UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS ~— a UNISA tex CEM4702 October/November 2015 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY IV: HEAT AND MASS (MODULE B) uration 3 Hours 100 Marks, EXAMINERS FIRST PROF AS AFOLABI SECOND DR JA FOX Use of a non-programmable pocket calculator is permissible Closed book examination ‘This exammation question paper remains the property of the University of South Africa and may not be removed from the examination venue ‘This examination question paper consists of 4 pages including the cover page Plus 15 (I-xv) Annexure pages INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IF THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE IS NOT COMPLETE PLEASE ASSUME, AND SPECIFY THE REQUIRED VALUE AND CONTINUE WITH THE EXAM PAPER CLOSED BOOK EXAMINATION [TURN OVER](CEM4702 EXAMS OctoberiNovember 2015 QUESTION 1 A waim round iron rod, outside diameter 25 mm and length 05 m, is placed in a large room Calculate the hourly heat loss of the rod if the rod was initially at 300 °C and the inside wall temperature of the room 1s 25 °C. The geometncal factor for the rod 1s 0 85 and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5 66 x 10 Wm? K+ 6) [5 marks} QUESTION 2 Determine the distances from the leading edge of a flat plate at which the transition occurs from lammar to turbulent for a flow of air at 77 °C with a velocity of Us = 20 m/s at a pressure of 1 bar Assume Re, = x 10°, Take properties of air at 1 bar to be T = 350K, p = 0.9980 kg/m®, C, = 1 0090 ku/kg°C, | = 2.075 kg/ms, v = 2076 x 10° m/s, k = 0 03003 ‘Wim°C, and Pr = 0 697 (5) [5 marks] QUESTION 3 3.1 Denve an expression for the one-dimensional, steady state temperature distribution T(x) 1m a slab of thickness L for the following conditions Heat 1s generated in the slab at a constant rate of g. W/m®, the boundary surface at x = 0 1s kept insulated, and the boundary surface at x = L, 1s kept at zero temperature Assume constant thermal conductwity Derive the expression for the temperature of the insulated boundary (10) 3 2Calculate the temperature of the insulated surface for k = 40 W/(m°C), go = 10° Wim®, L =01m (6) [15 marks] QUESTION 4 A glass plate 30 cm square 1s used to view radiation from a furnace The transmissivity of the glass Is 0 5 from 0 2 to 35 um (see diagram) The emissivity may be assumed to be 03 up to. 3.5 um and 09 above that The transmissivity of the glass 1s zero, except in the range from 02 to 35 um Assuming that the furnace 1s a black body at 2000 °C Re-draw and label Figure 1, use the data on the Figure to calculate the energy absorbed in the glass and the energy transmitted. (15) [TURN OVER}(CEMA702 EXAMS October/November 2015 T=2000°C (block body) = 2273K I 0,2 3,5pm 03m ater 05 ee a Figure 1 [15 marks] QUESTION 5 A thick plate of pure iron at 1000 °C 1s subjected to a carbonisation process in which the surface of the plate 1s suddenly exposed to a gas that induces carbon concentration C..s at one surface The average diffusion coefficient for carbon and iron at this temperature is De- Fe 3x 10°’ m/s Use the relationships between heat and mass transfer vanables to address the following questions 5 1 Sketch the mass and heat transfer systems 6) 5 2 Show and explain the correspondence between vanables (6) 5 3 Provide the analytical solutions to the heat and mass transfer problems (10) [20 marks] QUESTION 6 Hot air flows with a mass rate of m = 0 050 kg/s through an uninsulated sheet metal duct of diameter D = 015 m, which is in the crawlspace of a house The hot air enters at 103 °C and, after a distance of | = 5 m, cools to 77 °C. The heat transfer coefficient between the duct outer surface and the ambient air at T. = 0.°C 1s known to be h, = 6 Wim? K (Figure 2) 6 1 Calculate the heat loss (W) from the duct over the length L © 6 2 Determine the heat flux and the duct surface temperature at x =L (10) 6 3 Assume properties of ait (7n = 363K), Cp = 1.010 UikgK, air (7 « = 350K) k = 0.030 Wim K, = 208 x 10°” N s/m?, Pr = 070 for all your calculations, state all the assumptions made 6) [TURN OVER}(CEM4702 EXAMS October/November 2015 Gold =F, =0°C Duct, D = 0.15 m ambient air hy = 6 W/m?+K Hot Terre air 0.05 kg/s /€ 7 Tn, 0 = 103 °C: TyL) 1-1 =5 m—___| cat Figure 2; Heat distribution in a metal duct system [20 marks} QUESTION7 A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of Typ/=20 °C to an outlet temperature of Tmo = 60 °C involves passing the water through a thick-walled tube having inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm The outer surface of the tube 1s well insulated and electncal heating within the wall provides for a uniform generation rate q = 106 Wim® (Figure 3) 10° wym? Water is 01 he/s 7 Insulation inlet, « Ouuet, 2 Figure 3 7 1For a water mass flow rate of m = 0 1 kg/s, how long must the tube be to achieve the desired outlet temperature? (8) 7 2if the inner surface temperature of the tube 1s T; = 70 °C at the outlet, what 1s the local convection heat transfer coefficient at the outlet? (10) 7 3State all the assumptions made ©) 20] TOTAL MARKS [100] e UNISA 2015 4 {END}ANNEXURE General Heat transfer equation for concentnc cylinders Q-UAar,, AT, =F, aT, Log Mean Temperature Difference At-At, LMTO for countercurrent flow t2)-(T=t) Tat, (Tt) Film Coefficients of fluuds mside circular pipes In 5 ys 0926K, ps oo pa] Nu=CRef,, Pr = ne see table 6.4 Nu = 0,023 Re™*Pr°* CEM4702 October/November 2014 Resistance Term 1 Re a7) 7x ova?” Turbulent flow n=0 o2a(£)/ 7 2) (34 aw Po ee h=4200 (136 + 0020) Sz h,=00144 oat for water for common gases (TURN OVER]CEM4702 October/November 2015 Laminar flow a1 75()( 28 "(e204 0)" Locale y nate] aoe | Ren" Reynolds number Prandtl number pre = ou rn Fouling factor ay Conduction Founer's Law 20 yg de dx Resistances in senes Resistances in paraliel AT Q 1 = Alin = —-]aT, mS [za Insulation heat transfer Cnitical radius of insulation % [TURN OVER}CEM4702 October/November 2015 a TNO ial \ oo. An, /t,) ‘An(ts /t,) a 2nk yb akgL Convection Rate of heat transfer = RAAT q=bA (Tw- Te) Forced Convectors Dimensionless numbers Reynolds, Re, = 4% over a flat surface, where turbulent flow at Re, > 4x10° ° Re= Y= inside a duct For in line and for Staggered if the normal to the flow 1s the smallest m [TURN OVER]‘CEM4702 October/November 2015 For staggered if the normal to the flow is not the smaliest area randtl Stanton Eckert ut / '% anata pa P6,MpAT aT T. Laminar flow on isothermal flat plate (Re,, Pr > 4 0.3387 Re, Pr’ Nira (0.0468 y 14 (Pr | for constant heat flux, change 0.3387 -> 0.4637 0.0468 -> 0.0207 Turbulent flow in a smooth tube Total heat transfer tpi = f Q= HA Tw Toev Dittus and Boelter Fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes Nu, =0023Re,"*Pr” with 06 0Sand C7/ <10 e properties to be evaluated at fim T+T, temperature T, = 9+ 1 2 ah eet = hick; h=0 ra (6~p.)ahek )” for taminar fim condensation on honzontal tubes Hi Q=hA(Tu,~T,) = hy Re, (Fay Tu) Pgh [TURN OVER]CeEM4702 ‘October/November 2015 Boiling heat transfer inside/outside tubes Boiling Regimes Free Convection Boling ATe <= 5°C Nucleate Bouling 5°C< ATe < 30°C Transitional Bolling 30 °C< ATe < 120 °C Film Bolling 120°C< ATe Empirical Equation for Boling Film Boiling (01 ~ P5)ahi,0* PC) | =I C=062 ——_forcylinders and C=067 for sphere Where Q, 1s the thermal flux based on solid surface area (Wm) hig 1s latent heat of vaponzation (J kg"') Q 1s the gravitational acceleration constant (ms) py 1s the density of the liquid (kg m®) p 1s the density of the liquid (kg m*) o 1s the surface tension of the fluid (kg sor Nm) C, 1s the excess temperature (kg m®) AT, 18 the excess temperature (K) Pr 4s the Prandt! Number ITURN OVER]‘CEM4702 October/November 2015 C.n are constant of surface fluid combinations Values of C and n for common surface — fluid combinations c n Water ~ copper Scoured surface 0.0068 10 Polished surface 00130 10 Water ~ stainless steel Chemically etched 0.0130 10 Mechanically polished 00130 10 Ground and polished 0.006 10 Water — brass 0.0060 10 Water— nickel 0.0060 10 50% KzCOs — copper 0.0028 10 35% KoCOs - copper 0.0054 10 Carbon tetrachloride — copper 0.0130 17 -Pentane ~ copper Polished 00154 17 Lapped 00049 17 n-Pentane — chromium 00150 17 Benzene — chromium 00100 17 Ethyl alcohol — chromium 0.0027 17 Isopropyl alcohol - copper 0.0023 17 ‘n-Butyl alcohol — copper 0.0031 17 Convection Boiling oA(T. Grashorf Number Where Ts is the temperature of the surface (K) T. ts the temperature of the bulk liquid (K) @ 1s the gravity acceleration constant (m 8”) vn [TURN OVER]CEM4702 October/November 2015 d 1s applicable length (m) B 1s the expansion coefficient (K") (TURN OVER] Vv isthe kinematic viscosity (m? s") ITURN OVER} Gritical Heat Flux The cntical heat flux 1s given by an adapted version of the Kutateladze-Zuber ‘equation (don't ask me how to pronounce that name) thus, 0 25 oaloy ae ? Qmax = 0 149h4g>y) ——-g—— Py Where Qnax_ 1s the maximum heat transfer rate fg 1s latent heat of vaporisation (J kg") g _1sthe gravitational acceleration constant (m s”) 18 the density of the vapour (kgm) Pp 1sthe density of the liquid (kg m™) @ _1sthe surface tension of the fluid (Nm) Heat exchanger design Heat transfer across a surface Overall Heat Transfer coefficient d,/ Al4t 4.1(%4) Q=mC,AT _ a Uh, 2k, Q=UAaT, where AT, =F, ATi Bulk temperature Btt 2 vin [TURN OVER}CEM4702 October/November 2015 Radiation - sheet Stefan-Boltzmann law E=oT* Net radiation from gray body Net radiation from blackbody Q=Ago{T'-T:) Q= Alf) Radiation properties p+a+r=1 (body semetransparent to radiation) 6 = E/E, = a (Kuchoff’s identity) Radiation between surfaces AnFinn = AsFom (reciprocity relation) Q,2= AF .0 (7 -T!)= AF,0 (7! -T;) between 2 black surfaces x cA Heat flow per unit area for two infinte parallel planes - walt -2) “Ca, 7 ee) SA AR, eA, (radiation shape factor = 1) General Methodology (Aligned Or Staggered Form) Traverse rows > oo000 > [5580 = [e020 flow o000 flow 8080 oo0°0 8080 bank of tubes bank of tubes Aligned form staggered [TURN OVER]cCEMA702 October/November 2015 Nu=113xxCxRe™xPr?? hd Gay" (Cny* Aol = 113 x9xCx] 25) «| ol 7 wraxexc>[ ye) H fig 18 the external convection heat transfer coefficient (WW m? K*) k Is the thermal conductivity of the external fluid (Wm K") d 1s the external diameter of the tubes (m) G ts the mass velocity (based on the available area) (kg m® s"') C.gm are constants (see tables 5 1 1/2/3 further on) The Gmax Concept Se SL —_— O . BS O Sr | ay > O O Align Staggered $+! > Oo At In both cases is the area between the tubes of a particular row normal to the direction of fluid flow (m?) Az 18 only applicable to the staggered tube bank and is the area at an angle to the direction of flow subtended between tubes of successive rows (m?) Sr _ 1s the distance, from tube centre to tube centre in each vertical row (traverse row) normal to the direction of flow (m) S, 1s the distance, from tube centre to tube centre, between successive rows (axial to the direction of flow) of tubes (m) Sp 1s only applicable to the staggered bank and is the distance, from tube centre to tube centre, between tubes of successive rows (m) [TURN OVER]CEM4702 October/November 2015 Fig 6-14 - Nomenclature for use with Table 6-4: (a) in-line tubes; (b) staggered tube rows to St ple St! o x! [TURN OVER]CeEMa702 October/November 2015 Table 6-4: Modified correlation of Grimson for heat transfer in tube banks of 10 rows or more, from Ref. 12, for use with Eq. (6-17). d 4.25 pecee dg eceeer perce Serer ee ceetia Queer S n c n c a c a d In line 1,25 0,386 0,592 0,305 0,608 0,111 0,704 0,0703 0,752 15 0.407 0,586 0,278 0,620 0,112 0,702 0,0753 0,744 2,0 0,464 0,570 0,332 0,602 0,254 0,632 0,220 0,648 3.0 0,322 0,601 0,396 0,584 0,415 0,581 0,317 __ 0,808 ‘Staggered 06 - = - > - 0.236 0,636 09 - - : - 0495 0,571 0,445 0,581 1,0 + i 0,552 0,558 - Pe - - 1,125 i a : : 0,531 0,565 0,575 0,560 1,25 0,575 0,556 0,561 0,554 0,576 0,556 0,579 0,562 15 0501 0,568 0,511 0,562 0,502 0,568 0,542 0,568 2,0 0,448 0,572 0,462 0,568 0,535 0,556 0,498 0,570 3,0 0,344 0,592 0.395 0.580 0.488 0.562_0,467 0,574 Table 6-5: Ratio of h for N rows deep to that for 10 rows deep. From Ref. 17. N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 68 8 10 Ratio for staggered 068 075 083 089 092 095 O97 098 089 10 tubes Ratio for in-line tubes__064 080 087 090 092 094 096 098 099 10 [TURN OVER}CEM4702 October/November 2015 Mass Transfer Ny DasPh jy INa (Ng +N )P, =Pao Ny+Ng RTZ "IN, [Ne *NQ)P,—Pa or D, y # y,-—. 72(2) inl IN No Yan Nyt Ng 2 \M) ae INN, + Ne I- Yea Duh ain, 8*s) Pam = (Pe - Pax/n(Par/Pe2) Dipl, jg INN + Ny 2 =P, AON +Ng RTz (N,N, +Np)IP = Py 10~*(1.084 — 0.249,1/M,, +1/M,)0"* J1/M, +1/M, Ma Bi i. D, Pras) S(AT/ 6 7214 Where Dag 1s the diffusivity (m? s) T is absolute temperature (K) ‘My.Mgis the molecular weight of A and B (g mot") P, 1s the absolute pressure (Pa) Tax 18 Molecular separation at collision (nm) faa 18 the energy of molecular attraction (J) k 1s the Boltsmann’s constant F(kT/exa) 18.2 collision function ‘An equation for multicomponent systems in which only one of the components 1 diffusing ts the following xu [TURN OVER]CeEM4702 October/November 2015 Where ¥/ 18 the mole fraction component of | component on an A- free basis Dam 18 the diffusivity of component A as it passes through the moxture Da, 18 the diffusivity of component A and / component in the mixture (note that y’ fractions do not include the component that moves) x [TURN OVER]CEM4702 October/November 2015 Table of Properties of Saturated water and steam as a function of pressure P Ta | _¥ uy he hy h, a Su kPa) "C| mike | ~ dike Kdiky Kite K) osit_| oor | ~a0e2 [0] 2375 | 0 | aot | 2807 | 0 [9.188 | 8188 70 e Fa 25a 6_| 6860 | 8.075_| 45 | 13,0 _| 67.88 2393. 2525 8632 | 8.828 20 | 175_| 6701 2398 2533_|_ 0.261 | 8.463_| 8.724 25 [ant | $426 2404 2539 | 0312 | 8.331 | 8643 30 244 45,67 101 | 2408 | oi | "24aa | 2545 \e224 | e578 35 38.48_| 112 | 2612 | 1122438, | 2580) 8131] 6.522_| 40 3480 | tat _[ 241s | 121) 2433" | 2664 6052 | 8.475 45 [-3t14— [130 |2at8 | 1302408 | 3568 7.982 _| 8433 50) 2620 | 138 | 2420 {198 [2423 | 2501 7.919 | 6,385 @0__[ 362 | eau | 76h | pane [ae [oan | 3867 7310_| 8331 [398,0_| 2053 |-163"|2428 | 163 | 2408-2572 77i7| 8276 0_| 415 | te11_|174_| 2432 [174 _| 24031-2577 7.636 8220 30438 | te2z1 | vas | 2435 [183 | 2367 | 2580. 7.565 8,188 T0_| 458 | 1468 101] 2438 [191 _|"2303 | 2584 7602 | 8.151 14 a7 13,42 “| 200 | 2440 | 200 [2388 | 2586 | 0.674 | 7.443 | 8.117 | #2 _|48'g_[ 12.38 [207 | 2442"| “207 [2384] 2501 | 0,596 _| 7,300 8.086 43_[ Sit [ ther [213 | 2aas | 213 | 2380] 2504] “0,717 | 7.341 “0.058 14 [528 | 10,70| 200 | -24a7_|~ 220 | 2376 | 2606 [0,737 | 7.206 | 8.033 15 | 540 | 10,0 | ~226 | 24a" | 206-2573 | 2500 | 0.755 | 7.254 | 0.009 76553 Ba a0 Baro_| peo ore [7318 | 7.887 ie} 878 Daa | 2484 2364|2606_| 0,806 | 7.142 | 7.040 20 | 60,1 2522457 2068 | 2610 | ogse | 7.077 | 7,808 | 622 260 | 2459 2363_[ 2613 | 0.8568 | 7018 | 7.876 26 [641 268 | 2462 Zsas| 2516 _|_088z [eH (are aaea| Tare aaa | 07a | o.ges | @.9a9 | 7 aa2| 30_| 684 a3 | 2468 | 289 [2396 | 2625 | O,a8a | 6.6251 7'769. 35727 304 2473-304 [2327-2631 | 0,988 | 6,729 |7:717 40__| 759 318_[ 2477 | ~3t8 | 2310 | 9637) 1.028_| 6.645 | 7.671] 457671 330_[ 2aet_|—330_[ 2312 [2642 | 1,000. [6.571 | 7.631 so aig 32at | 3a anes a0 peas | aot aoe | a 5583.71 2.965 | 351_| 2487 |_a51_| 2200 | 2650] 1,120 | 6.443_| 7.563 60__| 86.0] 2733 | ~360__| 2490 | ~ 360 | 2208 |~2604 | 45] 6.907 | 7.592 506.0 2.536 | 369 [2492 “260 | -2an8_|~2687 | 1'170_| 6.336 | “7.506 70 | 90.0 [2.368 "| —3rr | 2495 [377 | 2983"|2660_| 1,192 | 6.280 | 7401 76848 [228 | aaa | paar | 364 | pore | pees | Tzas_|e2a5 | 7.48 g0__{ 93.5 [2088 saa [2499 | 39 | 2274 {2606 | 1.235 | 6.203 | 7.436 85__|_95.2_| _1.973_| 389 |2501 | 368 _| 2270 | 2669 [1,252 | 6.164 | 7.416 ‘90 | 96,7 | 1,870 | 405 | 2503 | ~405 | 2266 [~2671_["1.270_| 6,128 | 7.396 95 [98.2 [ava ani 2805 [att | 2a0 | 2679[ 1,287 [6.091 17.376 © UNISA 2015 xv (TURN OVER]