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Potential Passengers and School Bus

Performance Evaluation in Surabaya
Adhi Muhtadi, Sapto Budi Wasono, Hitapriya Suprayitno, and Ervina Ahyudanari

Abstract The amount of vehicles in Surabaya is increasing

quite rapid annually. It is very likely due to less optimal public
transport operations in Surabaya. The junior and senior high
school students are one of the users of private vehicles on the
highway. This causes additional volume and increases the VCR
(Volume Capacity Ratio) value on many Surabaya roads.
Therefore, the level of service also decreased. This research
attempts to identify: (1) the movement of school buses in terms of
time and service, (2) the location of the school on the school bus
route, (3), load factor, (4) Number of students/schools who use
school buses. The method used is interviews with the school bus
driver and distribute questionnaire to junior and senior high
school students who use school buses. The interview result
identified that students from 43 schools are potential to use school
buses. The movement of school busses starting from Surabaya
Transportation Department office (Jl. Dukuh Menanggal) Jl.
Ahmad Yani Jl. Wonokromo Jl. Raya Darmo Jl. Urip
Suoharjo Jl. Basuki Rahmad Jl. Gubernur Suryo Jl. Yos
Sudarso Jl. Sedap Malam Jl. Jimerto Jl. BKR Pelajar Jl.
Selamet Jl. Walikota Mustajab Jl. Prof Dr. Moestopo Jl.
Dharmahusada and back to Jl. Dukuh Menanggal. Travel time is
1 hour and 10 minutes. The load factor reach 85,29% and 26,47%.
The total number of students of 11 schools is 12.391 students.
However, the number passengers/day is only about 38 students
from operational of two school buses. This shows that many
students are still reluctant to use the school bus. This research is
expected to be able to determine the potential users and to simulate
the possibility of the school bus operation to cover all potential
users.

Keywords: Potential Passengers, Performance Evaluation,

School Bus, Surabaya
I. INTRODUCTION

he poor quality phenomenon of public transport services

can directly affect increasing people desire switch to
private vehicles. If the quality of public transport services
decreased, then the movement of public transport users to
private vehicles is inevitable. If the urban public transport does
not fulfill the performance standards of service, the majority of
society will switch to using private vehicles. Things like that
are common in big cities in Indonesia also include Surabaya.
The impact of the problems can cause psychological distress,
which when they arrived at the school has been tired, disheveled
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and lost half its strength when grappling with how to get to
school so that they would lose concentration in receiving and
follow school lessons. Therefore the good performance of the
school bus will provide service assurance and convenience for
their activities in carrying out the learning process in schools.
One effort to do is develop enhancement school bus services
specifically designed for students and serve the routes that
reflect their origin and destination. The school bus existence to
reduce cost of transportation from home to school and vice
versa, students travel time efficiency, reduce the level of
congestion on the Surabaya road network.
In connection with the spread of junior and senior high
schools in the city of Surabaya, then it will lead large enough
trip generation and attraction every day. Therefore, to fulfill the
demand for transport services are needed the school bus route
that takes from junior and senior high school students trip
generation and attraction. Unfortunately, school buses began
operating in Surabaya since 2003 can not be relied upon by the
junior and senior high school students because the quantity
school bus is only four units and routes still very limited.
But over the years the number of passengers is decline. Data
from the Surabaya Transportation Department are as follows;
(1) 2010: 25,200 students, (2) 2011: 21,600 students, (3) 2012:
16 800, (4) 2013: 14,400 students. This shows the interest of
students to use the school bus decreases each year. Therefore,
to reduce the number of violations and accidents involving
students would require school bus operations were able to
attract students to use.
It is therefore necessary preliminary research that seeks to
determine the potential of students and the operational
performance of school buses Surabaya. Current namely, among
others: (1) the movement of school buses in terms of time and
service, (2) the location of the school on the route, (3), load
factor, (4) Number of students / schools who use school buses
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The school bus is a town/rural students transport has a fixed
and regular stretch and only operate adjusted the schedule of
departure and return of students. Determination of school bus
route consider to: (a) trip generation and attraction considering

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (email: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is
now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).
T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research
Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).

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the location of the school, (b) the type of service, (c) road class,
(d) distance and time travel.
The characteristics of the school transportation service
include: (a) special transport school students, (b) stop at the bus
stop that has been determined, (c) use a bus. On school buses
should fulfill requirements include: listing board / stretch code
on vehicles operated, bus stop placement adjusted to position
and location of the school buildings, accomplishment
procedures adapted to Transportation Minister Rules No. 35
(2003) on the Implementation Transport of People on the Road
with Public Vehicle.
There are four categories of interest movements which are
often used by Tamin (2000) is a movement into the workplace,
the movement to the school / university, the movement of the
shopping places, the movement for the social interest/
recreation. Trip Generation is the stage of modeling that
estimates the amount of movement that comes from a zone or
land use, or the amount of movement attract to a land use or
zone (Tamin, 2000).
Route determination criteria according to Transportation
Department (1998) are: (1) The amount of minimum demand
(minimum from 1800 to 2000 passengers/day for both
directions and minimum between 150-200 passengers/hour for
the service part time/rush hour); (2) short route (pursued
through shortest route, when overlapping in the city center more
than two routes and maximum 1 overlapping in the sub urban);
(3) Road Geometric (width road at least 3 meters for large
buses, maximum round trip travel time between 2 until 2.5
hours, the route distance maximum 300-400 meters, the bus was
not allowed to stop in the city center; (4) route density (reach
the whole city, can reach 500 meter walk maximum/ walking
time between 5-6 minutes, the distance between these parallel
services 800 meters, in the suburbs within 1600 meters)
The performance of school bus service transportation need
attention at Surabaya City. There are various methods that can
be used to evaluate a public transport system, especially the
level of service as follows:
1. Operational Speed Buses (25-30) km/h
Vehicles can run with both speed during rush hour or non
rush hour. The speed is traffic movement level or certain
vehicle that is often expressed in kilometers per hour.
Travel speed is formulated as follows:

1.

2.

Where: K = travel speed (km/hour)

J = mileage (km)
W = travel time (hour)
Headway (5-10) minutes
The time interval between two successive transits unit
between buses coming and leaving. The time between
(headway) is the time interval between the time when the
front of the vehicle through the point to the following as
the front of the vehicle through the same point (Morlok,
1998).
The waiting time of passengers (an average of 5-10
minutes and a maximum of 10-20 minutes)
The time required for passengers to wait for vehicles that
pass through these roads (Abubakar, 1996).

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Number of km pursued every bus/day (230-260 km/day)

Despite these school buses in Surabaya is already
determined, however calculating the distance traveled by
each bus every day needs to be calculated, seen from the
number of trips of each bus every hour (peak and peak off
hours) and every day can be different (Warpani, 1990).
The number of passengers carried each bus/day (436-555
passengers/bus/day)
This amount is calculated on all city bus service (area of
study) whether during peak and peak off hours each day
(Abubakar, 1996).
Availability is the ratio of the number of buses that operate
with overall bus number (80-90%)
The number of buses operated is not always equal to the
available number of buses, the number of buses operated
always follow the needs and other technical considerations
(Warpani, 1990).
The distance between the bus stop (300-500 meters in the
city center and 500-1000 meters in the suburbs)
Dismissal include bus stop and halt but it is also determined
by the demand influenced by land use dan density level.
Determination of stopping distance based activities and
land use (PSAU ITB, 1997).
Load factor (70%)
Load factor is the ratio between sold capacity and the
available capacity for the trip expressed in percent (%). To
determine load factor used in the formula below:
number of passengers
LF =
x 100% (3)
capacity
III. RESEARCH METHOD

The research method is a method used in conducting the

study which covers the implementation steps from start to
finish. Stages in this study begins with knowing the purpose of
the study and understanding of the literature that will be used as
a guide and reference in the research and determine what data
are needed.
Survey implementation for school bus performance
evaluation do from school bus departure terminal on Dukuh
Menanggal Street. The survey was implemented in Monday,
April 18, 2016. The survey was implement and makes record
about:: the school bus route, travel time, departure time and
arrival time, waiting time (to ask directly to the students who
use school buses), knowing the location of bus stop and
transporting the students who use school buses, noting the
number of students who use school buses, makes interviews
with the driver about the availability of school buses are ready
to operate and the total number of school buses, knowing where
bus stops, and calculating the capacity of a school bus that is
used to calculate the load factor of each school bus.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
School bus program in Surabaya has actually been around
since 2003, where in 2003 Surabaya through the Department
of Transportation's award-winning Wahana Tata Nugraha for
large city category. So that the the Ministry of Transportation
of the Republic of Indonesia was given prize four units
school bus.
After getting a prize of four school buses, by the Department

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of Transportation directly used for students transportation at
Surabaya. School bus only operates in the morning to deliver
students to school with no charge or for free. The purpose of
school bus program in Surabaya itself is to reduce congestion
at Surabaya and reducing the number of accidents of students.
However the program operates only a few times a school bus
resistance from transport driver for reasoned will reduce the
number of public transport passengers. After receiving the
rejection of public transport drivers, school bus program was
postpone at Surabaya. Therefore long discussion with public
transport organization, police, and another stahe holder in 2007
issued regulations General Director of Land Transportation No.
SK.967 / AJ.202 / DRJD / 2007 about technical guidelines for
the school transport organization, Since Year 2008 until now,
school bus program can operate normally and has a legal
reguation.

Fig 1. Surabaya School Bus Route

The survey implemented on Monday, April 18, 016. Only
2 units ready for school bus operation. Because 1 units still
repair and one another for help the victims of eviction in
Osowilangun. The first departure time of school bus is 5:45 AM
and the second departure time at 06.00 pm. The first arrival time
is 6:55 AM and the second arrival time is 07.00 AM.
The movement of school bus results obtained from field
surveys when the school bus runs, among others passing
through the road network as follows:
The Transportation Department office of Surabaya City
(Dukuh Menanggal St.) - Ahmad Yani St. Raya Wonokromo
St. - Raya Darmo St. - Urip Sumoharjo St.- Basuki Rahmat St.
- Gubernur Suryo St - Yos Sudarso St. - Sedep Malem St. Jimerto St. BKR Pelajar St. Slamet St. Walikota Mustajab
St. - Viaduct Gubeng - Prof. Dr. Moestopo St. - Dharmahusada
St.- Return Dharmahusada St. - Prof. Dr. Moestopo St. Viaduct Gubeng Kayoon St. - Embong Kemiri St. - Panglima
Sudirman St. - Urip Sumoharjo St. - Raya Darmo St. - Raya
Wonokromo St. - Ahmad Yani St. - Waru Roundabout Dukuh
Menanggal St.
The number of schools that passed the school bus service is
43 schools. The schools are spread across 6 districts namely
Gayungan District (5 schools), Wonokromo District (13
schools), Tegalsari District (9 schools), Genteng District (10

schools), Gubeng District (3 schools), and Tambaksari District

(3 schools). Total students from the whole schools are 25533
students.
School Bus operational performance can be explained as
follows:
1. Operational Speed:
1st school bus speed is 22:49 km/h and the 2nd school bus
is 26.47 km/h. Standard speed for the city transport is
between 25-30 km/h. The 1st school bus speed below the
standard speed, while the speed of the 2nd school bus
already appropriate with the standards.
2. Headway school bus between the 1st and 2nd school bus
that happened 15 minutes.
The headway standard at busy hour should range between
5-10 minutes. If operational headway takes 15 minutes, it
means the headway schedule should be shortened.
3. The waiting time of passengers:
Average waiting time for the 1st school bus is 6.84 minutes
and the 2nd school bus is 9.17 minutes. The average
waiting time standard of passengers is 5-10 minutes. So
the average waiting time students already appropriate the
standards.
4. The school buses distance covered in one day is 26.24 km.
Standard for bus operations is amounted to 230-260
km/day. So the school bus mileage/day is in accordance
with existing standards.
5. The number of passengers carried each bus/day
The 1st school bus filled 29 students and the 2nd school bus
filled only 9 students. Students who use school buses very
little. According to the standard, the number of bus
passengers/day between 436-555 passengers/bus/day.
6. The percentage rate of bus services reliability to the total
number of school bus = 2/4 x 100% = 50%. According to
the standard level of availability is in the range 80-90%.
So the percentage of the total buses for students still below
of the standard.
7. The distance between the bus stop
There are two bus stops: (1) RSI Wonokromo, (2) on BKR
Pelajar St. (SMAN 9). Distance from the Transportation
Department office to RSI Wonokromo is 4.6 km and the
distance from RSI Wonokromo to BKR Pelajar St. is 6.35
km. Between Jl. Dukuh Menanggal - Wonokromo RSI is
a suburb of the city, while the distance between RSI
Wonokromo to SMAN 9 is the center of the city. Because
the stop distance is too far, only a few students who use
school buses.
8. Load factor
The load factor of the 1st school bus from Dukuh
Menanggal St. RSI Wonokromo is 70.59% and the load
factor from RSI Wonokromo SMKN 5 is 88.24%.
The load factor of the 2nd school bus from Dukuh
Menanggal St. RSI Wonokromo is 26.47% and the load
factor from RSI Wonokromo SMKN 5 is 5.88%.
Load factor of 1st school bus already appropriate which is
above 70%, while the load factor of the 2nd school bus is
still below the standard.
Data of students who use school buses are as follows.
TABLE I
SCHOOL BUS USERS & STUDENTS TOTAL

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REFERENCES

TABLE I. SCHOOL BUS USERS DATA

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Total

School Name
Kemala Bhayangkari
Junior High School (JHS)
State JHS 32
Santo Yosef JHS
Vocational High School
(VHS) 1
Trimurti Senior High
School (SHS)
State SHS 6
State JHS 1
State SHS 9
State SHS 5
State SHS 2
State SHS 5

School
Bus Users
2

Students
321

3
2
6

866
489
2951

571

1
10
2
4
5
1
38

923
870
987
1016
1105
2292
12391

V. CONCLUSION
1.

2.

The movement of school buses in terms of time and route

these are as follows:
a. In terms of time: The 1st school bus: departure at 5:45
AM and returning at 6:55 AM so the travel time is 1
hour and 10 minutes. The 2nd school bus: departure at
06.00 AM and returned at 07.00 AM so the travel time
is 1 hour.
b. The school bus route passing through several roads
following: The Transportation Department office of
Surabaya City (Dukuh Menanggal St.) - Ahmad Yani
St. Raya Wonokromo St. - Raya Darmo St. - Urip
Sumoharjo St.- Basuki Rahmat St. - Gubernur Suryo
St - Yos Sudarso St. - Sedep Malem St. - Jimerto St.
BKR Pelajar St. Slamet St. Walikota Mustajab
St. - Viaduct Gubeng - Prof. Dr. Moestopo St. Dharmahusada St.- Return Dharmahusada St. - Prof.
Dr. Moestopo St. - Viaduct Gubeng Kayoon St. Embong Kemiri St. - Panglima Sudirman St. - Urip
Sumoharjo St. - Raya Darmo St. - Raya Wonokromo
St. - Ahmad Yani St. - Waru Roundabout Dukuh
Menanggal St.
The school bus route can actually reach 43 scholls.
However, only students from 11 schools uses the school
bus. If the distance between the school and bus stop only
around 300 to 500 meters, the school bus users would be
increase.

3.

Load factor for the first school bus is still good enough
because the load factor between 70.59% and 88.24%. But
the load factor of the 2nd school bus only 26.47% and
5.88%. So it is necessary to add some bus stops to improve
the load factor.

4.

The amount of students who use the school buses are

measly only 38 students. While the potential of the
passengers of the total 11 schools 12391 students. So that
is necessary to improve the overall performance of the
school bus service.

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Program Studi S1 Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Narotama

Adhi Muhtadi was born in Surabaya

City, East Java, Indonesia at September
29th, 1974. Educational background:
Bachelor and Master degree in
Management
&
Transportation
Engineering, ITS, Surabaya, East Java,
Indonesia (2000).
From 2005 now: Lecturer Staff at Narotama University at
Surabaya, Indonesia since 2005. There are two book have been
publishing: Traffic Engineering besed Research and
Fundamentals of Transportation Planning. Articles and journals
that have published more than 20. The research focus during the
traffic engineering and transport engineering.
Sapto Budi Wasono was born in Surabaya,
East Java, Indonesia, in 1969. He received
the Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering
from Narotama University and Master
degree in Management & Transportation
Engineering from the Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology, Surabaya, in 2001.
He is the author more than 30 articles and journals. His research
interests on Traffic Engineering and Transportation
Engineering.

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Hitapriya Suprayitno received the B.S.
degree in civil engineering from Bandung
Institute of Technology, Bandung, Taiwan, in
2004 and the M.S. degree in transportation
engineering from Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, in 1986,
and receive Ph.D in Civil Engineering from
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya,
Indonesia in 2014.
From 1980 now as Lecturer and Researcher Staff at
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology at Surabaya,
Indonesia. Articles and journals that have published more than
50. The research focuses during mass transportation and
transportation facility, modelling transportation, Infrastructure
Management Asset, Management Information System:
Infrastructure Assets.
Ervina Ahyudanari received the B.S.
degree in civil engineering from Sepuluh
Nopember Institute of Technology,
Surabaya, Indonesia, in 1993 and the M.S.
degree in Civil engineering from University
of New South Wales, Sidney, Australia, in
2003, and receive Ph.D in Civil Engineering from Universiti
Teknologi Petronas, Perak, Malaysia in 2014.
From 1993 now as Lecturer and Researcher Staff at
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology at Surabaya,
Indonesia. Articles and journals that have published more than
40. The research focuses during planning and modelling
transportation, Airport Planning, Mass Transportation and
Transportation Facility, road pavement engineering, airport
management, Air Transportation Management and Air Logistic
Transportation.