CHNG II: TNH CN BNG VT CHT V NNG LNG

II.1. S liu u vo.

Tnh ton, thit k h thng thit b sy c cm gm:
Thit b: hm sy.
Phng thc: sy ngc chiu khng hi lu.
Tc nhn sy: khng kh.
Tc nhn gia nhit: khi l, s dng calorifer kh - hi
Vt liu sy: khoai m
Nng sut u vo: 2000kg/h.
m ban u: 40%.
m cui: 10%.

II.2. Tnh cn bng vt cht

Ta k hiu cc i lng nh sau:
G1, G2 - khi lng vt liu vo, ra thit b sy, kg/h.
1, 2 - m tng i vt liu vo, ra thit b sy, %.
W - lng m bay hi, kg.
Gk - khi lng vt liu kh tuyt i, kg/h.
Lng sn phm sau khi sy:
100 1 100 40
2 = 1 = 2000. = 1333.33(/)
100 2 100 10
Lng m cn bc hi:
1 2 40 10
= 2 = 1333,33. = 666.67(/)
100 1 100 40
Lng vt liu kh tuyt i:
100 2 100 10
= 2 = 1333,33. = 1200(/)
100 100
II.3. Cn bng nng lng

II.3.1. Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt

 Hnh 2-1: th biu din qu trnh sy l thuyt.
Cc cng thc tnh ton v bng tra xc nh cc thng s ca TNS
Phn p sut bo ha hi nc Pbh (bar): Tra bng tnh cht bo ha hi nc
(theo nhit ).
.
cha m ca khng kh d (kg m/kg kkk): d = 0,621 (2.21) [1]
P.

Trong tnh ton k thut, i lng p sut ca hn hp khng kh m xem nh

khng i v p = 1bar.

Entanpi I (kJ/kg kkk): I = Ik + Ih = Cpk.t + (ro + Cph.t).d

Trong : Cpk = 1,004 kJ/kg.: nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh

Cph = 1,842 kJ/kg.: nhit dung ring ca hi nc

r0 = 2500 kJ/kg: n nhit ha hi ca nc

Thng s ca khng kh ngoi tri (A)

Ta c to = 27oC, o = 82%. T ta xc nh c:

Phn p sut bo ha hi nc Pbh0:

Pbh0 = 0,036 (bar)

Lng cha m do:

 0,820,036
d0 = 0,621* = 0,02 (kg m/kg kkk)
10,820,036

Entanpy Io:

Io = 1,004*27 + (2500 + 1,842*27)*0,02 = 78.103 (kJ/kg kkk)

Thng s ca khng kh sau calorifer (B)

Ta c t1 = 100oC, d1 = d0 = 0,02 (kg m/kg kkk). T ta xc nh c:

Phn p sut bo ha hi nc Pbh1:

Pbh1 = 1.01 (bar)

m tng i 1:

1 .p 0,021
1 = . 100 = (0,621+0,02)1.01 .100 = 3.1%
(0,621+1) .1

Entanpy I1:

I1 = 1,004*100 + (2500 + 1,842*100)*0,02 = 154.084 (kJ/kg kkk)

Thng s ca khng kh sau thit b sy (C)

Qu trnh sy l thuyt xy ra bn trong thit b sy l qu trnh ng entanpi nn ta

c: I2 = I1 = 154.084 (kJ/kg kkk)

Nhit TNS sau qu trnh sy c chn sao cho m tng i khng qu b

gim tn tht nhit do TNS mang i v khng qu gn trng thi bo ha trnh hin
tng ng sng trn b mt vt liu sy.

Vy t2 phi tha mn 2 iu kin:

t2 = tu + t

t2 > ts
 Trong : tu : nhit bu t ng vi trng thi khng kh vo bung sy.

ts : nhit im sng ng vi trng thi khng kh vo bung sy.

Tra th I-d ca khng kh m ti t1 = 100oC, 1 = 3,1% ta chn t2 = 400C

Phn p sut bo ha hi nc Pbh2:

Pbh2 = 0,0737 bar

Lng cha m d2:

2 . 2 154,0841,00440
d2 = = = 0,044 (kg m/kg kkk)
0 + .2 2500+1,84240

m tng i 2:

0,044 .1
2 = (0,621+0,044).0,0737 .100 = 89.77%

Vi 2 = 72,10% tha mn iu kin m chng ta t ra ban u va tit kim nhit

lng do tc nhn sy mang i va m bo khng xy ra hin tng ng sng.
Lng khng kh kh cn thit bc hi 1kg m l0:
1 1
l0 = = = 41.67 (kg kkk/kg m)
2 1 0,0440,02

Vy: L0 = W.l0 = 666,67. 41,67 = 27780,14 (kg kkk/h)

Tc nhn sy trc khi vo hm sy c t1 = 1000C, 1 = 3,1%
Theo ph lc 5 [1] vi thng s ny th tch ca khng kh m cha 1kg khng kh
kh: vB = 1,103 (m3/kg kkk)
Tng t tc nhn sy sau qu trnh sy l thuyt (im C) c t2 = 400C, 2 = 89.77%
ta c: vC = 0,977 (m3/kg kkk)
Tng t tc nhn sy im A c t0= 270C, 0 = 82% ta c: vA = 0,907 (m3/kg
kkk)

Do : VA= L0.vA = 27780,14 . 0,907 = 25196,6 (m3/h)

 VB = L0.vB = 27780,14 . 1,103 = 30641,5(m3/h)
VC = Lo.vco =27780,14 . 0,977= 27141,2 (m3/h)
Lu lng th tch trung bnh Vo:
1 1
Vo = .(VB + VCo) = .( 30641,5+27141,2) = 28891,35 (m3/h)
2 2

Vi thi gian sy t = 5h nn ta c: Vo = 8,03 (m3/s)

Trong qu trnh sy l thuyt th h thng sy c coi l l tng, tc l trong qu
trnh sy khng c nhit tn tht v khng c nhit b sung: = 0, = 0. Nh vy
lng nhit do tc nhn sy cung cp cho vt sy lm m bay hi th chnh l lng m
ny mang mt phn lng nhit tr li tc nhn sy. Do , entanpy l khng i: 2 = 1 .
Nhit lng tiu hao qo:
qo = lo (I1 - I0) = 135,1351 (132,7390 111,5612) = 2861,8641 (kJ/kg m)
Qo = qo.W = 2861,8641. 250 = 715466,025 (kJ/h)
Vy Qo = 198,7405kW
Lo l mt trong hai thng s cho php ta chn qut v Qo l c s ta chn Calorifer
khi thit k s b h thng sy.
 CHNG 3: TNH TON CNG NGH THIT B CHNH

3.1. Xc nh kch thc thit b sy

Hinh 3.1: Khay sy 2

Hinh 3.3: Cch b tr khay sy trn xe gong

1. Xe gong

Hinh 3.2: Xe gong 2. Khay cha vt liu sy

Kch thc khay sy

Khay sy dng xp vt liu sy. Khay sy c ch to t nhm, to hnh
bng phng php dp nhm tm bn c chiu dy 5 mm, kch thc khay
20x1500x2000 cm, to g mp ngoi t 25 30 mm (ta ly 25 mm) tin cm
nm. Khi lng mi khay khong 3,5 kg.
Din tch phn khay cho php ti ln: 1,475. 1,975 = 2,9 m2
 Din tch 1 lt khoai m: 502. . 10-4 = 8.10-3 m2
2,9
S khoai m trn 1 lp sp xp: = 362,5 lt
8.103

Khi lng khoai 1 lp: 362,5. 112 = 40600 g = 40,6 kg

(vi khi lng trung bnh 1 lt khoai l 112g)
Do yu cu nng sut thit b 1 = 2000 kg/h, nn s khay cn trong 5h l:
2000.5
N= = 246,31 khay = 247 khay
40,6

Kch thc xe gong

Xe gong c ch to t khung thp CT3, mi xe t 20 khay c tng ng vi
20 tng ca xe, mi khay cha 40,6 kg vt liu sy. Cc khay c xp trn mi
tng cch nhau 110 mm m bo s lu thng ca tc nhn sy (khng kh
nng) c d dng. Di y xe gong c g n khp vi g ca xch ti,
xe sau ni xe trc i lin k nhau. Xe di chuyn nh bnh xe v chuyn ng
ca xch ti.
* Chn thit b chuyn ti l xe gong c kch thc:
- Chiu rng: BX = 1500 mm
- Chiu di: LX = 2000 mm
- Chiu cao : HX = Hm + Hx + x =1900 + 150 + 50 = 2100 mm
Trong :
Hm: chiu cao cht vt liu sy
Hx: chiu cao bnh xe
x: khong cch t bnh xe n khung xe
Mi xe t 20 khay, mi khay cha 40,6 kg nguyn liu. Nh vy khi lng vt
liu sy mi xe bng: GX = 40,6. 20 = 812 (kg)
1 2000
* S xe gong cn thit trong 6h: n = .= . 5 = 12,3 xe
812

Vy ta cn 13 xe cho 5h sy.
Kch thc bung sy:
- Chiu rng: Bb = BX + 2B = 1500 + 2.100 = 1700 mm
B: khong cch t xe gong n mp bn ca tng.
- Chiu di: Lb = n.LX + L = 9.2000 + 2.500 = 19000 mm
L: khong cch xe gong cch 2 u bung sy.
r: l khong cch gia 2 xe gong.

- Chiu cao: Hb = HX + H = 2100 + 150 = 2250 mm.

H: khong cch t nh xe gong n trn bung sy.

Kch thc ph b bung sy:

Ta c kt cu tng bao, trn v v ca bung sy nh sau:

+ Lp vt liu tn trng km mt trong v mt ngoi c cng dy l: 1 = 3 =

0,5mm.

+ Lp bng thy tinh cch nhit gia: 2 = 50mm.

- Chiu rng ph b:
B = Bb + 2.(1 +2 + 3) = 1700 + 2.(0,5 + 0,5 + 50) = 1802 mm.
- Chiu di ph b:
L = Lb + 2.(1 +2 + 3) = 19000 + 2.(0,5 + 0,5 + 50) = 19102 mm.
- Chiu cao ph b:
H = Hb + 1 + 2 + 3 = 2250 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 50 = 2301 mm.
Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy:
Fxq = 2.(B + L).H = 2.(1,802 + 19,102).2,301 = 96,20 (m2)
Din tch trn v nn bung sy:
Ftr = Fn = L.B = 19,102.1,802 = 34,42 (m2)
Xc nh khi lng thit b sy
Khung xe gong
 Khung ca xe gong c lm t 32 thanh chiu rng di 1,5 m v 32 thanh chiu
di di 2 m; 4 thanh chiu cao di 1,9 m, tt c u c lm t thp CT3 kch thc
30x30x1,5 mm. C th:
Tit din khung:
= 0,032 (0,03 0,0015)2 = 8,775. 105 (2 )

Th tch thp lm khung:

= 8,775. 105 . (32.1,5 + 32.2 + 4.1,9) = 0,0105 (3 )

Vy khi lng ca khung xe l:

= . = 0,0105.7,85. 103 = 82,425 ()

Bnh xe
Bnh xe gong c lm t thp CT3 c ng knh ln 0,15 m; ng knh nh
l 0,13 m. Gi s khi lng tng ca 1 bnh xe l 2 kg; bnh xe c 2 bi, mi nng 0,5
kg; khi lng trc bnh xe l 0,5 kg.

Vy khi lng tng phn bnh xe l:

= 2 + 2.0,5 + 2.0,5 = 4 ()

= + = 82,425 + 4 = 86,425 (kg)

Khay:
Khay c lm bng nhm c kch thc:
- Chiu di 2 m
- Chiu rng 1,5 m
- B dy 5mm
- G mp ngoi cao 25 mm.
= 1,5.2.0,025 (1,5 0,005)(2 0,005)(0,025 0,005) = 15,35. 103 (3 )

Khi lng 1 khung khay:

 = . = 15,35. 103 .2,7. 103 = 41,445 ()

Khi lng mt xe gong khi cha cha vt liu sy

= . + + . 4 = 41,445. 20 + 86,425 + 4.4 = 931,325 ()

Khi lng xe lun vt liu

= + = 931,325 + 812 = 1743,325 ()

3.2. Tnh ton tn tht nhit trong h thng sy

3.2.1. Tn tht nhit do VLS mang i

Tnh theo cng thc: = 2 . 2 . (2 1 )

Vi: 2 l khi lng vt liu sy ra, kg.

2 l nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kg.K.

Cvk = 1,67 kJ/kg.K l nhit dung ring ca c kh

Ca = 4,18 kJ/kg.K l nhit dung ring ca nc

Ta c:

2 = . (1 2 ) + . 2 = 1,67. (1 0.1) + 4,18.0,1 = 1,921 (kJ/kg.K)

1 l nhit vo ca vt liu sy, thng ly bng nhit mi trng 1 = 270C.

2 l nhit ra ca vt kiu sy, 2 = 400C

Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i:

= 2 . 2 . (2 1 ) = 1333,33.1,921. (40 27) = 33297,25 (kJ)

Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i tnh cho 1 kg m:

33297,25
= = = 49,95 (kJ/kg m)
666,67
 3.2.2. Tn tht nhit do thit b vn chuyn
Qct = Qkh + Qx

Qkh: tn tht nhit do khay sy mang i.

Qx: tn tht nhit do xe gong mang i.

Nhit ca khay sy v xe gong khi i vo bung sy ly bng nhit mi

trng: 1 = 1 = 0 = 270 .

Nhit ca khay sy v xe gong khi i ra bung sy ly bng nhit ca tc

nhn sy: 2 = 2 = 1 = 1000 .

Khi lng ca khay sy v xe gong ln lt l:

mxe = 86,425 kg

mkhay = 41,445 kg

Nhit dung ring ca vt liu ch to xe (thp CT3) v khay (nhm) ln lt l:

Cx = 0,5 kJ/kg.K

Ckh = 0,86 kJ/kg.K

Tn tht nhit do xe gong mang i

Vi nx = 13 xe ta c:

Qx = nx.Gx.Cx.( 2 1 ) = 12. 86,425. 0,5.(100-27) = 37854,15 (kJ)

Tn tht nhit do khay sy mang i

Vi nkh = 247 khay ta c:

Qkh = nkh.Gkh.Ckh.( 2 1 ) = 247. 41,445.0,86.(100 - 27) = 642673,52 (kJ)

Vy = + = 37854,15 + 642673,52 = 680527,67 (kJ)

 680527,67
= = = 1020,8 (kJ/kg m)
666,67

3.2.3. Tn tht nhit ra mi trng

Gi thuyt v tc TNS

Tit din t do ca bung sy bng:

= ( . 16. . ) = 1,7.2,25 16.1,5.0,02 = 3,345 (2 )

Do tc sy ti thiu s bng lu lng th tch trong qu trnh sy l thuyt

V0 chia cho tit din t do :

8,03
= = = 2,4 (m/s)
3,345

V lu lng trong qu trnh sy thc phi ln hn trong qu trnh sy l thuyt nn

tc TNS gi thit tnh ton cng phi ln hn wo. Ta chn w = 2,5 (m/s), chng ta s
kim tra li gi thuyt ny sau khi tnh c lu lng th tch thc t.

Cc d liu dng nhit truyn qua hai bn tng bung sy:

+ Nhit th nng 1 trong trng hp ny l nhit trung bnh ca TNS:

1 = 0,5. (1 + 2 ) = 0,5(100 + 40) = 70

+ Nhit th lnh l nhit mi trng 2 = = 27 .

Mt dng nhit q (W/m2) truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt truyn nhit c

th tnh bng mt trong cc cng thc su y:

(1 2 )
q = k. = k.(1 2 ) = 1 . (1 1 ) = 2 . (2 2 ) = 1 , [W/m2]
+ 2+ 3
1 2 3

Chng ta xem TNS chuyn ng cng bc vi tc 2,5 m/s v khng kh ngoi

i lu t nhin chy ri.

Ta tnh 1 theo cng thc:

 1 = 1,715. 0,333 = 1,715. (1 1 )0,333

Ta c cc phng trnh nhit sau:

Mt dng nhit trao i nhit i lu gia TNS v mt trong ca tng q1

bng:
1 = 1 . (1 1 )

Mt dng nhit do dn nhit q2:

2 = (1 2 )

Mt dng nhit do i lu t nhin t mt ngoi ca tng vi khng kh

xung quanh bng:
2 = 1,715. 0,333 = 1,715. (2 2 )0,333
3 = 1,715(2 2 )1,333 = 1,715(2 27)1,333
T gi thuyt truyn nhit l n nh ta c q1 = q2, vy tw2 s c tnh:

2 = 1 1

Kt cu tng bao, trn v ca bung sy nh sau:

+ Lp vt liu tn trng km mt trong v mt ngoi c cng dy l: 1 = 3 = 0,0005m,

1 = 3 = 45,5 W/m.K;

+ Lp bng thy tinh cch nhit gia: 2 = 0,05 m, 2 = 0,05 W/m.K.

1 2 3 0,0005 0,05
= + + = 2. + =1
1 2 3 45,5 0,05

Vy: 2 = 1 1 = 1 1 .1

Bng php tnh lp, ta c th gi thit trc nhit tng pha nng 1 v tnh
c mt dng nhit truyn t TNS vo vch q1. T dng nhit ny v t 1 ta c th
tnh c nhit mt ngoi ca vch 2 . T nhit 2 v nhit mi trng tf2 ta
tnh c nhit lng q3 do truyn nhit i lu t nhin gia vch ngoi ca bung sy v
mi trng. Sau so snh kt qu q1 vi q3, sai lch khng qu 5% th xem kt qu tnh
ton l chp nhn c vi iu kin tw1>tw2.

Bng 3.1: Tnh ton tm mt dng nhit cho tng gi tr tng ng ca tw1

tw1(0C) tw2(0C) q3(w/m2)

q1(W/m2)