TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9703 : 2013

CAC/RCP 69-2009
QUY PHM THC HNH NGN NGA V GIM THIU S NHIM OCHRATOXIN A
TRONG C PH
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of ochratoxin A contamination in coffee
Li ni u
TCVN 9703 : 2013 hon ton tng ng vi CAC/RCP 69-2009
TCVN 9703 : 2013 do Cc ch bin Thng mi nng lm thy sn v ngh mui bin son, B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm
nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.

QUY PHM THC HNH NGN NGA V GIM THIU S NHIM OCHRATOXIN A
TRONG C PH
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of ochratoxin A contamination in coffee
1. Gii thiu
1. Ochratoxin A (OTA) l c t vi nm c C quan quc t nghin cu v ung th
(International Agency for Research on Cancer) xp vo loi c th gy ung th cho ngi (nhm
2B). Ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm (JECFA: Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives)
thit lp Lng n vo hng tun c th chp nhn c tm thi (PTWI: Provisional
tolarable weekly intake) vi OTA l 100ng/kg trng lng c th. Nhn thc mi quan tm ton
cu ny, FAO xy dng ti liu Hng dn ngn nga s hnh thnh nm mc trong c ph
(2006) nh mt chin lc nhm gip cc nc sn xut c ph pht trin v thc hin cc
chng trnh quc gia ca h ngn nga v gim thiu s nhim OTA. OTA c sn sinh ra
do mt s loi thuc chi Aspergillus v Penecillium. c ph, ch c mt cc loi thuc chi
Aspergillus, c bit l A. ochraceus cng cc loi lin quan (A. westerdijkiae v A. steynii),
A.niger cng cc loi lin quan v A. carbonarius. OTA c sn sinh khi c cc iu kin v
hot nc, dinh dng, nhit ph hp cho s sinh trng v tng hp sinh hc.
2. Cc ging c ph thng mi ch yu c sn xut v bun bn l Coffea arabica (c ph
ch) v Coffea canephora (c ph vi).
3. Sau khi thu hoch, c ph c phn loi, lm kh ( dng qu hoc nhn), bo qun v
bun bn. m ca nhn c ph c gim xung ti mc ti a l 12,5 % ngn nga s
sn sinh OTA.
2. nh ngha [da theo TCVN 4334 (ISO 3509)]
Cc phn ca qu c ph, cha kh (Hnh 1)
Qu c ph ti (coffee cherry)
Qu nguyn vn, cn ti ca cy c ph.
Nhn, nhn ti (bean, fresh bean)
Ni nh (ht) ca qu c ph. Thng c hai nhn trong mt qu.
V qu trong (endocarp)
Thut ng khoa hc ca v tru. V cng bc ngoi, p cht vo ht khi cn ti nhng t
ht c ph co li khi kh.
Ni nh (endosperm)

Thut ng khoa hc ch cc m nui phi trong qu trnh ny mm. Nhn c ph gm c ni nh

v phi, ngha l vt cht bn trong qu pht trin hnh thnh nhn c ph. Ni nh lm y
v tru bc ngoi khi qu c ph chn.
V qu ngoi (epicarp/exocarp)
Thut ng khoa hc ch lp v ca qu l lp t bo n c bao bc bng cht sp bo v
qu.
Qu c ph ni (floating coffee)
Qu c ph c t trng thp, ni trong nc.
V qu gia (mesocarp)
Lp m trung gian nm gia v qu v v tru, cha ch yu l cht nhy pectin v tht qu.
Cht nhy, nht (mucilage)
T chung ch lp nhy nm gia tht qu v dnh cht vo v tru bn trong qu c ph, nhng
khng ly i c trong qu trnh tch v tht. qu cha chn v qu chn nu khng c lp
nhy.
Nhn c ph b trc v tru (naked beans)
C ph thc bc v tru mt phn hay hon ton trong qu trnh xt ti hay ra.
Tht qu (pulp)
B phn ca qu c ph cu thnh bi v qu ngoi v phn ln ca lp gia (m nht pectin).
Cc phn ca qu c ph kh
Nhn cn v tru (bean in parchment)
Nhn c ph c bao bc mt phn hoc hon ton bn trong v tru (v qu trong).
Nhn c ph (coffee bean)
Thut ng thng mi ch ht kh ca cy c ph.
Khuyt tt (defect)
Thut ng chung ch cc phn t khng mong mun, c th gm c cc loi ht khc nhau, cc
phn ca ht, m qu v vt ngoi lai tm thy trong c ph nhn sng hoc c ph rang. Mi
quc gia c nhng thut ng ring v khc nhau m t khuyt tt. Khuyt tt c ph thng
gy ra do qu trnh ch bin khng tt, do dch hi hay iu kin thi tit khng thun li. Khi
lng ring ca li dng phn loi, phn cp l c ph theo h thng phn loi c ph hin
hnh.
C ph t nhin, qu c ph kh (natural coffee, dried coffee cherry, coco)
Qu kh ca cy c ph, bao gm c v bn ngoi v mt hoc nhiu nhn.
C ph nhn sng (green coffee bean)
Ht kh ca cy c ph, tch khi nhng m phi thc phm ca qu.
V tru kh (hull, dried parchment)
V qu trong kh ca qu c ph.
V qu kh (husk, dried cherry pulp)
Cc lp v bc ngoi ca qu c ph kh.
V thc (hay v tru) hoc v qu trong (parchment or endocarp)
V thc ca qu c ph gia v tht v lp v la. l mt lp mng, d v, nh mnh giy
bao bc phn cn li ca nhn c ph ch bin t sau khi tch v tht v ln men v b loi

b trong qu trnh xt c ph thc kh.

V la, v ngoi ca ht kh (silverskin, dried testa, dried seed perisperm)
V bc ca nhn c ph, thng thng c mu bc hay ng.
C ph ra v lm sch (washed and cleaned coffee)
Nhn c ph ch bin kh m v la b loi b bng phng tin c gii vi s c mt ca
nc.
Qu trnh ch bin
Xt gip qu c ph (splitting of cherry)
Mt dng ca phng php ch bin kh, trong qu c ph c xt tch ra bng phng
php c hc, qu v ht vn cn ln vi nhau trong mt khi.
Mt qu (gleaning or sweeping)
Vic lm nht qu c ph nm trn mt t di tn cy, b rng trong khi thu hoch (hoc b
rng trong qu trnh pht trin).
Sng lc (selection)
Cng on nhm tch tp cht (nh , cnh, l) v phn loi qu c ph ti theo kch thc,
t trng v chn.
Ch bin kh (dried process)
X l qu c ph, bao gm lm kh bng cch phi nng hay dng my sy thu c qu c
ph kh. Thng km theo l dng my tch b v qu kh thu c c ph nhn t
nhin.
Xt kh (dehusking)
Dng my loi b v qu kh t c ph qu kh.
Ch bin t (wet process)
X l qu c ph bao gm xt ti bng my (loi b v qu ti) trong nc, tip theo l:
- Loi b nht bng phng php ln men hay phng php khc, sau ra c c ph
thc,
- Hoc lm kh trc tip c ph xt ti c c v tru cn nht, tip theo l xt c c
ph nhn na t. Sau khi loi b nht, c ph thng c lm kh v xt v tru thu
c c ph nhn ra.
Xt ti (pulping)
Cng on trong qu trnh ch bin t loi v qu v cng nhiu nhy cng tt bng
phng tin c gii. Mt phn cht nhy thng cn bm vo v tru.
Qu trnh ln men (fermentation process)
Bin php x l nhm phn hy lp nht bm trn v tru ca c ph xt ti, c th loi
b chng bng cch ra. Qu trnh ln men c th thay bng h thng my nh nht loi b
nht bng ma st.
Ra (washing)
Cng on s dng nc loi b hon ton nht trn b mt v tru.
Lm kh c ph thc (drying of parchment coffee)
Cng on lm gim hm lng m trong c ph thc n mc thch hp cho xt kh di cc
iu kin k thut hp l v khng gy bt li cho qu trnh bo qun sau ny.

Xt c ph thc kh (hulling)
Loi b v tru ca c ph thc thu c c ph nhn.
nh bng (polishing)
Cng on loi b v la cn st li trn c ph nhn bng phng tin c gii n thun.
Phn loi (sorting)
Qu trnh cng ngh loi b tp cht l, cc mnh v ca c ph v nhng nhn b khuyt tt
ra khi c ph nhn.
Rang (roasting)
X l nhit to ra nhng bin i vt l v ha hc trong cu trc v thnh phn ca c ph
nhn, lm nhn c ph c mu sm v hng v c trng ca c ph rang.
3. Ch bin qu c ph ti
4. Qu c ph c ch bin theo 2 h thng c bn (Hnh 2 v Hnh 3):
a) H thng ch bin kh lm ra sn phm l c ph t nhin hay qu c ph kh (ht nm trong
qu).
b) H thng ch bin t lm ra c ph thc, ht nm trong v thc.
5. Vi ch bin kh c ph t nhin, c qu c ph c phi nng trn t trng, sn lt gch,
sn b tng, thm ch c sn ri nha, hoc kt hp phi nng v sy c gii (c bit l cc
trang tri c cng ngh tin tin hn).
6. Vi ch bin t, cc phn ca qu c tch ring bng my, cho ra tht qu l sn phm
ph v c ph thc l sn phm chnh. C ph thc cn bc trong lp nht, lp nht ny c th
c loi ra bng cch ln men ri ra, hoc c loi trc tip bng my, khng cn ln men.
Sau khi nh sch nht hay l khng nh nht, c ph thc c em phi trn sn phi hay
gin phi vi nhiu cch khc nhau. C th s dng phi v sy kt hp.
7. Sau khi ch bin, c ph kh c th c bo qun, tch nhn ra khi m qu bng my xt
v qua phn loi theo kch c (phn hng), phn loi, nh bng, lm sch v ng bao trc
khi bn.
8. Rang c ph c th gip loi b mt phn ng k OTA. Ty theo qu trnh rang, OTA c th
c loi b t 65 % n 100 %.
9. Do quy phm ny tp trung vo vic gim thiu nhim OTA, vn l vn an ton thc phm
hng u trong sn xut c ph nhn sng, nhng cc chng trnh an ton thc phm cng
nghip cng phi qun l c hiu qu cc mi nguy tim n khc trong sn xut, ch bin v
ng gi, vn chuyn c ph.
4. Nhng thc hnh c khuyn co
4.1. Trc khi thu hoch
10. Khng th chc chn rng liu nm sinh OTA c th xm nhim qu c ph v pht trin ri
sn sinh ra OTA khi cn trn cy hay khng. S xm nhim trn cy c th theo hai con ng
khc nhau: hoc l qua hoa khng c du vt c th thy c, hoc l do s tc hi ca cn
trng nh mt c qu c ph (CBB- coffee berry borer) (Hypothenemus hampei), n c th
mang bo t vo trong cy bng cch c nhng l trong qu c ph v mt hoc nhiu hn
nhng ng rnh trong nhn c ph, li nhng du vt c th thy c.
11. Cc thc hnh c khuyn co gim s pht trin v sinh bo t ca cc nm sn sinh
OTA trn cy v nhn c ph l:
a) Gi cho cy c ph khe mnh thng qua vic p dng thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP)
ng lc, nh l lm c, ci thin kt cu ca t, ta cnh, bn phn, kim sot dch hi, su
bnh v ti nc.

b) Khng ti phun ma trong thi k ra hoa. iu ny c th lm tng t l phn tn cc bo t

v lm tng c hi nhn c ph b nhim nm sn sinh OTA.
c) Dng by (nh by dng ru) tr Hypothenemus Hampei trc khi thu hoch, khuyn khch
p dng chng trnh qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM).
d) Trnh cht thi hu c t c ph hay ngun no khc cha c hoi mc trong hay
xung quanh vn cy. Cc ht c ph v cc vt liu c lin quan n ht c ph nh bi bm,
t, v tru v cc cht thi khc trong qu trnh ch bin ht u c th lm cho nm sn sinh
OTA pht trin.
4.2. Thu hoch
12. La chn phng php thu hoch theo yu cu ca phng php ch bin, c cn nhc v
kinh t v iu kin lao ng.
13. C 4 cch thu hoch c bn: (i) Hi tut mt ln, tt c cc cnh mang qu c hi trong
mt ln; (ii) Hi tut nhiu ln, ch hi nhng cnh mang nhiu qu chn; (iii) Hi chn nhiu ln
(hi bng ngn tay), ch hi nhng qu chn v (iv). Thu hoch bng my, cc kiu my khc
nhau c s dng hi tt c qu trong mt ln.
14. Ngoi cc phng php thu hoch c bn trn, cc cch ph tr c th p dng nh l tn
thu nhng qu xanh gi hoc mt, qut nhng qu rng trn mt t hay cn st trn cy khi hi.
Ni chung khng nn gom nhng qu rng trn t, nht l trong iu kin m t v c th lm
nm pht trin v tng nguy c nhim OTA. Tuy nhin, c ph tip xc vi t trong thi gian
ngn th khng thnh vn nhng s khng tt khi thi gian tip xc vi t ko di. Trong iu
kin kh hu m t, vic mt nhng qu ri trn t trong ngy c th coi l chp nhn c.
Nu cn thu hoch nhng qu c ph rng trn t, nn ring cho n khi ch bin, trnh
nguy c nhim sang cc l c ph khc. Phi m bo nhng qu c ph rng c ch bin
v lm kh nhanh chng v nhng loi c ph ny c kh nng nhim nm mc cao.
15. V thu hoch phi c bt u sm khi c qu chn y c th thc hin c
mt cch kinh t. Khi bt u thu hoch chnh thc, trc ht phi tin hnh cc vic sau y:
a) Dn sch c, qu rng v qut sch vng gn gc cy trc khi thu hoch.
b) ni c th, ri cc tm an, vi bt hay vi nha di cy c ph trnh nhim bi cc
qu rng trc .
c) Bo m sp xp hp l cho vic bo qun v ch bin sau , trnh to iu kin thch
hp cho nm pht trin hay cc tc hi khc.
16. Sau khi thu hoch, qu c ph phi c ch bin cng sm cng tt. Tin thu hoch,
ch bin v cung cp lao ng phi phi hp kp vi tin phi sy.
17. C ph a vo ch bin phi ng u v khng ln cc loi khc nhau, ngha l c ph
t ln c ph kh trong ch bin kh, hoc c ph c th xt ti ln vi c ph khng th xt
ti trong ch bin t. Trc khi ch bin, cc qu c ph cht lng km (nh qu cha chn
v qu qu chn, hay qu c bnh) phi c loi ra bng mt hay tch bng nc. Phi m
bo nhng nguyn liu no b loi th phi c x l theo cch khc.
4.3. Sau thu hoch
18. Sau khi hi, qu c ph vn tip tc bin i. Thi k sau thu hoch c c trng bng
cc giai on u, chuyn tip v cui.
19. Giai on u, hay l giai on m cao, bt u ngay sau khi thu hoch. giai on ny,
sn phm c trng thi khng n nh, s h hng c th b kim sot bi cc vi sinh vt cnh
tranh, nh cc vi sinh vt ny lm hn ch oxi v gim thi gian, vn l yu t then cht trong
trng thi ny. Trong ch bin t, c th ko di v kim sot giai on m cao bng vic ln
men, nhng iu mong mun l gim bt thi gian ny.
20. Giai on chuyn tip l trng thi t bn vng nht v kh d on nht, khi m s h hng
sn phm ch c kim ch bng vic gii hn thi gian. Cc loi vi sinh vt lm h hi c ph

nh cc vi khun a m (mesophilic) v chu kh hn (xenophilic) c nc sinh trng

nhng khng c cc vi sinh vt cnh tranh k nc. Cn o trn c ph lm kh u. Khi thu
hoch c ph vo ma ma hoc ma c m cao, phi p dng cc bin php lm kh ti u.
21. Giai on cui hay cn gi l giai on c m thp bt u vo cui qu trnh lm kh v
ko di ti khi rang. Sn phm trong iu kin n nh v cn kim sot ngn nga nc
ti xm nhp hay ti phn phi trong ng c ph. Vo mt thi im no trong qu trnh
phi, nm mc khng pht trin na v sn phm t n giai on m thp.
4.4. Ch bin kh
22. Trong h thng ch bin kh (Hnh 2), qu c ph hi v nguyn vn c lm kh. D y
l mt qu trnh n gin hn so vi ch bin t nhng ch c th thu c sn phm sau cng
c cht lng tt thng qua vic p dng thc hnh tt v qun l ng.
23. Mt s la chn c s dng nhng vng m ma thu hoch c thi tit kh ro l
qu kh trn cy. Phng php ny cho kt qu l t qu xanh, an ton, cho cht lng tt v r
hn so vi phng php thu hi truyn thng, v n cho php hi tut mt ln.
24. Qu ti cn c lm kh ngay trong ngy hi khi c th. i khi, qu hi v cn trong
bao hay cht ng n c tun l. Vic ny lm nhit tng cao v ln men nhanh chng, s
ln men ny khc v bn cht so vi qu trnh ln men p dng trong ch bin t, dn n
gim cht lng v tng ri ro v OTA trong sn phm.
25. Trc khi lm kh, qu hi v phi c la b nhng qu cha chn hay nu v nhng
qu b bnh. Vic sng lc c th c tin hnh bng mt thng hoc kt hp i qu trong
nc.
4.5. Ch bin t
26. Ch bin t hay ra (Hnh 3) i hi nguyn liu gm ch cc qu chn c hi chn hoc
c tch ra bng my trong qu trnh ch bin. Qu xanh v qu kh c loi ra trong mt b
phn loi dng nc. Nht c loi b hoc l bng ln men, dng my mc hoc bng ha
cht.
27. Trong qu trnh ln men, nht b phn hy trong qu trnh ln men qu c ph trong nc
nhit thng (nh vi sinh vt) trong vng t 12 h n 36 h. Qu trnh ln men phi c theo
di cn thn m bo c ph khng c nhng mi v khng mong mun (chua). Khi qu trnh
ln men kt thc, c ph c ra trong cc b nc sch hoc trong my ra chuyn dng.
28. Sau khi qua h thng ra - phn loi v trc khi loi b tht qu, c th thc hin tch qu
xanh ra khi qu chn, bng cch s dng s khc bit v lc nn trong mt my tch qu xanh.
Qu chn, mm lt qua l sng. Qu xanh cng khng qua c l sng, c i n cui ng,
ni c mt i trng kim sot u ra.
29. Nhng yu t cn c kim sot nh sau:
a) Mi thit b phi c bo tr thng xuyn gim kh nng b hng hc lm tr hon qu
trnh ch bin v nh hng n cht lng, tnh an ton ca c ph.
a.1) Trc khi vo v thu hoch: lm sch, lp rp li v tra du m cc thit b ch bin; gim
st s lp t v kim tra s vn hnh c thi gian sa cha nu c pht sinh vn g.
a.2) Khi v thu hoch kt thc: lm sch, sa cha, tra du m, lau chi bi cho thit b v trnh
t. Kim tra s hao mn ca cc b mt xt ti.
b) nh hng, o to ngi lao ng v xc nh trch nhim ca h. Hn na, phi xc nh
cht lng v tiu ch chp nhn c, cc th tc v tn sut theo di, bin php sa cha vi
mi yu t then cht ca qu trnh, v:
b.1) Qu c ph- t l ti a chp nhn c ca qu xanh, qu nu/qu kh trn cy.
b.2) Xt ti. T l chp nhn c ca qu khng c xt v nhn b try xc, gi thnh- li
nhun tng s ng u ca c qu v hiu qu ca vic lt v. Hiu qu ca s iu hnh

c th c ci thin da trn s nh gi khc nhau v vic gim st kim tra cht lng v an
ton sn phm.
c) Cht lng nc: Nn dng nc sch1) ch bin v nc bn c th dn n nhng iu
kin thun li cho vic sn sinh OTA.
d) Qu trnh ln men nn cng ngn cng tt (t 12 h n 36 h) nht phn hy v ht c
ph c th ra c. Cn thit lp cc th tc v tn sut theo di, cng nh loi v mc
nhim bnh (trong qu c ph nguyn liu) v nhit xung quanh.
e) Cn kim sot rui dm v nu chng qu nhiu cng c th nh hng n qu trnh ln
men.
f) C ph qu ti loi hai, vn c th coi l sn phm, c tch ra trong qu trnh phn loi
hoc bng nhng cch khc v a tr li ch bin, cn c mt chng trnh kim sot c th;
c ngha l p dng thc hnh phi sy tt, nh l c phng tin phi sy ring.
g) Cn xc nh v thc hin th tc ra (v d cn, m s lng nhn v, nhn bi bp, nhn b
trc v tru, nhng vt khng phi l c ph v lng nc dng).
4.6. Lm kh nhn c ph phn loi v ch bin
30. Mc ch chnh ca cng on lm kh l lm gim c hiu qu hm lng nc cao trong
qu c ph mi hi n mc an ton thu c sn phm n nh, an ton v c cht lng
tt.
31. Phn ny s cp n c hai phng php ch bin kh v t. Phn ln c ph lm ra
c phi nng.
32. Trong qu trnh phi, c ph c ri trn mt sn xi mng hay sn gch, cc tm bt, vi
nha nhng tm ct bng tre hay bng da si, cc gin phi ph bng cc tm kim loi hoc
li c.
33. Qu trnh phi c chia lm ba giai on. mi giai on, nm sinh OTA c c hi pht
trin khc nhau.
34. giai on u, c s gim nh hm lng m, khong 1 n 3 ngy i vi c ph qu v
1 ngy hay di 1 ngy i vi c ph thc. Hm lng nc cao (hot nc a w > 0,95) l
iu kin khng thch hp cho nm sinh OTA tng trng.
35. Giai on th hai l giai on hm lng m b mt ti a vi c c ph qu v c ph thc,
di iu kin tng t v trong cng thi gian. iu ny ch yu da vo cc iu kin phi v
cng ngh sn phi. Giai on ny c iu kin thun li cho nm sinh OTA tng trng, v th
cn phi tun th thn trng cc bin php c khuyn co mc 38.
36. giai on th ba, c c ph qu v c ph thc u kh hn nhiu so vi hai giai on
trn. Hm lng m cn li trong sn phm gim chm hn. Cc iu kin giai on ny
khng thun li cho s tng trng ca nm sinh OTA.
37. Nm sn sinh OTA i hi nhng iu kin thun li trong thi gian nht nh sinh trng
v sn sinh ra c t. Hot nc l yu t quan trng nht c xt n. hot nc cao
(aw > 0,95), nm sinh OTA hu nh khng sinh trng, m cc loi nm ho nc sinh trng
nhanh v nm men chim u th hn. hot nc thp hn (aw < 0,80), nm sn sinh OTA
c th xut hin nhng khng sn sinh c t, v hot nc thp di 0,78 n 0,76,
chng khng th sinh trng. Do , vic quan trng nht l kim sot khong thi gian c ph
c gi trn sn phi, vo khong hot nc m nm sn sinh OTA c th sinh trng
(aw 0,8 n 0,95). Theo cc kt qu thc nghim, nh hn hoc bng 5 ngy trn sn phi l
v hu hiu ngn nga s tch ly OTA. Ni chung hot nc ti a aw t 0,67 n 0,70
v m < 12,5 % (theo c s t) l bo v c ph thc khi nm bnh gy hi.
Theo quy nh ti TCVN 5603:2008 (CAC/RCP 1-1985) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn
tc chung i vi thc phm
1

38. Cc bin php khuyn co phi c ph c hiu qu:

a) Sn phi phi xa cc ngun nhim bn nh ni nhiu bi, phi nhn c nh nng ti a
v khng kh lu thng trong hu ht c ngy lm ht c ph kh nhanh. Trnh ni c bng
rm v ni thp.
b) Mt sn phi cn c chn la ty theo tnh hnh kh hu trong vng, gi thnh v cht
lng sn phm phi kh v bt k loi mt sn no u c nhng mt li v bt li. t trng
khng thch hp vng nhiu ma. Nhng tm bt nha lm m lp c ph di, xc tin s
sinh trng ca nm. vng nhiu ma hoc m t, c ph cn c y li v li tri ra khi
sn kh. Nu phi c ph thc, phi m bo mt sn c th qut, ra c trnh b lm bn.
c) Tin v tng thi gian thu hoch phi da vo din tch sn phi sn c v thi gian trung
bnh cn thit phi, xem xt n c hai trng hp thi tit tt v xu.
d) Trong qu trnh phi, phi kt hp nhng bin php thc hnh sau y:
d.1) Ch phi c ph thnh lp mng, dy t 3 cm n 5 cm, tng ng vi t 25 kg/m 2
n 35 kg/m2 c ph thc t hay c ph qu ti. Trong mt s trng hp (chng hn nh
m khng kh thp, khng kh tun hon tt v nng to, hay l vng kh thng xuyn), c th
phi dy hn.
d.2) o cc lp c ph thng xuyn trong ngy phi phi nhanh hn, gim ri ro nm pht
trin v c sn phm cht lng cao hn.
d.3) Cho thng kh c ph t vo ban m trnh t hi m. Sau mt ngy phi c ph thc
hay ba ngy phi qu c ph, cn nh ng c ph v che ph vo ban m hay khi thi tit c
ma trnh c ph m tr li.
d.4) Khng ln cc loi c ph vi nhau hay c ph c hi vo cc ngy khc nhau. Dng
k hiu ring nhn bit tng loi c ph v ngy thu hoch.
d.5) Bo v sn phi khi ng vt v chng c th l ngun ca nhim sinh hc cho c ph
phi.
d.6) Kim tra nh k mt c qu c ph v dch hi khc bng vic p dng qun l dch bnh
tng hp trn sn phi.
d.7) Kim tra qu trnh phi thng xuyn ( m di 12,5 % cho c c ph thc v c ph
qu). Trc khi c ph kh hon ton 2 hoc 3 ngy, bt u ly mu cc im khc nhau v
sau tip tc nh gi li hng ngy cho n khi c ph t hm lng m mong mun. Cc
dng c o phi ph hp vi quy m ng rung. Dng c o m phi c hiu chun theo
phng php quy nh ti TCVN 6928 (ISO 6673) C ph nhn - Xc nh hao ht khi lng
105 C.
d.8) Trnh c ph b m tr li v iu thc y nm sinh trng nhanh chng v tng kh
nng nhim OTA.
e) Hun luyn y v thc t cho cng nhn lm vic trn sn phi, bao gm c vic s dng
dng c o m.
f) Sa cha, lm sch, bo v v gi gn cc thit b ni sch s cho n ma sau. Dng c
o m phi kim tra cho v hiu chun hng nm trc khi vo v mi theo phng php
quy nh ti TCVN 6928 (ISO 6673).
39. My sy thng c dng nh l mt cch b sung sau khi phi, nhng mt s vng,
my sy ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lm kh. Cn kim sot my sy theo hai thng
s: nhit u vo v di thi gian sy. Vn chung nht vi sy bng my l lm kh qu
mc, dn n mt khi lng v gim thu nhp. Vn khc l cc ht en t ht non do chu
nhit u vo cao lm gim cht lng sn phm.
4.7. Bo qun, vn chuyn v thng mi
40. Cc l c ph qu kh hay c ph thc kh xc nh ph hp cn c bo qun, mc

 trang tri hay trong nh kho ngoi trang tri, ng ri hay trong bao sch di nhng iu
kin bo qun thch hp.
41. cc nc sn xut c ph khc nhau, giai on x l c ph trong bun bn ni a thay
i theo cu trc ca chui v cc cng on thc hin. Giai on ny bao gm cc cng on:
sau lm sch, phn loi (theo mu sc, t trng), phn hng theo c ht, ng bao li, i khi
cn lm kh li, bo qun v vn chuyn. Cc cng on ny lm gia tng gi tr cho sn phm
thng mi, trc khi bn v a i rang xay.
42. Trong c qu trnh, phi bo v c ph cho khi b m tr li, xung cp v nhim cho.
Trong iu kin bo qun lu di, m tng i ca khng kh phi c kim sot cht ch.
Vi m tng i di 60 %, c ph cn tip tc kh, nhng nu m tng i trn 80 %,
c ph bt u ht nc. m ni bo qun c th bt ngun t sn v cc bc tng m
t, ma (do gi a n hay qua ch h), khng kh t hm, ln c ph kh v c ph m.
C th ngn nga hoc gim cc vn ny bng phng tin bo qun thch hp, p dng
thc hnh bo qun tt v theo di thng xuyn.
43. Vi nhng c ph hng thp hn, c th thy nhng qu c khuyt tt ht en v ht chua
cha OTA mc cao nht. i vi nhn c ph c chn lc, nhng khuyt tt phi thp
v cc nhn li b loi khng c trn ln vo c ph sch hay bn ra trc tip cho nh rang
xay, tr phi cc mu i din c phn tch OTA trc tip v ch ra rng chng c th chp
nhn c.
44. C th vn chuyn bng cc phng tin khc nhau t vng sn xut c ph n im mua
bn. iu ch yu phi quan tm y l trnh c ph b m tr li do s thay i kh hu c th
xy ra cc vng khc nhau v phi dng cc bin php kim sot cn thit.
45. Trong chui sn xut, th trng a phng l phn nhy cm nht, cn c s qun l
cc ci tin trong thc hnh. y, cc c quan chc nng, thng qua cc c ch quy tc hay
khng quy tc c th buc phi thi hnh v tc ng n cc thc hnh nhm bo m rng cc
nh sn xut phi hot ng theo hng m bo an ton sn phm.
46. Cc bn lin quan phi p dng quy trnh bo v c ph trong mi phn ca dy chuyn, t
chi nhng loi c ph cn nghi ng v trnh nhng thc hnh c th lm ny sinh hay lm gia
tng vn . C ph kh phi c bo v trnh b m li do tip xc vi nc, ln vi cc l
c ph m, ht m trong khng kh hoc b mt m, ti phn phi nc trong l sn phm. Cn
gim n mc chp nhn c cc khuyt tt c nguy c cha OTA cao. Cng cn phi bo v
c ph khi nhim bn t cc vt liu khc.
a) Cn thit lp cc yu cu v sinh ti thiu v phng php nh gi nhanh (bao gm phng
php ly mu vi mu nh i din cho l hng mi nhp xc nh m, cc mc khuyt
tt, nh gi cht lng vt l ni chung, cc du hiu hoc mi ca mc).
b) Thit k v cu trc kho phi thch hp cho vic duy tr s kh ro v tnh ng u ca c
ph bo qun.
b.1) Nhng c tnh mong mun l: sn xi mng chng m, khng b ngp, cc ng nc lp t
nhng v tr thch hp, trnh lm m c ph khi gp cc vn v bm nc, cc ca s, mi
nh chng nc v trn nh cao khng kh lu thng tt.
b.2) Khng c ph bo qun b nng chiu hay gn ngun nhit trnh xy ra chnh lch
nhit v s di chuyn ca nc.
c) Vn hnh phng tin bo qun phi t mc ti u nhm trnh s ly nhim cho, s ti ht
m; cho php qun l tt nht vic tip nhn, bn ra v cc cng on gia tng gi tr bo
ton cht lng c ph cho n khi c ph c bn cho bn tip theo trong chui sn xut.
Nhng khuyn co ch yu l:
c.1) Ghi chp tnh trng ban u v thi gian tip nhn l hng.
c.2) Xp cc bao c ph trn cc k trnh xa tng khng kh d lu thng.

c.3) Thc hin cc chng trnh v sinh v bo dng nhm bo m cc phng tin bo
qun c kim tra, lm sch v tn trang theo nh k.
c.4) Kim tra mt trong kho thng qua qun l dch bnh tng hp.
c.5) Cn tch ring cc loi c ph. iu ny i hi phi lp k hoch s dng din tch kho bo
qun v c mt h thng ghi bin bo. Cc vt liu phi thc phm khng c cng vi c
ph trnh lm nhim bn hoc lm hng sn phm.
d) Vic lm sch v phn loi c ph khng c lm h hi sn phm v mt vt l v iu ny
lm cho sn phm d b nhim bn/gim cht lng; cng khng a vo mt th ly nhim mi
v m bo gim thiu cc vt th khng mong mun n mc chp nhn c.
d.1) Bo m cc phng tin v thit b phi c gim st thng xuyn, c bo dng v
lm sch bng cc chng trnh bo dng v lm sch.
d.2) Khi bo qun kt hp vi lm sch v phn loi, phi ch trnh s ly nhim ca c ph
sau ch xut bi cc ph phm ca qu trnh ch xut, bi v tp cht (chng hn bng cch s
dng tng ngn v qut ht gi).
d.3) Loi cc khuyt tt ra khi sn phm chnh v bng cch loi b hay sng chng trc khi
a vo dy chuyn thc phm. Li phn b khng ng u gia cc hng c ph nhn phn
loi t c ph nhn x, bng chng cho thy rng ht li v v qu (cng c xem l li) i khi
cha OTA mc cao hn cc ht lnh. Da trn cc nghin cu su hn v s nhim OTA
ca cc ht li, c th cung cp cho cc bn lin quan mt hng dn r rng.
e) Vic vn chuyn c ph cng i hi nhng thc hnh thch hp trnh ti m, duy tr nhit
cng ng u cng tt v trnh nhim bi cc vt liu khc. Nhng khuyn co chnh
y l:
e.1) Che y c ph bc xp hay cha bc xp ln xe khi b ma.
e.2) Trc khi nhn hng ha mi, xe c phi c lm sch tn d ca l hng trc.
e.3) Xe vn chuyn phi c sn, thnh xe v mui xe ( cc xe ng kn) v c kim tra liu
c nhng ch m khi hay nc ma c th lt vo khoang hng ha. Cc tm bt nha che
y l hng cn c kim tra thng xuyn m bo sch v khng c l thng. Cn bo
dng thng xuyn gi gn xe trong iu kin tt nht.
e.4) Nn la chn cc nh cung cp dch v vn chuyn c tun th cc thc hnh vn chuyn
tt nh khuyn co.
4.8. Vn chuyn bng tu bin
47. C ph c vn chuyn t nc sn xut n nc tiu dng trong bao hay hng ri,
thng bng cc Container 18 n 22 tn. Dao ng nhit trong thi gian vn chuyn c th
dn n s ngng t nc (c nhng ht c phi k) v s ti m cc b. S ti phn
b nc c th dn n s tng trng ca nm v nguy c sn sinh OTA. Cc thc hnh c
khuyn co trong khi vn chuyn cng l:
a) Che y khu xp v d c ph chng ma.
b) Kim tra cc l c ph m bo rng chng kh ng u v c m di 12,5%,
khng c tp cht v lu n mc li.
c) Kim tra container trc khi xp hng m bo sch, kh v khng c ch h hng c
th lm nc lt vo container.
d) Cc bao phi c xp lp chng, cho trnh hnh thnh nhng ng rng chy dc (kiu
ng khi). Nhng bao trn cng v chung quanh phi c bc bng nhng vt liu c th
thm ht c nc ng nh ht keo silicagel hay nhng tm ba cng chng s sinh
trng ca nm sinh OTA. Vi c ph ri, nhng tm lt bng cht do c th nim phong
c (chng hn loi bao ln c thng kh) l thch hp v loi c ph ny nn cch xa mi
ca container.

e) Chn mt ch thch hp, khng b phi ra trc tip di thi tit, a hng ln tu nhm
gim kh nng ny sinh nhng tnh trng khng mong mun c th dn n nhim OTA nh
cp.
f) Gi cho cc l thng gi ca container c thng thong.
g) Trnh xp hng ln boong tu (tng trn cng) m khng c bo v v xp xa cc ni hi,
kt nc nng hay cc vch l t.
h) m c ph khng c qu 12,5 % mi ni, t ni bc xp n ni c ph c d
xung, bo qun v/hoc n ni ch bin khc nh l rang.

Hnh 1 - Qu c ph ti

Hnh 2 - S ch bin kh

Hnh 3 - S ch bin t