Tp 1.

K THUT CHUYN MCH C BN

LI NI U
Vi phng php tip cn t cc gii php k thut c bn ti cc gii
php cng ngh, Gio trnh C s k thut chuyn mch cung cp ti
sinh vin chuyn ngnh Vin thng, Cng ngh thng tin, in-in t cc
kin thc c s ca lnh vc chuyn mch, h thng ha kin thc cho sinh
vin tip cn cc gii php k thut v cng ngh chuyn mch mi mt cch
tt nht, lm tin cho cc mn hc tip theo. Gio trnh gm 5 chng:
Chng 1: Trnh by cc khi nim v l thuyt c bn ca k thut
chuyn mch, mt s m hnh ton hc c s ng dng trong k thut
chuyn mch v xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh mng trong nhng nm
gn y.
Chng 2: Tm tt cc vn ct li ca k thut chuyn mch knh
bao gm cc nguyn l chuyn mch c bn, cc hnh thi kt ni trng
chuyn mch v iu khin kt ni thng tin qua trng chuyn mch.
Chng 3: Trnh by k thut v nguyn tc ca chuyn mch gi lin
quan ti cc vn phc tp nh cc k thut nh tuyn, cc giao thc nh
tuyn v bo hiu m bo cht lng dch v. Chng ny cn a ra mt
s vn m v xu hng pht trin ca k thut chuyn mch gi trong
tng lai.
Chng 4: Tp trung vo cc gii php cng ngh chuyn mch tin
tin c pht trin trn c s cng ngh IP/ATM; cng ngh MPLS l h
tng chuyn mch cho mng NGN vi k thut nh tuyn v bo hiu
ngy cng p ng c yu cu cht lng dch v trn mng vin thng
Chng 5: Trnh by mt s vn lin quan n k thut chuyn
mch di gc iu khin v bo hiu K thut chuyn mch mm.
Cc gii php v m hnh kt ni trong mng th h sau c trnh by

nhm lm r vai tr quan trng ca chuyn mch mm trong mng hi t

hin nay v cc thch thc cn phi vt qua. Mt s m hnh ng dng
chuyn mch mm cng c a ra nhm gip bn c tip cn ti mt s
gii php cng ngh tin tin ang c ng dng v trin khai trn mng
vin thng.
K thut chuyn mch l mt lnh vc rng v lin quan ti rt nhiu lnh
vc khc trong mi trng mng truyn thng. V vy, s c nhiu phng
php tip cn khc nhau i vi nhng vn a ra trong gio trnh. Nhm
bin son rt mong nhn c s gp ca ng nghip v bn c gio
trnh s hon thin hn trong ln xut bn tip theo.
Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c!
Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng

MC LC
Li ni u ................................................................................................ 7
Thut ng v t vit tt ............................................................................ 9
Chng 1. GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.1 Nhp mn k thut chuyn mch.................................................. 17
1.2 Cc khi nim v l thuyt c bn................................................ 18
1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c s......................................................... 18
1.2.2 Cc m hnh ton hc ca lu lng.................................... 23
1.2.3 L thuyt hng i................................................................ 37
1.2.4 L thuyt phc tp ........................................................... 42
1.2.5 L thuyt th..................................................................... 44
1.3 Cc t chc tiu chun ................................................................. 48
1.3.1 Lin minh vin thng Quc t ITU ...................................... 48
1.3.2 T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO .......................................... 49
1.3.3 Vin k thut in v in t IEEE ...................................... 50
1.3.4 T chc c trch k thut Internet IETF............................. 50
1.3.5 Vin Tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI.......................... 50
1.3.6 Din n chuyn mch a phng tin MSF ....................... 51
1.3.7 Din n IP/MPLS ............................................................... 51
1.4 Qu trnh pht trin ca k thut chuyn mch ........................... 52
1.4.1 Chuyn mch mm v hng tip cn
my ch cuc gi CS ........................................................... 56
1.4.2 Hng tip cn phn h a phng tin IP (IMS)................ 58
1.5 Kt lun chng ........................................................................... 59
Hng dn n tp chng 1............................................................... 59
Chng 2. K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
2.1 C s k thut chuyn mch knh ................................................ 61

2.1.1 K thut iu ch xung m PCM.......................................... 62

2.1.2 Cu trc khung tn hiu PCM ............................................... 67
2.1.3 Trao i khe thi gian ni TSI ............................................. 72
2.2 Kin trc trng chuyn mch knh ............................................ 73
2.2.1 Trng chuyn mch khng gian s .................................... 74
2.2.2 Trng chuyn mch thi gian s ........................................ 77
2.2.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp TST ........................................... 80
2.3 nh tuyn trong chuyn mch knh ............................................ 86
2.3.1 nh tuyn phn cp ............................................................. 86
2.3.2 nh tuyn ng ................................................................... 88
2.3.3 K hoch nh s trong mng PSTN.................................... 92
2.3.4 nh tuyn trong mng SS7 ................................................. 94
2.4 Chc nng iu khin chuyn mch knh .................................... 96
2.4.1 iu khin bus ngoi vi ........................................................ 96
2.4.2 iu khin qua knh bo hiu .............................................. 96
2.4.3 iu khin phn tn.............................................................. 97
2.4.4 D phng iu khin trong h thng chuyn mch.............. 97
2.5 Trng chuyn mch trong thc tin ........................................... 98
2.5.1 Trng chuyn mch trong h thng NEAX-61 ............... 98
2.5.2 Trng chuyn mch trong h thng A1000 E10 .............. 100
2.6 Kt lun chng ......................................................................... 103
Hng dn n tp chng 2............................................................. 103
Chng 3. K THUT CHUYN MCH GI
3.1 C s k thut chuyn mch gi................................................. 105
3.1.1 M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI ...................................... 107
3.1.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi ........................... 111
3.2 Cu trc ca b nh tuyn ....................................................... 116
3.2.1 Cc chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn ........................... 117
3.2.2 Lch s pht trin cu trc b nh tuyn ........................... 120
3.2.3 Cc kiu b nh tuyn ng dng ....................................... 124
3.2.4 Cc phn t ca b nh tuyn ........................................... 125

3.3 Cu trc trng chuyn mch gi.............................................. 127

3.3.1 Phn loi kin trc trng chuyn mch gi ...................... 127
3.3.2 Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian............................... 128
3.3.3 Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian........................... 137
3.4 Cc chin lc s dng b m ................................................. 147
3.4.1 Hng i u vo................................................................ 149
3.4.2 Hng i u ra .................................................................. 155
3.4.3 Hng i trung tm............................................................. 156
3.4.4 Hng i u ra o VOQ .................................................... 158
3.4.5 T hp hng i u vo v hng i u ra CIOQ........... 159
3.5 K thut nh tuyn trong mng chuyn mch gi..................... 160
3.5.1 Cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht................................... 163
3.5.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min v lin min ................ 172
3.5.3 nh tuyn h tr cht lng dch v QoS......................... 176
3.6 Mt s vn v cht lng dch v.......................................... 183
3.6.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................. 183
3.6.2 Cc tham s cht lng dch v ......................................... 186
3.6.3 Mt s k thut nng cao QoS............................................ 189
3.7 Kt lun chng ......................................................................... 198
Hng dn n tp chng 3............................................................. 198
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................. 201

THUT NG V T VIT TT
3G

Third Generation

Th h th 3

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

D n cho cc i tc mng th h 3

AAA

Authentication, Authorization,
Accounting

Nhn thc, cp php, tnh cc

AAL

ATM Adaptation Layer

Lp tng thch dch v

ADM

Add/Drop Multiplexing

B ghp/tch lung

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ng dy thu bao s khng i

xng

AF

Address Filter

B lc a ch

A-F

Accounting Function

Chc nng tnh cc

AMI

Alternate Mark Inversion

o du lun phin

API

Application Programmable Interface

Giao din lp trnh ng dng

AS

Autonomous System

H thng t tr

AS

Application Server

Server ng dng

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b

BAN

Broadband Access Node

Nt truy nhp bng rng

BGCF

Border Gateway Control Function

Chc nng iu khin cng bin

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

Giao thc cng bin

BICC

Bearer Independent Call Control

iu khin cuc gi c lp knh mang

B-ISDN

Broadband Integrated Service

Digital Network

Mng s tch hp dch v bng rng

CA

Call Agent

Tc nhn cuc gi

CAP

CAMEL Application Part

Phn ng dng Carmel

CAS

Channel Associated Signalling

Bo hiu knh lin kt

CBR

Constant Bit Rate

Tc bit c nh

CBS

Committed Burst Size

Kch thc bng n cam kt

CLP

Cell Loss Priority

u tin tn tht t bo

CoS

Class of Service

Lp dch v

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Kim tra vng d theo chu k

CR-LDP

Constraint-based Routing-Label
Distribution Protocol

Giao thc phn b nhn nh tuyn

rng buc

CS

Call Server

My ch cuc gi

CS

Convergence Service

Hi t dch v

CS

Circuit Switched

Chuyn mch knh

CSCF

Call Session Control Function

Chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi

DAR

Dynamic Alternate Routing

nh tuyn lun phin ng

DCR

Dynamically Controlled Routing

nh tuyn iu khin ng

DNHR

Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing

nh tuyn khng phn cp ng

DS0

Digital Signal No 0

Tn hiu ng dy s 0

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

ng dy thu bao s

DSLAM

Digital Subscriber Line Access

Multiplexer

B ghp knh truy nhp DSL

DTL

Designated Transit List

Danh sch ng i nh sn

DTIC

Digital Trunk Interface Controller

Khi iu khin giao din trung k s

DTMF

Dual Tone Multi Frequency

a tn m kp

DVA

Distance Vector Algorithm

Thut ton vc t khong cch

EGP

Exterior Gateway Protocol

Giao thc nh tuyn min ngoi

FAS

Frame Alignment Signal

Tn hiu xp khung

FEC

Forward Equivalent Class

Lp chuyn tip tng ng

FIB

Forward Information Base

C s thng tin chuyn tip

FIFO

First In First Out

Vo trc ra trc

FLC

Fiber Line Concentrator

B tp trung quang

FR

Frame Relay

Chuyn tip khung

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

Giao thc truyn file

GFC

General Flow Control

iu khin lung chung

GMPLS

Generalized MultiProtocol Label

Switch

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng

qut

GSM

Global System for Mobile

communication

H thng ton cu cho thng tin di

ng

HDB3

High-Density Bipolar 3

M lng cc mt cao

HDLC

High level Data Link Control

protocol

Giao thc iu khin ng d liu

mc cao

HLR

Home Location Register

B ng k nh

HOL

Head Of Line

Nghn u dng

HSS

Home Subscriber Server

Server thu bao nh

HTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Giao thc chuyn giao siu vn bn

IAD

Integrated Access Device

Thit b truy nhp tch hp

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

Giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet

IFMP

Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol

Giao thc qun tr lung ca Ipsilon

IGP

Interior Gateway Protocol

Giao thc nh tuyn min trong

IM CN

IMS- Core Network

IMS- mng li

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

Phn h a phng tin IP

IN

Intelligent Network

Mng thng minh

IOT

Interoperability Testing

Kim tra lin iu hnh

IP

Internet Protocol

Giao thc Internet

I-PNNI

Integrated PNNI

PNNI tch hp

IPX

Internetwork Packet Exchange

Giao thc trao i gi lin mng

ISC

IMS Service Control

iu khin dch v IMS

ISDN

Integrated Service Digital Network

Mng s a dch v tch hp

IS-IS

Intermediate System to Intermediate Giao thc nh tuyn lin mng

System

ISP

Internet Service Provider

Nh cung cp dch v Internet

ISUP

ISDN User Part

Phn ngi dng ISDN

ITU-T

International Telecommunication
Union sector T

Lin minh vin thng quc t - Lnh

vc vi thng

IW-F

InternetWorking Function

Chc nng kt ni lin mng

LAN

Local Area Network

Mng ni ht

LDP

Label Distribution Protocol

Giao thc phn phi nhn

LER

Label Edge Router

B nh tuyn bin (LSR bin)

LGN

Logical Group Node

Nt i din nhm logic

LOC

Local Controller

B iu khin ni b

LSA

Link State Algorithm

Thut ton trng thi ng

LSP

Label Switched Path

ng chuyn mch nhn

LSR

Label Switching Router

B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn

M3UA

MTP3 User Adaptation Layer

Lp tng thch ngi dng MTP3

MAP

Mobile Application Part

Phn ng dng di ng

MG

Media Gateway

Cng phng tin

MGC

Media Gateway Controller

B iu khin cng phng tin

MGCP

Media Gateway Control Protocol

Giao thc iu khin cng phng tin

MHA

Min Hop Algorithm

Thut ton bc nhy ti thiu

MIRA

Min Interference Routing Algorithm

Thut ton nh tuyn nhiu ti thiu

MMG

Mobile Media Gateway

Cng phng tin cho mng di ng

MMPP

Markov Modulated Poisson Process

Tin trnh Poisson m phng Markov

MNO

Mobile Network Operator

Nh iu hnh mng di ng

MoS

Mean of Service

Thang im nh gi trung bnh

MPLS

MultiProtocol Label Switch

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

MRFC

Media Resource Function Control

iu khin chc nng ti nguyn

phng tin

MRFP

Media Resource Function Processor B x l chc nng ti nguyn phng

tin

MSF

MultiService Forum

Din n a dch v

MTU

Maximum Transfer Unit

n v truyn tin ln nht

NGN

Next Generation Network

Mng th h sau

NHC

Next Hop Client

Trm con bc k tip

NHS

Next Hop Server

Trm ch bc k tip

OSA

Open Service Architecture

Kin trc dch v m

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

Giao thc u tin ng ngn nht

OXC

Optical Cross-Connect

B u ni cho quang

PAM

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

iu bin xung

PAR

PNNI Augmented Routing

nh tuyn PNNI m rng

PCM

Pulse Code Modulation

iu xung m

PCC

Progressive Call Control

iu khin cuc gi ly tin

P-CSCF

Proxy- CSCF

CSCF i din

PDF

Policy Decicion Function

Chc nng quyt nh chnh sch

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

n v d liu giao thc

PG

Peer Group

Nhm ngang hng

PGL

Peer Group Leader

Trng nhm trong nhm cng cp

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

Mng di ng mt t

PM

Physical Medium

Mi trng vt l

PNNI

Private Network to Network

Interface

Giao din mng - mng ring

PPP

Point to Point Protocol

Giao thc im ti im

PQ

Priority Queuing

Hng i u tin

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng

cng

PT

Payload Type

Kiu ti tin

PTSE

PNNI Topology State Element

Phn t trng thi cu hnh PNNI

PTSP

PNNI Topology State Packet

Gi tin trng thi cu hnh PNNI

QoS

Quality of Service

Cht lng dch v

RANAP

Radio Access Network Application

Part

Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v

tuyn

RAS

Registration Administration and

Status Protocol

Giao thc trng thi, qun l v ng

k

R-F

Routing Function

Chc nng nh tuyn

RIP

Routing Information Protocol

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn

RMG

Remote Media Gateway

Cng phng tin xa

RSVP

Resource Reservation Protocol

Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn

RSVP-TE

RSVP

RSVP cho k thut lu lng

RTCP

Realtime Transport Control

Protocol

Giao thc truyn ti iu khin thi

gian thc

RTNR

Real-Time Network Routing

nh tuyn mng thi gian thc

RTP

Realtime Transport Protocol

Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc

RLUIC

Remote Line Unit Interface

Controller

Khi giao tip n v v tinh

SAP

Service Access Point

im truy nhp dch v

SAR

Segmentation Reassembly Sublayer Phn lp ct mnh to gi

SCP

System Control Point

im iu khin h thng

SCIM

Service Capability Interaction

Management

Qun tr tng tc kh nng dch v

SCS

Service Capability Server

Server kh nng phc v

S-CSCF

Serviced-CSCF

CSCF phc v

SCTP

Stream Control Transport Protocol

Giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung

SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Phn cp s ng b

SDS

Space Division Switching

Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian

SG

Signalling Gateway

Cng bo hiu

SIGTRAN

Signalling Transport

Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu

SIN

Ship - in - the - Night

Con thuyn trong m

Traffic Engineering

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol

Giao thc khi to phin

SMTP

Simple Message Transfer Protocol

Giao thc truyn bn tin n gin

SNMP

Simple Network Management

Protocol

Giao thc qun tr mng n gin

SPC

Stored Program Control

iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn

SPVC

Soft Permanent Virtual Channel

Knh o c nh mm

SSP

Service Switching Point

im chuyn mch dch v

SUA

SCCP User Adaptation layer

Lp tng thch ngi dng SCCP

SVC

Switched Virtual Channel

Knh o chuyn mch

SWPA

Shortest Widest Path Algorithm

Thut ton tm ng rng nht v

ngn nht

TC

Transmission Convergence

Hi t truyn dn

TCP

Transport Control Protocol

Giao thc iu khin truyn ti

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

Ghp knh theo thi gian

TDS

Time Division Switching

Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian

TE

Traffic Engineering

K thut lu lng

TL

Total Length

Tng di

TLV

Type/ Length/ Value

Cc tham s kiu/ di/gi tr

TMG

Trunk Media Gateway

Cng phng tin trung k

TOS

Type Of Service

Kiu phc v

TTL

Time to Live

Thi gian sng

TUA

TCAP User Adaptation Layer

Lp tng thch ngi dng

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

Giao thc d liu ngi dng

UE

User Equipment

Thit b ngi dng

UMTS

Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System

H thng vin thng di ng ton cu

UNI

User-Network Interface

Giao din ngi dng - mng

VBR

Variable Bit Rate

Tc bit thay i

VC

Virtual Channel

Knh o

VCC

Virtual Channel Connection

Kt ni knh o

VCI

Virtual Channel Identifier

Nhn dng knh o

VoIP

Voice over IP

Thoi qua IP

VPI

Virtual Path Identifier

Nhn dng ng o

WAP

Wireless Application Protocol

Giao thc ng dng khng dy

WCDMA
R4

Wireless Code Division Multiple

Access Release 4

a truy nhp phn chia theo m

khng dy phin bn 4

WDM

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng

WFQ

Weighted Fair Queuing

Hng i cn bng trng s

WLAN

Wireless LAN

Mng ni ht khng dy

WSPA

Widest Shortest Path Algorithm

Thut ton tm ng ngn nht v

rng nht

Chng 1

GII THIU CHUNG

V K THUT CHUYN MCH

1.1 NHP MN K THUT CHUYN MCH

Vin thng l mt phn ca khi nim thng tin - mt dng thc
chuyn giao thng tin. Mng vin thng c coi l h tng c s ca x
hi s dng k thut in, in t v cc cng ngh khc chuyn giao
thng tin. Mng vin thng di gc n gin nht bao gm tp hp
cc nt mng, cc ng truyn dn kt ni gia hai hay nhiu im xc
nh v cc thit b u cui thc hin trao i thng tin gia ngi s
dng. Khi qut, chng ta c th coi tt c cc trang thit b, phng tin
c s dng cung cp dch v vin thng to thnh mng vin thng.
Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi
mng cung cp dch v. Thit b chuyn mch l cc nt ca mng vin
thng c chc nng thit lp v gii phng ng truyn thng gia cc
cc thit b u cui. Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b
u cui hay gia cc nt vi nhau thc hin truyn cc tn hiu mt
cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Tham gia xy dng mng vin thng c cc
nh cung cp thit b, khai thc thit b v cc nh cung cp dch v, v.v.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin tin l xu hng hi t c
v cng ngh v dch v mng truyn thng gia cc mng c nh,
mng di ng v mng Internet n mng th h sau NGN (Next
Generation Network). H tng mng vin thng thay i khng ngng
nhm p ng cc yu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng, s tc ng

18

Gio trnh C s k thut chuyn mch

ny lin quan v nh hng ti rt nhiu lnh vc trn cc yu t khoa hc

cng ngh v khoa hc k thut, trong bao gm k thut chuyn mch.
Cun Gio trnh C s k thut chuyn mch c hng tip cn t cc
vn c bn v mu cht nht trong lnh vc chuyn mch ti cc xu
hng v gii php chuyn mch tin tin nhm gip ngi c nhn thc
mt cch tng quan cc kha cnh k thut lin quan ti lnh vc ny.
Trong phn u tin ca gio trnh s gii thiu cc khi nim c s
lin quan ti lnh vc chuyn mch, nht l cc c s ton hc v l
thuyt lin quan. Sau l cc k thut v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc
mng chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi cng vi cc vn lin
quan nh nh tuyn, nh s v cht lng dch v. Cc k thut chuyn
mch mi trong mng tc cao hin nay c trnh by trong cc
chng cui l s kt hp gia cc gii php cng ngh v gii php k
thut, nhm th hin m hnh tng th ca cc cng ngh tin tin ang
ng dng v trin khai trn mng vin thng.
1.2 CC KHI NIM V L THUYT C BN
1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c s
a) nh ngha chuyn mch
Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng
tin cho ngi s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Ni cch
khc, chuyn mch trong mng vin thng bao gm chc nng nh
tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip thng tin. Nh vy, theo
kha cnh thng thng khi nim chuyn mch gn lin vi lp mng v
lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection Kt ni cc h thng m) ca T chc tiu chun quc t ISO
(International Organization for Standardization).
b) H thng chuyn mch
Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng, trong
mng chuyn mch knh cc nt mng thng gi l h thng chuyn

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v k thut chuyn mch

19

mch (Tng i), trong mng chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit

b nh tuyn (B nh tuyn). Trong mt s mng c bit, phn t thc
hin nhim v chuyn mch c th va ng vai tr thit b u cui va
ng vai tr chuyn mch v chuyn tip thng tin.
c) Phn loi chuyn mch
Cc h thng chuyn mch cu thnh mng chuyn mch, ta c hai
dng mng chuyn mch c bn: Mng chuyn mch knh v mng
chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin, di gc truyn v x l thng tin,
chuyn mch cn c th phn thnh bn kiu: chuyn mch knh, chuyn
mch bn tin, chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch t bo. Cc khi nim c
bn c th hin trong hnh 1.1 (a,b,c).
Mng chuyn mch knh thit lp cc mch (knh) ch nh ring
cho kt ni trc khi qu trnh truyn thng thc hin. Nh vy, qu
trnh chuyn mch c chia thnh 3 giai on phn bit: thit lp,
truyn v gii phng. thit lp, gii phng v iu khin kt ni,
mng chuyn mch knh s dng cc k thut bo hiu thc hin nh
mt thnh phn bt buc.
Ngc li vi mng chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch gi,
da trn nguyn tc phn chia cc lu lng d liu thnh cc gi tin v
truyn i trn mng chia s, mi gi tin l mt thc th c lp cha cc
thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh x l thng tin trn mng. Cc giai on
thit lp, truyn v gii phng s c thc hin ng thi trong mt
khong thi gian v quyt nh ng i c xc lp bi thng tin trong
tiu gi tin. Knh thng tin c hnh thnh gia cc thit b mng
khng ph thuc theo logic thi gian m ch c ngha khi c lu lng
chuyn qua c gi l cc knh o, cc knh o c cng mt s c tnh
c ghp thnh lung o. Cc nt mng c th thc hin chuyn mch
cho tng knh o hoc c lung o thay v cho tng gi tin ring bit,
phng php ny cho php nng cao hiu nng truyn thng ton mng
nh gim bt mt s quy trnh x l.

20

Gio trnh C s k thut chuyn mch

Thit b chuyn mch

Knh thng tin
Lin kt

a) Chuyn mch knh: hai lung thng tin trn hai knh khc nhau
Thit b chuyn mch
Knh thng tin
Lin kt
Cc gi tin

b) Chuyn mch gi: cc tuyn ng c lp

trn mng chia s ti nguyn

Thit b chuyn mch

Knh thng tin
Lin kt
Cc gi tin

c) Chuyn mch gi knh o: cc gi tin i trn knh o

Hnh 1.1: Cc kiu chuyn mch c bn

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v k thut chuyn mch

21

d) K thut lu lng TE
K thut lu lng TE (Traffic Engineering) c coi l mt trong
nhng vn quan trng nht trong khung lm vic ca h tng mng
vin thng. Mc ch ca k thut lu lng l ci thin hiu nng v
tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng bng cc gii php ti u ngun
ti nguyn mng v lu lng mng cng nh ca ngi s dng. Hay
ni mt cch khc, k thut lu lng c nhn nhn nh mt cng c
s dng ti u ti nguyn s dng ca mng bng phng php k
thut nh hng cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc tham s rng
buc tnh hoc ng. Cc tham s y bao gm c tham s mng v
tham s yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nh vy, mc tiu c bn ca k
thut lu lng l hng ti cn bng v ti u cc iu khin ca ti v
ti nguyn mng thng qua cc thut ton v gii php k thut.
e) Bo hiu trong mng vin thng
Bo hiu l mt phn ca c ch iu khin mng s dng cc tn
hiu iu khin lung thng tin, trong mng vin thng bo hiu l s
trao i thng tin gia cc phn t trong mng lin quan ti cc vn
nh: iu khin, thit lp kt ni v thc hin qun l mng. Trong mng
chuyn mch knh, bo hiu l mt thnh phn c bn ca qu trnh kt
ni, nh c chc nng bo hiu m h thng chuyn mch c th thc
hin c nhim v chuyn mch, thng qua thng tin bo hiu t nt
mng ti cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng xc nh cc yu cu
v qun l kt ni t ngi s dng ti nt mng; bo hiu mng c
thc hin h tr trc tip cho qu trnh nh tuyn, chn knh v qun
l kt ni gia cc nt mng. Trong mng chuyn mch gi, h thng
bo hiu hng ti mc tiu iu khin thit b v qun l mng nhiu
hn l mc tiu gn kt vi quy trnh nh tuyn nhm thit lp knh nh
trong mng chuyn mch knh.
Cc h thng bo hiu c th phn loi theo c tnh v nguyn tc
hot ng gm: bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng, bo hiu

22

Gio trnh C s k thut chuyn mch

ng v bo hiu thanh ghi, bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh

chung, bo hiu bt buc, v.v... Cc thng tin bo hiu c truyn di
dng tn hiu in, quang hoc bn tin. V d, cc h thng bo hiu
trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN c nh s t
No1-No7, trong gm c cc dng bo hiu s, tng t hay bn tin.
Trong mng IP hin c rt nhiu giao thc bo hiu c s dng cho
cc kt ni v tri rng trn cc lp t lp 2 ti lp 5 trong m hnh OSI.
Vi cc k thut bo hiu ti cc lp cao, bo hiu c th hin qua cc
giao thc. V d, trong k thut truyn thoi qua mng IP (VoIP), cc
giao thc bo hiu cho thit b u cui thc hin cc chc nng ng k,
qun tr v trng thi RAS (Register, Administration v Status) nh
H.225 trong chng giao thc H.323. Cc giao thc bo hiu s dng
iu khin cc thit b cng a phng tin nh H.245, MEGACO/H.248
hoc giao thc khi to phin (SIP - Session Initation Protocol), truyn
ti bo hiu s 7 trong mng IP nh giao thc truyn ti bo hiu
SIGTRAN (Signalling Transfer) v giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp
knh mang BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control).
f) Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng B-ISDN
Xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng lun hng ti mt h
tng duy nht nhm p ng tt nht cc loi hnh dch v trn c s
bng thng rng. Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng c nh ngha
nh sau: Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng c nhim v cung cp cc
cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh hoc bn c nh,
cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti a im v
cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch
v yu cu c nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho cc dch v
chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo kiu a phng tin, n
phng tin, theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection-oriented) hoc phi
lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng hoc a hng.