng s ng thnh phn trn mt dn ng:
Ta c:
L = n. dn + 2a +(n 1)b
n
L 2a b 16000 2.100 75
121 ng.
dn b
57 75
* Din tch trao nhit ca ng gp, FG.

fg = . Dn. L = 3, 140, 12116 = 6, 079 m2
V trn ng gp c khot cc l b tr cc ng thnh phn nn ta c:
Fg = fg ftp = fg - 121(dn/2)2 =
= 6, 079 - 1213, 14(0, 057/2)2 = 5, 77 m2.
Vy din tch trao i nhit ca 2 ng gp l:
FG = 2. Fg = 2 5, 77 = 11, 54 m2.
* Din tch trao i nhit ca cc ng thnh phn:
Ftp = n. . dn. l = 121 3, 14 0, 057 3 = 64, 96 65 m2.
Vy din tch trao i nhit ca 1 cm dn lnh l:
Fc = FG + Ftp = 11, 54 + 65 = 76, 54 m2.
* S cm dn lnh cn thit k.
F
289
3,8 cm.
Fc 76,54
Vy ta cn thit k 4 cm dn lnh.
3. 7. TNH CHN NG NG DN MI CHT :
Cc thit b trong h thng lnh c lin kt vi ngau bng
cc ng ng. Trong h thng lnh amnic s dng cc ng ng
bng thp.
Vic tnh chn ng ng l mt bi ton ti u, phi bn v k
thut vv hiu qu v kinh t. Vic tnh kim tra sc bn l khng
cn thit m ch yu l tnh chn ng knh ng thch hp vi
lng gas v ng thng chu lc n 3MPa.
Tnh chn ng ng mi cht.
3. 7. 1. ng knh ng ht 1 my nn ca b, dh.
ng knh ng ht c tnh:
dh
4.Gtt .v1
m
. 1
- Gtt: Lu lng gas v 1 my nn; Gtt = 0, 304 kg/s.

- 1 : Vn tc hi mi cht v my nn.
Theo bng 10-1, TL1 1= 15 20 m/s . Chn s b 1 = 15 m/s
- v1 : Th tch ring ca hi ht, v1 = 0, 53 m3/kg.
dh
4.0,304.0,53
0,117 m
3,14.15
= 117 mm.
Bng 3-1 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp s dng lm ng ht, [1]

ng knh danh
ng
ng knh dy vch Khi lng,
ngha D, mm
knh trong
ngoi dn,
kg/m
ng , mm
dt, mm
mm
125
125
133
4
12, 73
- Tnh vn tc thc ca gas :
37
4.Gtt .v1 4.0,304.0,53
13,14 m/s
.d h2
3,14.0,1252
3. 7. 2. ng knh ng y ca 1 my nn b, d.
4.Gtt .v2
.2
- 2 : Vn tc gas i, theo TL1 ta c 1= 20 25 m/s .

Chn s b 1 = 25 m/s
v
- 2 : Th tch ring ca hi nn, v 2 = 0, 12 m3/kg.
4.0,304.0,12
0,043
3,14.25
m hay d = 43 mm.
Bng 3-2 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp s dng lm ng y, [1]

ng knh danh ng knh ng knh dy vch Khi lng,
ngha D, mm
trong dt,
ngoi dn,
kg/m
ng , mm
mm
mm
50
57
50
3, 5
4, 62
4.Gtt .v2 4.0,304.0,12
2
18,6 m/s
.d 2
3,14.0,052
3. 7. 3. ng knh ng ht v my nn ca kho , dh
ng knh ng ht ca my nn kho c tnh:
dh
4.Gtt .v1
m
. 1
- Gtt: Lu lng gas v my nn; Gtt = 0, 0855 kg/s.

- 1 : Vn tc hi mi cht v my nn.
Theo bng 10-1, TL1 1= 15 20 m/s . Chn s b 1 = 15 m/s
- v1 : Th tch ring ca hi ht, v1 = 0, 42 m3/kg.
dh
4.0,0855.0,42
0,050 m
3,14.15
= 50 mm.
Bng 3-3 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp s dng lm ng ht, [1]

ng knh danh ng knh ng knh
dy
Khi lng,
ngha D, mm
trong dt,
ngoi dn,
kg/m
vch ng ,
mm
mm
mm
50
50
57
3, 5
4, 62
4.Gtt .v1 4.0,085.0,42
1
18,19 m/s
.d h2
3,14.0,052
3. 7. 4. ng knh ng y ca my nn kho , d.
d
4.Gtt .v2
.2

Chn s b 1 = 25 m/s
v
4.0,085.0,12
0,023
3,14.25
m hay d = 23 mm.
38
Bng 3-4 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp s dng lm ng y, [1]
ng knh ng knh dy vch
ng knh danh
Khi lng,
trong dt,
ngoi dn,
ngha D, mm
ng , mm
kg/m
mm
mm
25
27, 5
32
2, 25
1, 65
4.Gtt .v2 4.0,085.0,12
2
17,1 m/s
.d 2
3,14.0,02752
3. 7. 5. ng knh ng dn gas lng t bnh ngng v bnh cha cao p.
4.Gtt .v3
. 3
Trong :
- 3: Vn tc gas v bnh cha, m/s.
Chn s b 3 = 0, 6 m/s.
- v3 : Th tch mi cht khi ngng t, v3 = 0, 0013 m3/kg.
4.0,693.0,0013
0,44
3,14.0,6
m = 44 mm.
Bng 3-5 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp c s dng lm ng dn, [1]

ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
ngoi dn,
kg/m
ng , mm
mm
50
50
57
3, 5
4, 62
Vn tc thc ca gas v bnh cha:
3
4.Gtt .v3
4.0,693.0,0013
0,46 m/s.
2
.d
3,14.0,052
3. 7. 6. ng knh ng dn gas lng t bnh cha cao p ti van tit lu

ca dn lnh b :
d
4.Gtt .v3
. 3
- 4 : Vn tc gas lng t bnh cao p n van tit lu .

chn s b 4 = 0, 8 m/s.
4.0,608.0,0013
0,035
3,14.0,8
m = 35 mm.
Bng 3-6:Thng s k thut ca ng thp c s dng lm ng dn, [1]

ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
ngoi dn,
kg/m
ng , mm
mm
40
40, 5
45
2, 25
2, 37
4.G .v
4.0,608.0,0013
ttc 3
Vn tc thc ca gas i trong ng: 4 .d 2 3,14.(0,0405) 2 0,61 m/s.
3. 7. 6. ng knh ng dn gas lng t bnh cha cao p ti van tit lu
ca dn lnh kho :
39
d
4.Gtt .v3
. 3
- 4 : Vn tc gas lng t bnh cao p n van tit lu .

chn s b 4 = 0, 8 m/s.
4.0,085.0,0017
0,015
3,14.0,8
m = 15 mm
Bng 3-7 :Thng s k thut ca ng thp c s dng lm ng dn, [1]

ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
ngoi dn,
kg/m
ng , mm
mm
20
22
18
2
0, 986
4.G .v
4.0,085.0,0017
ttc 3
Vn tc thc ca gas i trong ng: 4 .d 2 3,14.(0,015) 2 0,81 m/s.
3.7.8. ng knh ng y gp chung ca 3 my nn, d.
4.Gtt .v2
.2

Chn s b 1 = 25 m/s
v
4.0,693.0,12
0,065
3,14.25
m hay d = 65 mm.
Bng 3-8 : Thng s k thut ca ng thp s dng lm ng y gp chung

cho 3 my, [1].
ng knh dy vch
ng knh danh ng knh
Khi lng,
ngoi dn,
ngha D, mm
trong dt, mm
ng , mm
kg/m
mm
70
69
76
3, 5
4, 62
3. 7.9. Tnh chn thit b bay hi cho kho bo qun cy.
kho lnh ang thit k, ti chn thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh kiu kh
hay cn gi dn lnh i lu cng bc.
Thit b ny thuc loi thit b trao i nhit b mt. Khng kh lu ng ngoi
ng c cnh v truyn nhit cho mi cht si trong ng, n cn gi l dn lnh khng
kh bay hi trc tip v c dng ph bin nht hin nay. Loi ny thng c ch
to dng chm ng thng hoc ng xon c cnh t trong v.
Dn lnh i lu cng bc c hai loi: loi ng ng v loi ng st. Thng
cc dn lnh c lm cnh nhm hoc cnh st. Dn lnh c v bao bc, lng qut,
ng khuch tn gi, khay hng nc ngng. Dn lnh s dng trong cc kho lnh c
cu to vi chiu rng kh ln, tri di theo chiu rng kho lnh. Mi dn c t 1 n
6 qut. Dn lnh c bc cnh t 3 n 8 mm, tu thuc mc thot m ca cc sn
phm trong kho. V bao che ca dn lnh l tn m km, pha di c mng hng
nc ngng. Mng hng nc ngng nghing v pha sau nc ngng chy kit,
trnh ng sng trong mng, nc ng c th ng bng lm tc ng thot nc.
Dn gm nhiu cm ng c lp song song c chiu dc theo chiu cao ca dn. V
vy thng c cc bp phn phi gas phn b dch lng u cho cc cm dn lnh.
40
3.7.9.1. Cu to.
3.7.9. 2. Nguyn l lm vic:

Dch t bnh cha cao p qua phin lc ti van tit lu vo ng thnh phn (lm
bng ng) ng ny c thit k chy vng qua vng li nhm tng qung ng i
ca dch lng, ng thi dn lnh cn c qut gi nhm tng kh nng trao i nhit
ca hi mi cht vi mi trng cn lm lnh (khng kh). Trong qu trnh chy trong
ng thnh phn, dch lng thu nhit ca mi trng khng kh, bay hi ri theo ng
ng cui dn lnh ti bnh tch lng ri v my nn.
3.7.9. 3. Tnh chn dn lnh.
Nhit bung tb = -50C
Nng sut lnh Q0TB = 30, 11 kW.
* Din tch yu cu l: F
Q0TB 1000
k t
bng 7 1, TLHTM&TBL chn k = 39 W/m2K.

t = 50K: Hiu nhit khng kh trong kho v nhit si ca mi cht trong
ng ng:
41
F
30,11.1000
154.4 m2
39 5
Theo TL[10] ta c c bng thng s cc loi dn bay hi nh sau: Qua ta

chn mt dn bay hi ILT 356. 116 c cc thng s k thut sau:
Qo = 31 KW; Vkk = 34500 m3/h; V = 37 dm3.
Bng thng s k thut cc loi dn bay hi cng bc:
CHNG 4 : TNH CHN THIT B PH

4. 1. Bnh tch du.
42
1: Tm chn di
2: Tm chn trn
3 : Mi cht vo
4 : Mi cht ra
5 : ng du v
Hnh 4-1 : Bnh tch du

* Khi nim
- Bnh tch du c lp vo ng y my nn Amnic tch du ra khi
dng hi mi trc khi vo dn ngng t. Do NH 3 khng ha tan du bi trn nn cn
tch du gim lng du bm trn b mt thit b trao i nhit, lm gim h s
truyn nhit. Chnh v vy ta s dng bnh tch du hn ch du i n cc thit b .
Bnh tch du lm vic trn nguyn l thay i t ngt dng chuyn ng v
lm gim tc ca dng mi cht tch cc ht du (dng sng) c trong dng
hi mi cht v gi n li.
Bnh tch du c lp trn ng ng y gia my nn v thit b ngng t.
Chn bnh tch du theo ng knh ng y chung ca 3 my nn, do ta chn
bnh tch du c ng knh ng ni vi ng ng y l d = 65 mm.
Vy ta chn bnh tch du c k hiu: SO- 2. c cc thng s k thut sau:
ng knh
dy
Chiu
K Hiu
thn bnh
thnh
cao(mm)
(mm)
bnh(mm)
SO-2
318
800
9
4. 2. Bnh thu hi du.
Cu To:
1. ng ht v my nn
4. Van An Ton
2. p K
5. Knh xem mc
3. ng du v t cc thit b khc
6. X Du
1
4
3
Hnh 4. 2 : Bnh thu hi du

- Bnh cha du nhm mc ch gom du t cc bnh tch du v cc bu du ca ton
b h thng, gim nguy him khi x du v gim tn tht mi cht lnh khi x du
43
khi h thng lnh. Bnh cha du c dng hnh tr, c ng ng ni vi ng x
du ca cc thit b, c ng ng ni vi ng ng ht ca my nn. Du c x
v nh chnh lch p sut . p sut trong bnh gim xung khi m van trn ng ng
ht.
- Trc khi x du c th hm nng du cho NH 3 thot ra ht. Khi x du,
p sut trong bnh ch c php ln hn p sut kh quyn cht t. p sut cao nht
cho php trong bnh l 1, 8 Mpa, nhit t -400C n 150 0C
T thc t ca x nghip chn bnh cha du c k hiu 500 CM :[1]
Th tch bnh,
dy bnh,
3
m
mm
516
0, 07
8
4. 3. Bnh tch lng cho my kho :
Cu to:
ng knh, mm
Khi lng, kg
92
Hnh 4. 3:Bnh tch lng

- Bnh tch lng c lp trn ng ht v ca mi my nn bo v my
nn khng ht phi lng, trnh va p thy lc. Bnh tch lng lm vic theo nguyn
l i dng chuyn ng v gim tc (xung cn 0, 5 m/s) ca dng mi cht nn
git lng v bi lng c tch ra.
- Hi mi cht t van tit lu ti bnh tch lng vo ng vo dn lnh. Sau khi
bay hi mi cht c ht v v i quay li bnh tch lng. Ti y lng c tch ra
v ri xung i vo dn lnh cn hi i v my nn.
Ta c phng trnh cn bng lu lng gas:
S1. 1 = S2. tl . (dh/2)2. 1 = . (Dtl/2)2. tl
Trong :
- dh: ng knh ng ht, dh = 50 mm
- 1: Tc gas v my nn, 1= 18, 19 m/s
- tl: Tc gas i vo bnh tch lng, tl = 0, 5m/s
- Dtl: ng knh bnh tch lng, mm
Khi :
Dtl d h
1
18,19
50
301 mm.
tl
0,5
Da vo Catologue chn bnh tch lng c cc thng s k thut sau :

ng knh bnh, mm
Chiu cao bnh, mm
dy thn bnh, mm
426
1750
10
4. 4. Bnh cha cao p.
44
Bnh cha cao p c lp sau thit b ngng t v thp hn thit b ngng t
cha lng mi cht p sut cao, gii phng b mt trao i nhit ca thit b ngng
t, duy tr s cp lng lin tc cho van tit lu.
Theo quy nh v an ton th bnh cha cao p phi cha c 30% th tch ca
ton b h thng dn bay hi trong h thng lnh c bm cp mi cht lng t trn v
60% th tch dn trong h thng lnh cp lng t di ln. Khi vn hnh mc lng ca
bnh cha cao p ch c php chim 50% th tch ca bnh.
Vi h thng lnh amnic (NH3) ta s dng bnh cha cao p nm ngang (c
cu to nh hnh v).
1
10
11
Hnh 4. 5 : Bnh cha cao p nm ngang NH3.

1 Mi cht lng vo.
7 Lng mi cht t bnh tch kh.
2 ng cn bng p sut.
8 Dch v dn lnh.
3 Van an ton.
9 Knh xem mc lng.
4 p k.
10 X du.
5 X kh khng ngng.
11 X cn.
6 Lng mi cht ti bnh tch kh.
Tnh sc cha ca bnh:
H thng lnh thit k cp lng mi cht t di ln nn ta c:
V BCCA
0,6 V BH
1,2 1,45 V BH m3
0,5
Trong : - VBH: Th tch dn bay hi.

- 1, 2: H s an ton ca thit b.
* Tnh th tch ca dn bay hi: VBH = VBH b + VBhkho
Dn bay hi c 4 cm (8 ng gp), mi cm c 121 ng thnh phn, mi ng di
l =3m v = 51mm.
Th tch ng thnh phn:
Vtp = 4. 121. 3, 14. (0, 051/2)2. 3 = 2, 96 m3.
Th tch ca 8 ng gp 4 cm:
Vg = 8. 3, 14. (0, 113/2)2. 16 = 1, 28m3.
Th tch 2 ng gp chung:
Vgc = 2. 3, 14. (0, 113/2)2. 1, 205 = 0, 0242 m3.
Khi :
VBHb = Vtp + Vg + Vgc =2, 96 + 1, 28 + 0, 0242 = 4, 264 m3.
Vy VBH = VBH b + VBhkho = 4, 264 + 0, 037 = 4, 301 m3
Ta c th tch BCCA: VBCCA = ( 1500 2250 ). G. v , m3
G: Tc nhn lnh i qua BCCA
v :th tch ring cht lng nhit tk, m3/kg
Vi h thng lnh ln nn ta chn:
VBCCA = 2250. G. v = 2100 . 0, 0017. 0, 693 = 2, 65 m3
Theo bng 8-17, TL278, 1 ta chn BCCA nm ngang vi cc thng s sau:
45
Loi bnh
3, 5PB
Kch thc, mm
DxS
L
H
1000 x
4890 950
10
Dung tch, m3
3, 5
Khi lng, kg
1455
4.5. Bnh gi mc tch lng s dng cho my cy.

H thng my cy tit lu kiu ngp nn phi s dng bnh gi mc tch
lng, ngoi nhim v gi mc dch lng, bnh cn c chc nng tch lng hi ht v
my nn .
Hnh 4. 6 Bnh gi mc tch lng

Cu to bnh gi mc tch lng nh hnh v di.
1 tm chn lng ;
2 ng ht v my nn
3 ng lp van phao v p k
4 ng mi cht vo
5 ng tit lu vo
6 ng dch ra
7 ng x y.
8, 9 ng lp van phao,
10 chn bnh.
Hnh 4.7 : Cu to bnh gi mc tch
lng
* Chn bnh gi mc- tch lng b d. :

V= 0, 75 VL =0. 75 . 4, 264 = 3, 198 m3
Vy ta chn bnh gi mc - tch lng c cc thng s nh sau:
Bng 4-1 : Cc thng s ca bnh gi mc- tch lng.
3
V (m )
3, 41
Kch thc (mm)

D
B
1200
1524
4.6. Bnh tch kh khng ngng.
H
3565
Khi lng
Kg
1645
46
Trong h thng lnh ngoi tc nhn lnh cn c th c cc loi kh khng
ngng khc. Trong , ch yu l khng kh. Kh khng ngng c trong h thng
thng tch t trong thit b ngng t v bnh cha cao p. N lm tng p sut v
gim h s truyn nhit ca dn ngng, lm gim nng sut lnh v tng tiu hao in
nng ca my lnh. ui kh ra khi h thng v cc thit b ta s dng bnh tch
kh c cu to nh hnh v
1 Lng t BCCA ti qua van tit lu;
2 Hn hp khng kh v hi NH3;
3 Hi mi cht v ng ht ca my nn;
4 Kh khng ngng ra;
1
5 Lng mi cht v BCCA;
5
6 Thng
hp
th NH
. mui.
4.7.nc
Cnh
khuy
nc
3
4.7. 1. Chn nng nc mui.
Hnh 4-8: Bnh tch kh khng ngng
Cht ti lnh phi c nhit ng c nh hn nhit si ca mi cht, h
s dn nhit phi ln. Chn cht ti lnh l nc mui NaCl. Nhit nc mui
trong b ti a lun thp hn nhit si ca mi cht t 4 6 0C. Khi ta chn
nc mui tun hon c nhit im bng l 20 0C, v c nng ca nc mui
l 22, 4%. Trong qu trnh sn xut nng nc mui ngy cng gim lm nhit
ng c ca nc mui tng, nn phi thng theo di v duy tr nng ca nc
mui trong b
4.7. 2. Tnh chn cnh khuy:
+ Ta chn cnh khuy c ng knh dk = 760 mm;
+ Tc vng quay ca cnh khuy n = 3 v/s;
+ Chn ng knh ng dn hng D = 1200 mm;
Khi ta c ng dng hnh hc ca thit b khuy l:
GD
D 1200
1,58
dk
760
- Chun s Reynold ly tm:

.n.d k 2 n.d k 2
Re k
nng 22, 4% v nhit -10 0 C th nc mui c:

- Nhit dung ring: C = 3, 333 kJ/kg;
- Khi lng ring: =1177, 7 kg/m3;
- nht tng i = 7, 8. 10-6 m2/s;
Re k
3.0,76
5,07.10 5
6
4,5.10
T GD = 1, 58 v Rek = 5, 07. 105 tra th H3. 35 ti liu [10] ta c KN = 0, 45.

+ Cng sut khuy:
N = KN. . n3. dk5 = 0, 45. 1177, 7. 33. 0, 765 = 6280 W = 6, 28 kW.
+ Cng sut ng c:
N = K. N/ kW.
- K : H s d tr cng sut chn K = 1, 1;
- : Hiu sut s dng = 0, 85.
47
Vy: N d
1,1.6,28
8,13 KW.
0,85
Chn ng c in 3 pha c cng sut theo tiu chun: 8, 8 kW.
Hnh 4-9 : ng c truyn ng cho cnh khuy

4.8. Tnh chn palng in :
+ Hnh trnh palng in :
Hnh trnh palng in chy dc ht theo chiu di b v ti c c cu v
nc khun . nh vy hnh trnh palng in : L = 18, 175 + 1 = 19, 175 m
+ Tnh sc nng palng in :
-V b c 2 dy nn ta chn 2 palng in . Khi ta tnh chn palng in
cho mi dy
- Khi tnh palng in ch yu chng ta cn c vo sc nng ca palng in
- Ta c tng khi lng ca 1 linh l :
M =Mthp + Mkhun + M = 2. 48, 44 + 20 . 11 + 50. 20 = 1316, 88 kg 1, 5tn
- an ton chn Palng in c sc nng 1, 5 tn.
Hnh 4-10 : Palng in
48
3
2
1
Hnh 4-11 : Chu trnh tho

1 : B
2 : Cy
3 : Palng in
4 : B nhng
5 : C cu lt
Hnh 4-12 :B nhng v bn lt

4.9. Tnh bm nc vo khun
Hnh 4-13 :Bm nc vo khun
49
- Trong h thng b tr 2 palng in nn ta chn 2 c cu rt nc v khun. chn
c bm trc ht ta phi xc nh lu lng nc
- Mi mt ln ta vo nc cng lc cho 20 khun nn lng nc cn l
V10 = 20 . 50 = 1000 = 1 m3
- Tng thi gian ra , vo nc khun v sp sp linh vo b l: 2, 25
pht. Vy lu lng nc trong 1 gi l :
V
60
.1 26,67
2,25
m3/h
Theo bng 10-6 TL [1] ta chn bm li tm k hiu 3K-9a c thng s sau:

Bng 4-2 : Thng s k thut ca bm li tm k hiu 3K-9a
Thng s k thut v kch thc c bn
ng
K hiu
Nng
Hiu sut
knh bnh
Ct p H,
Cng sut trn
bm
sut
cng tc,
bar
trc N, kW
m3/h.
%
mm
3K-9a
143
39, 6
2, 1
70
3, 1
4.10. Xc nh cc thng s ca cht ti lnh :
+ Tnh cht vt l :
- Nhit ng c thp hn nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh t nht 50C
- t bay hi
- H s dn nhit v trao i nhit ln
- Nhit dung ring cng ln cng tt
- nht v khi lng ring cng nh cng tt
+ Tnh cht ha hc:
- Khng n mn my mc thit b
- Bn vng, khng phn hu trong phm vi nhit lm vic
+ Tnh an ton:
- Khng gy chy n
- Khng c hi vi ngi v c th sng
- Khng tc dng xu n thc phm
+ Tnh kinh t :
- R tin, d kim
- D vn chuyn, bo qun
50
Hnh 4-15:Van chn ht, chn nn.

- Van chn dng ngn chn hay gii phng mi cht . N c cu to nh th
no khi m lu lng qua van l ln nht, khi ng lu lng qua van l bng
khng . Tuy nhin valve chn cng c th m ln hay nh ty .
- Valve chn thng c t ngay u ht v u y ca my nn. N cng
thng c lp hai u mt hoc mt cm van nh van in t ( Selenoid Valve ),
Expansion Valve, to iu kin thay th hay sa cha cc van mt cch d dng
m khng gy tn tht mt lng mi cht ng k
4.11. 2. Van mt chiu, van an ton
4.11. 2. 1. Van mt chiu
Hnh 4-16: Van mt chiu hnh cc
Hnh 4-17: Van mt chiu hnh nm
- Van mt chiu l van ch cho dng chy i theo mt hng.

- N thng c lp trn ng y ca my nn, c tc dng ngn khng cho
dng mi cht t thit b ngng t quay ngc tr li my nn . iu ny rt thun
tin cho sa cha v vn hnh. Nhng thng thng phi lp van chn song song
chy o chiu khi cn thit. Ngoi ra van mt chiu cn lp t trn dng cp dch
thun tin cho vic c lp h thng.
4.11. 2. 2. Van an ton:
51
Hnh 4-18:Van An Ton trn BCCA

Van an ton c lp t nhng thit b c p sut cao nh thit b ngng t,
bnh cha cao p, cc te my nn N dng phng trng hp p sut vt qu
mc quy nh. Khi p sut trong thit b vt qu mc quy nh th th van an ton s
t m ra x mi cht v thit b c p sutthp hoc x trc tip ra ngoi khng kh.
Hnh 4-19 : Cu to van an ton

1. Khu kch x ; 2. L x ; 3. Ming m ; 4. Ming m; 5. Bulng iu
chnh ; 6. Chp ; 7. m kn ; 8. L xo 9. Thn van ;
10. ta ; 11. L vo
4.11. 2. 4. Chn van tit lu
- Tit lu l qa trnh lu ng ca dng tc nhn t vng c p sut cao sang
vng c p sut thp. Vic la chn van tit lu ph thuc vo nng sut lnh, lng
mi cht tun hon. Thng thng ngi ta chn theo nng sut lnh ca h thng v
ng knh ng dn mi cht lng chn van tit lu.
- y chn van tit lu iu chnh bng tay cp dch cho dn bay hi. ng
thi s dng van in t lp trc van tit lu tay cp dch cho dn lnh.
- Van tit lu tay c kt cu tng t van chn, khc bit c bn ca van tit
lu l nn van c kt cu c bit c th iu tit lu lng mt cch chnh xc cho
tit din ca van c th iu chnh mt cch chnh xc.
Vi kho lnh ta chn van tit lu cn bng ngoi hot ng the o nguyn l ly tn
hiu nhit v p sut u ra ca thit b bay hi. Van tit lu t ng cn bng
52
ngoi c khoang di mng ngn khng thng vi khoang mi cht chuyn ng qua
van m ni thng vi u ra dn bay hi nh mt ng mao.
Hnh 4-21 . Van tit lu cn bng ngoi
CHNG 5 : LP T - T NG HA
V VN HNH MY LNH
5.1. LP T H THNG LNH
5. 1.1. Yu cu lp t
Yu cu quan trng i vi qu trnh lp t l phi ng thit k.
a. i vi my nn
Khi lp t my phi c t trn b phng v phi ch n khong cch vi
cc thit b khc.
b. i vi dn ngng
Dn ngng kiu bay hi ngng t l thit b c ch to nguyn cm nn vic
lp t s n gin hn. Khi lp t cn m bo cn bng v phi lp t v tr
thng thong ng hng gi th tt nht. .
c. i vi dn lnh
Dn lnh c s dng l dn lnh xng c, khi lp t dn bay hi vo b
phi c gi k bng g v hi nghing v pha van x du vic x du thun tin
hn.
d. i vi h thng ng ng
Lp t ng ng phi m bo yu cu cc mi hn phi u, cc mi ni
bng ren phi kn. Vi cc ng ng di phi c gn ln trn hoc tng v phi
thng.
e. i vi cc loi bnh
Cn phi ch ti ng vo v ra ca mi cht v v tr lp t. Cc bnh
c t trn cc gi v c c nh bng bu lng ai c.
5.1.2. Cng vic sau lp t a my vo hot ng
Sau khi lp xong h thng phi tin hnh th p lc bng kh nn, kim tra
kn.
Np du bi trn: Du bi trn c nhim v bi trn cc b mt ma st, cc chi
tit chuyn ng v m kn. i vi qu trnh np du cho h thng mi th kh n
gin ch vic m np cc te v cho du vo theo quy nhca my nn.
53
Np gas vo h thng mi: Khi ng my nn chy ui kh trong h thng
ra ngoi t n chn khng th mi tin hnh np gas.
Kim tra h thng in v cc thit b bo v t ng nh: cu dao in, cng
tc t, cc kh c in, cc loi r le . . .
Chy r my, y l qu trnh rt quan trng n nh hng ln ti tui th ca
my v thit b. Nhm lm mn cc b mt trn cc nh, loi b nhm cc phn
sai st trong cng ngh ban u. Sau khi chy r my phi thay du loi b cc ht
bi kim loi.
Phn III : T CHC LP T TH NGHIM

QUI TRNH NP GAS V NP DU
1. 1. T chc lp t h thng.
1. 1. 1. Lp t my nn.
1. 1. 1. 1 Yu cu i phng my.
- Phng my nn b tr tng trt, cch bit khu vc ch bin.
- C trang thit b phng chy cha chy, mt n phng c, dng c thao
tc vn hnh, sa cha, bng ni quy, quy trnh vn hnh v an ton chy n.
- Gian my phi thng thong, khng gian b tr my rng ri ngi vn
hnh d i li, thao tc v x l. Mi gian t nht c hai ca, ca chnh phi l ca hai
cnh m ra pha ngoi. Nu phng my khng c thng gi t nhin tt th c th
lp qut thng gi thi nhit t cc ng c thi ra ngoi.
- sng trong phng my phi m bo trong mi hon cnh, ngy cng nh
m d thao tc vn hnh v c cc thng s k thut.
1. 1. 1. 2. Lp t my nn.
- a my vo v tr lp t: Khi cu chuyn cn ch mc vo cc v tr c
nh sn, khng mc ty tin vo ng ng, thn my gy h hng.
- My nn lnh c lp t trn b mng b tng ct thp. B mng cao hn b
mt nn ti thiu 100 mm. B mng phi t t nht 2, 3 ti trng ca my nn v ng
c. My c gn cht trn b mng b tng bng cc bulng chn sn.
- B mng khng c lin vi kt cu xy dng ta nh trnh truyn chn
ng lm hng kt cu xy dng. chn ng khng truyn vo kt cu xy dng
nh th khong cch ti thiu t b my ti mng ti thiu l 300 mm.
- Cc bulng c nh my vo b mng c th c sn trong b tng trc hoc
sau khi lp t my ri chn vo sau. Chn cch chn bulng sau khi lp my thun
li hn chnh xc hn. Nh vy cn sn cc l c ng knh ln hn yu cu, khi
a thit b vo v tr ta tin hnh lp bulng ri sau cho va xi mng vo c
nh bulng.
- Sau khi nh v tr, hng (iu kin thng thong) ta tin hnh lp my.
54
- My nn lnh c lp t trn cc b mng Btng ct thp. B mng cao
hn b mt nn 100 mm, trnh b t bn khi v sinh gian my. B mng c tnh
ton theo ti trng ng ca n, my c gn cht ln nn btng bng cc bulng
chn sn, chc chn. Kh nng chu ng ca mng phi t 2 ln ti trng ca my
nn k c ng c.
- Kt cu xy dng nn mng c miu t trn hnh v. Mng c o su
50 mm. Di nn gian my l lp Btng dm 46, M150. Trn gian my l lp
btng ct thp M200, st 8, a = 200 mm.
- Khong cch t b my n mng l 30 cm.
- Cc bulng c nh my vo b mng c chn vo sau khi khi lp t my.
Mun vy cn sn cc l c kch thc ln hn yu cu, khi a thit b vo v tr,
ta tin hnh lp bulng ri sau cho va ximng vo c nh bulng.
Hnh 1-1 :Mng my nn kho lnh

- Sau khi a my vo v tr lp t, dng thc thng bng kim tra nm
ngang, kim tra ng trc ca dy ai. Ni lng khong cch gia ng c v my
nn ri lp dy ai sau vn bulng trt iu chnh cng dy ai, khi n dy ai
nu thy lng bng chiu dy ca dy l t yu cu.
Ch khi lp t th khng dy du m vo v sau 48 gi lm vic cn
kim tra li cng dy ai.
1. 1. 1. 3. Lp t thit b ngng t.
Khi lp thit b ngng t cn ch vic gii nhit, nh hng ca nhit ngng t
n xung quanh, kh nng thot mi cht lng v bnh cha. Do ta lp t thit b
ngng t trn cao, trn b b tng, cc gi hoc ngay trn bnh cha thnh mt
cm.
1. 1. 1. 4. Lp bnh ngng t nm ngang.
- Bnh ngng t ng chm nm ngang c cu to tng i gn, khi lp t cn
c khong h hai u bnh ln v sinh bnh trong khi bo dng. Cc on
ng nc gii nhit vo ra bnh d tho d khi v sinh.
- thun li cho vic tun hon mi cht lnh th bt buc phi c ng cn
bng ni vi bnh cha. Bnh ngng c sn mu .
1. 1. 1. 5. Lp thit b ngng t bay hi.
Dn ngng t bay hi ta lp t trn b b tng t ngoi tri. t dn xa cc
cng trnh xy dng t nht 1500 mm trnh nc c th b cun theo gi
1. 1. 1. 6. Lp t thit b bay hi.
a. Dn lnh xng c.
- Dn lnh xng c s dng trong h thng lnh sn xut cy. Dn lnh
phi c lp ngp trong b nc mui v cch y b 150 mm. Dn c b tr
gia v mt bn cnh b. Cp dch t pha di v hi i ra pha trn.
55
- Dn lnh trong h thng l dn lnh kiu xng c, cng c ch to t cc ng
thp. Cc ng thnh phn khi gia cng phi un cong trc, khi thc hin cng on
un phi thc hin un ngui, khng c nt, mp mo. Cc mi hn phi ng p,
ng k thut. Ch loi b cc sn phm do khot l v hn to ra trong cc ng ca
dn lnh trc khi hn kn. Sau khi gia cng mi dn lnh phi th x vi p sut nn
>12 KG/cm2, sau khi lp t vo cm dn lnh phi th x v th kn tip mt ln na
cho tht k v dn lnh c t trong b nc mui, nu sau khi a nc mui
vo b mi pht hin dn lnh b x th vic khc phc rt kh khn. Khi lp t dn
lnh cn ch c gi k bng g chu lc mt u cho du my lnh b ng li
dn lnh s chy dn v u ng x du vic x du dn lnh sau ny c d
dng v trit hn.
b. Dn lnh khng kh (dn lnh qut gi).
Dn lnh ny s dng trong trong h thng kho bo qun . Khi lp cn ch
hng tun hon gi, tm vi ca gi thot ra khi dn lnh khong 10 m.
Pha sau dn lnh cn khong h 500 mm. ng thot nc dn lnh phi dc
v u ra cn c chi tit c ngng (to by nc) ngn khng kh nng trn vo
kho gy tn tht nhit khng cn thit v ngn chut b chui vo lm tc ng.
56
1. 1. 1. 7. Lp t cc thit b khc.
- Bnh cha cao p: Bnh cha cao p c lp pha di thit b ngng t
cha lng t thit b ngng t v.
- Bnh tch du: Bnh tch du c lp ngay sau u y ca my nn v c
t trn cao trong phng my. ng nn vo bnh thp hn u ra khi bnh.
- Bnh tch lng: Bnh tch lng c lp ngoi gian my, pha trn cao gn
dn lnh. Bnh tch lng lm vic nhit thp nn phi c bc cch nhit.
- Bnh tch kh khng ngng: c lp t trn cao kh khng ngng t
bnh cha cao p c th i ln, thc hin lm lnh tch phn mi cht cn li trc
khi thi ra ngoi.
- Bnh cha du: c t trong phng my v gn trn b mng b tng chc
chn v phi cao hn nn phng my ti thiu 100 mm.
1. 1. 1. 8. Lp t ng ng.
a. Lp t ng ng dn mi cht.
Trong qu trnh thi cng lp t ng ng cn ch :
- i vi cc ng ng trc khi lp t phi thng ra sch s. Ta phi loi
b cc sn phm do khot l v hn gy ra. y l mt yu cu n gin nhng rt
quan trng v n nh hng ln n vn hnh h thng lnh sau ny. Cc ng ng
nht l cc ng ng y v ht phi c nghing nht nh, ng ng y
nghing v pha dn ngng, ng ng ht nghing v pha bnh tch lng. Trn
ng ng nht l ng ng ht khng c to rt ch lm ng mi cht trong
.
- Vic hn cc ng ng phi m bo ng yu cu k thut. Khi hn ni
ng ng, ni cc mt bch lp van, cc thit b trn ng ng ch phi bt
bch, van vo ri hn chm c nh cc mt bch, ri tho g van v cc thit b cn
lp t ra khi ng ng. Sau mi tin hnh hn kn, v trnh nh hng n
cc van v cc thit b gy nn : hin tng vnh, nt gy, lp ghp khng m bo
kn gia cc thit b. Khi lp t cc ng ng c chiu di ln cn ch khc phc
trng hp gin n ca kim loi khi nhit bn ngoi thay i khi nt gy mi
hn trn ng ng.
Hn ng: Phi vt mp ng quy cch, v tr mi hn phi nm ch d kim
tra v x l.
Un ng: Bn knh un cong phi ln khng lm bp ng. Khi un
phi s dng thit b un ng hoc s dng ct (cua) c sn.
Cch nhit: Cch nhit ng ng thc hin sau khi kt thc vic th kn v
th bn. Cc lp cch nhit ng ng nh sau: Sn chng r, lp cch nhit (styrofor
hoc polyuretan), giy du chng thm v ngoi cng l lp inox hoc nhm bc thm
m. Chiu dy cch nhit ph thuc vo kch thc ng ng v nhit lm vic
Bng 1-1 :ng ng c quy nh mu sn
Mi cht lnh
ng ng
NH3
ng ht
Mu xanh da tri
ng y
Mu
ng dn lng
Mu vng
ng nc mui
Mu xm
ng nc mt
Mu xanh l cy
b. Lp t ng ng nc.
57
ng ng nc dng gii nhit thit b ngng t, gii nhit my nn, x nc
ngng ng ng gii nhit dn ngng thng s dng ng nha PVC hoc ng thp.
1. 1. 1. 9. Lp t thit b ph.
a . Lp t van tit lu t ng.
- Van tit lu t ng c lp trn ng cp dch vo dn lnh v gn dn
lnh . i vi kho bo qun l th van tit lu t ng c t trong kho.
- Khi lp van tit tit lu t ng cn ch lp t bu cm bin ng v tr
quy nh, c th nh sau:
t ng hi ra ngay sau dn lnh v m bo tip xc tt nht bng kp
ng hoc nhm. Bc cch nhit lun bu cm bin cng vi ng ht trnh nh
hng ca nhit bn ngoi.
b. Lp t van chn.
- Cc van chn c lp ti v tr d thao tc vn hnh, c th nm trn ng
ng nm ngang hoc thng ng. Khi nm trn on ng nm ngang th cc tay van
phi nm pha trn. Khong h cc pha ca van thao tc v sa cha tho rp
van khi cn.
- Phng php ni ch yu l hn v ni bch. Khi ni bch cn ch s dng cc
m kn thch hp. i vi van ni bng phng php hn th trc khi hn nn tho cc
b phn chnh ca van khng lm hng cc b phn trong ca van.
- Khi lp cn ch mi tn ch chiu i ca mi cht v phi lp t ng
chiu. Khng lp van v tr qu cao kh thao tc vn hnh.
c. Van in t.
- Li st ca van in t chuyn ng ln xung nh sc ht ca cun dy v
trng lc nn van in t bt buc phi c lp t trn on ng nm ngang. Cun
dy ca van in t nm ln pha trn.
- Do van in t l thit b hay b chy, hng thng xuyn v cn phi c
thay th nn trc v sau van in t phi b tr cc van chn, nhm c lp van in t
khi cn thay th hoc sa cha.
1. 1. 1. 10. Lp t phin sy, phin lc.
Phin sy lc ng hi thng b tr ngay u ht ca my nn loi tr
cn bn i vo my nn, trn ng lng thng lp trc van in t v c bit l
van tit lu gi cho cc van ny hot ng bnh thng khng b tc.
1. 1. 1. 11. Lp t mt gas.
Mt gas c lp t trn ng lng, sau phin sy lc, trc van tit lu.
1. 2. Th nghim h thng lnh
1. 2. 1. p sut th. :
- Theo quy nh, p sut th cc thit b p lc nh sau: p sut th kn bng
p sut lm vic, p sut th bn bng 1, 5 ln p sut lm vic. th h thng lnh
ngi ta thng s dng: kh nn, kh CO2 hoc N2.
- i vi h thng NH3 khng s dng CO2 v gy phn ng ha hc.
- i vi h thng Freon th khng c s dng khng kh v hi nc trong
khng kh gy tc m.
- Khi dng khng kh th h thng NH3 th phi s dng mt my nn ring,
khng dng my nn lnh nn to p lc v nhit u y ln lm chy du my
lnh. im t bc chy ca du khong 180 200 0C, nu nn khng kh t 16 0C ln
10 kG/cm2 nhit c th ln ti 2600C vt qu nhit t bc chy ca du.
- Khi ni bnh kh (hoc N2) khng c ni trc tip m ni qua van gim p.
- Khi th, ng cc van ni vi cc r le p sut khng lm hng thit b.
58
- Khi nn kh th nhit kh tng cao th phi dng kh nn ngui ri
nn tip, khng nhit tng cao.
- i vi mch c van in t, van tit lu t ng th phi m thng mch
bng tay, i vi mch t ng thng mch phi m van in t bng tay.
- Sau khi th ta m van x kh x kh v bi ra ngoi. Nu h thng Fren
th dng bm chn khng ng thi x nc ra ngoi.
- Sau khi chn khng t 700 mmHg cn th chn khng bng cch ngm nh
vy trong 24 gi. Nu p sut tng ln di 5 mmHg th t yu cu.
1. 2. 2. Quy trnh th nghim.
1. 2. 2. 1. Th bn:.
Th bn h thng c tin hnh nh sau:
- Chun b th: C lp my nn, ngt p k u ht, m van (tr van x), ni
bnh kh qua van gim p.
- Nng p sut h thng t t ln p sut th bn cho pha cao p v thp p. i
vi h thng NH3 th p sut th: Pha cao p: 25 bar; pha thp p: 16 bar.
- Duy tr p sut th trong vng 5 pht ri gim dn cho ti p sut th kn.
- My nn v cc thit b th bn ti ni ch to ri nn c th khng cn th
bn li ln na, m ch th bn i vi h thng ng ng, cc mi hn.
1. 2. 2. 2. Th kn.
- Nng p sut ln p sut th kn.
Bng 1-2 : p sut th kn
H thng NH3
Cao p
Thp p
2
16, 5 KG/cm
12 KG/cm2
- Duy tr p lc th trong vng 24 gi. Trong 6 gi u p sut th gim khng
qu 10% v sau khng gim.
- Tin hnh th bng nc x phng, kh nng r r trn ng ng rt t xy ra
v th nn kim tra cc mi hn, mt bch, ni van trc. Nu th ht m khng
pht hin vt x h m p sut vn gim th c th kim tra trn ng ng. Khi khng
pht hin c ch r r cn khoanh vng kim tra.
- Mt iu cn lu l p sut trong h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit
mi trng, tc l ph thuc vo gi trong ngy, v vy cn kim tra theo mt thi
im nht nh trong ngy.
- Khi pht hin r r cn loi b p lc trn h thng ri mi x l. Tuyt i
khng c x l khi vn cn p lc.
- Ch sau khi th xong hon chnh khng pht hin r r mi tin hnh bc
cch nhit ng ng v thit b.
1. 2. 2. 3. Ht chn khng.
Vic ht chn khng c tin hnh nhiu ln mi m bo ht kit khng kh
v hi m trong h thng ng ng v thit b. Duy tr p lc 60 mmHg (tc l
chn khng khong 700 mmHg) trong 24 gi, trong 6 gi u p lc cho php tng
50% nhng sau khng tng.
59
CHNG 2 : NP MI CHT V NP DU
CHO H THNG LNH
2. 1. Np gas:
2. 1. 1Cng tc chun b:
- Phi chun b mt lng gas tng ng.
- Chun b dng c ngh bao gm: dy np gas, ngh m van v x phng
th kn.
- Chun b y bo h lao ng,
- Chun b gi chai gas.
- Chun b cn xc nh lng gas vo h thng.
2. 1. 2. Np gas:
+ Np mi cht theo ng cp dch c c im:
- Np di dng lng, s lng np nhiu, thi gian np nhanh.
- S dng cho h thng ln.
+ Bnh thng cc van 1, 2 v 3 m, cc van 4 v 5 ng, mi cht c cp
n dn bay hi t bnh cha cao p.
+ Khi cn np mi cht, ng van 1 v 4, mi cht t bnh mi cht i theo van
5, 2 vo b lc, ra van 3 n thit b bay hi.
+ Khi thay th, sa cha hoc bo dng b lc, h thng vn hot ng, ng
cc van 2, 3 v 5 mi cht t bnh cha qua van 1 v 4 n dn bay hi. Trong trng
hp ny vn c th np thm mi cht bng cch ng cc van 1, 2 v 3, m cc van 4
v 5. Mi cht t bnh np i qua van 5 v 4 vo h thng.
Hnh 2-1:S np mi cht

2. 2 Np du :
Trong h thng lnh ch c my nn mi cn n du bi trn, v my nn c
cha nhiu chi tit chuyn ng gy ra ma st, mi mn, d gy h hng cho my,
gy ra cc s c, lm gim tui th my. hn ch iu ta phi s dng du bi
trn. Du bi trn c tc dng lm mt, bi trn, lm kn, lm sch cc b mt ma st
ca chi tit ca my nn . V vy qu trnh vn hnh cn phi ch mc n du bi
trn . Nu pht hin thiu du th phi nhanh chng np du cho h thng ngay.
+ Biu hin thiu du
- Quan st knh xem mc du carte my nn thy thiu du.
- Ch np du khi xc nh nguyn nhn l thiu du
+ Nguyn nhn :
- Do du i khng v : tn ti cc thit b khc
60
- Do bc du b h
- Do b phn hi du v c vn
+ Nguyn tc np du
- Np ng loi du m my ang s dng
- p sut carte phi nh hn p sut kh quyn
- Khi np du b sung th my phi ang chy
+ Quy trnh np du
*Chun bi:
- Chun b du phi v ng loi
- Chun b y ngh
- Chun b dy np du ( thng l dy nha plastic sch )
*Np du :
MN
0
Hnh 2-2:S np du
- Cm 1 u dy nha np du vo van np du O ( van O vn ng ), du vo

ng ng vi mc ch ui ht khng kh trong ng ng ra. Sau cm ng
nha nhanh vo thng du
- Gim p sut carte xung bng cch :cho my nn chy v ng bt van
chn ht h p sut trong carte n khi nh hn p sut kh quyn
- Quan st ng h p sut ht n khi no ch s trn ng h ch vch s 0
hoc thp hn th ta m van np O. Lc ny du du t ng chy vo carte my nn (
do s chnh lch p sut )
- Khi du np n mc tiu chun th ng van np du O li v m bt van
ng ht cho my nn hot ng bnh thng tr li
- Rt u ng du van O ra
- Dn dp v sinh v ghi nht k vn hnh

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1

CHNG 2 : CHN PHNG N THIT K TNH NHIT

Thi gian lm ph thuc rt nhiu yu t, trong ch yu l cc yu t :

Hnh 2-1 :Mt Linh gm 20 khun.

- M : Khi lng trong b ng vi mt m, (kg). Khi lng trong b

- Ta chn mt linh gm 20 khun

d = 20. ( 190 + 2. 4 ) + 4. 12 + 2. 50 + 2. 75 = 4258 mm

2. 5. Tnh cch nhit cch m cho b .

Chn chiu dy cch nhit theo tiu chun cn = 0, 2 m

b . Kim tra ng sng.

- t1 : Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, t1 = 36, 6 0C

Kt = 0, 213 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks =1, 805 W/m2K

Bng 2-3: p sut hi bo ho ca khng kh m:[4]

- Dng hi thm thu qua kt cu bao che:

Ph1: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn ngoi b.

- Phn p sut thc ca hi nc trn cc b mt:

b . Tnh chiu dy lp cch nhit

cn 0,047. 1,25.0.2 45,35 0,19 1,55 0,18 0,18 1,28 = 0, 137 m

Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit l: cn = 0, 15 m.

PHN II : H THNG KHO BO QUN

CHNG 1: TNH TON CC KCH THC CA KHO

Din tch phng bo qun , m2

0,8 0,85 2,5

1. 2. Cu trc xy dng v cch nhit kho lnh.

1. 2. 2. 1 . Tnh chiu dy cch nhit:

cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 2. 0,93 0,82 0,18 39,6 9 0,15m

- Chiu dy cch nhit theo tiu chun cn = 0, 15 m

1. 2. 2. 2. Kim tra ng sng.

Kt = 0, 217 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks =2, 128W/m2K

Bng 1-2. p sut hi bo ho ca khng kh: TL[4]

Tnh phn p sut thc ca hi nc:

Ph1: Phn p sut hi ca khng kh bn ngoi b.

4850,95 360,9297 .10 6

- Phn p sut thc ca hi nc trn cc b mt:

Bng 1-3. Bng so snh gi tr phn p sut hi nc.

T bng so snh gi tr phn p sut ca hi nc trn cc b mt th ta c cc

cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 0,93 2 0,18 1,2 9 0,1502 m.

Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit tiu chun: cn = 0, 2 m

1. 2. 3. 2. Kim tra ng sng.

- t1 : Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, t1 = 36, 6 0C

Ta c : Kt = 0, 216 W/m2K. < 0, 95. Ks = 2, 128W/m2K

cn 0,047. 0,28 23,3 1,55 0,18 39,6 9 0,157 m.

Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit tiu chun: cn = 0, 2 m

- m : H s c tnh n s gia tng tng i tr nhit ca nn khi c lp cch

Ta c : Q13 = kn. Fn . (tng ttr) . m W

T bng trn ta chn hiu nhit d theo hng Ty Nam : td = 10 0C.

- Cpw : Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpw = 4, 186 kJ/kg. K

2. 1. 3. Tnh dng nhit Q4 .

2. 1. 3. 2. Dng nhit i vo b do hot ng ca cnh khy, bm nc : Q42

Q4 = Q41 + Q42 + Q43

Q0 = 22, 81 + 670, 28 + 46, 70 = 739, 791 KW

- Th tch ht thc t ca my nn:

Vtt G.v1 0,783.0,51 0,399

(m3/s). = 1436, 40 (m3/h).

Theo TL [ 1] ta c h s np ca my nn c tnh nh sau:

- Th tch ht l thuyt ca my nn:

- Cng nn on nhit ( cng nn l thuyt ) :

- Cng sut tiu tn do ma st:

Pms :p sut ma st ring, Pms = 0, 049 0, 069 MPa.

N e N i N ms 237,90 0,399.59 261,44

- Cng sut in tiu th:

Bng 2-3 : Thng s k thut ca my nn N12WB.

2. 3. Chn my nn cho kho