The Task of the Translator AN INTRODUCTION 70 THE TRANSLATION OF BAUDELAIRE’S TABLEAUX PARISIENS Inthe appredation ofa work of art or an at form consideration ‘ofthe esiver never proves fait Not ony any eerence to certain poble ori representatives miesding, but even the concee ofan ideal rcrver is detent in the ore nidevation of a since allt posts isthe existence and natare ffm arma Ari the ame way. pone eens pyc and ‘pinta existence, bt in one ofr works ni concerned with Hs teapnwe, No poen i intend fr the ter, no pice forthe etoider, no syenpony forthe litener “ra tanlation meant for eeuders who donot understand the rig? Ths would ser to explain sdegustly the Uvergeace ‘trier sanding nthe rao rt. Morever, i reef be the only cometrable fenton fer baying “the sane hing! peste. For what does terry work "ay"? What oe ‘ommmniate? Tee? very Biter thone who wndertand ie We eet quay i» ot statement or the imparting af information. Yet any translation which intends to pert 3 ‘tuuulting action can rane anything but iran texnlations, But do we not generally regard asthe cena lance of Inerary work ws cantina im dition "0 information ax even 4 poor tanasor wil admit ~ the ‘thimble, he tatty te poe seething that aultor can repos ony ithe sao = poe? Tai, ual, the cate ofanthe character onto tanto, we Cares a aty Catia os alate ieteoniosn Te Tak of he Troy n an nessa content Thi wil be tru whenever a eansaion ‘Sndertkes serve te reader, However, ft were intended fr the reader, the same mould nave eo apply tothe orginal. 1the ‘rg does not en for the reader's sake how could he ttalton be understood on the bss ofthis premibe? “Teanlaon is a mode, To ompretend it as mode one mutt fobisck to the cipal lor hat cootains he law governing the tranaton: ex ranlabilty. The question of beter a work ‘Soule hos a dual meaning. Pier: Willan adequate teanalstor ever be found aaong the wuly of is teaers? Or, ‘hore pertinent: Det x naar lend tl 0 raaation a therefore, im vew of the igiicnce ofthe mode, cll or Inspinipe theft queion ca be decided aly contingent ‘hese, however, apedcticaly. Only superficial hiking wl Aleny the independent meaning of the later and declare both ‘quests tobe of equ significance Ht shou be pointed. ot that cena coreltve concept ean tel meaning and Dosily thei foremost signieane, if they are eelered ecusvely 9 man. One mighty oe empl, speak of an “iblorgesable Me or moment eer i all men had forgotten I the nature of sucha ie or moment required that i be “iorgtten, that priate would not imply a fahood but ‘ere tae alld by men arlene toa coum ia which He fall. Goffe eomembrance, ‘Anilogoly, the eansatabtiey of nguiti eretons out 1 ‘Seconidered even ifmen should prove nal tana he ‘Give ast concep ot tele i lye aly Iranalaable to smne degree? The question a to whether the Ttanltion of earings creaon alle For ought (0 ‘Depove in hisses For hs hough valid here Htandaton Sestone eapalatabity rat be a exventalenare of eetin wo "Tralnbiey isan even quality oeerain works, which lenorto sy tha eis sential hat hey beanie means rather haa spec signifianc nero de orginal marie ein se trnsnsbty er pause that tanalation, however gos iemay be, cam have any sghicnce regs the onigal, Ve by virtue of ty ean the orignal ‘lsly connected wih the tanaon, ft, thin connection2 mination: Sallthe close nce tit no longer ofimporsnce othe original Wesnay allthis comneon a naar one, of more spiel, 2 vialconnecon Jun athe ness oe sri Connected with the phenomenon of le without being of lrmporance oi 4 tanto nes fon the orginal nk ‘mich fos ea fom tater Fors raaation somes {ater than the original, and nce the important oe ol ord ‘erature never heir cost ehaalator at the ne a ‘ein the etl ath ete ogee cotsucd ie SThe es oli and artis work of at sould oe eared with mene unoetaphorial abject: Even ner of aro peje theugt there ears nding ha ie wae not ted te organic conoreality, Butt cant be a matter af exending {isdominion under the ble cepte of he ml Fechner te do, on, coversy, of bang its definion on the even lee Caresive facors OF animal, such at sensation, whieh ‘Suarsteriae fs only cctaionaly. The concept of He gen {tsdac only i everything that hs Mistry oe aw, and ‘ot merely the sting foe history. sexed eth i In the final analyse, the range of ie mane be der by tory rather than by nature, least of al by sch tenuous corsa Sensation and soul. ‘The philosopher's ask conse in omprehending allo saarl he though the sore encompassing Ute a history" And indeed, i nce the contnae ie of wo ofa far ear to recognize than the egtnual ie of ans ‘pecis? The isory ofthe great work of art tls x about their Shtecedens, thelr seazsaon in the age ofthe ats thie ott tral afteifein acceding geeraons Woes this Fas manifss ef esa fame. Trasstion hats mare than tansmbsions of see mater eome ito being when in the coure oft rival a work as reached the age oft fame Contrary, therefore, to he caima of bod talator, uch ‘vanlaons dont 0 much eet wick ome their essence tot. Thelileofthe orignal atin ahem tos ever renewed Take and nt aban Dawe Being’ pci ar high form of i, this Gaesing governed bya special high purposivenes. The lationship betes ie tl porposefulses, seemingly obvious yet aimont beyond the (arp of the inlet, reveal sual nly the utimae pene The Tah of the Trantor s ‘ward whi al single factions tend sought notin is own “here btn shipher one All purpose maniextions of He, Treading thei very panpsisent, tthe lays have ie ‘nd aoe in ie, bac in the expreion of is mtu, i the ‘presentation of sigocance. Transition thus ately ‘svete purpose of expesing the central eiroal elaonshp beewren languages I ean posi reveal or esa du Idd rela ite be can present by vealiaing i ing fede Sentence fr, Thi epee ote See ees eee ere {Wow angular a aure tha Ws sazely me within the spre ‘tnonigst Thi intr analogies and symbol an deat ‘moter way of suggesting meaning than intensive that. Stpatve, intima ~ realization. Aso he posted cea ‘int of angaage, tracked bya duincve convergence [anguges are not sangers o on another, but area pion sl apart rom all hitoreal relma, iterelated in what they wane 0 expec ‘With ds artempe at an exgizadon our sud appear tren, alter ft detours the tntional hong of exact {inhi of language to be demonstrated by trations, Row tine ca thi be done but by eamveying the frm ad meas ‘ofthe original a accatly aa pombe Tbe ne ha dry ‘would be hard pu to define the nature ofthis accuracy and ‘herlre old hen ght on what impr in anelaon. ‘Actually however, che Kinship of lguages is brought out by 1 tment cre ca et Cp tn is Superficial and indefnable similarity of wo works of ierature ‘Tovgrasp the genuine velaionstip beeen am oi and a ransation requires an investigation ‘analogous t0 the Srgumentation By which acetgue of cognition woul have 19 Drove te impontity ofan image theory There it isa mater St showing that cognition there could be no abject, not ITH eae with images fray hve H can teers er Hecate ere ‘imate eence strove for Henes othe orginal. For x ‘erie whieh could not be eal tha i ie were aot 8 ‘tunsformatio and a renewal of omething living the oil ‘ndersoera change. Even words wih aed meaning can uederge™ Maniatis “moti proces, The obviws tendency of awrite’ ienry ‘spe may inte wither away, aly to gv a to immanent ‘erdencsin he Heraryeenton, Wha oso shone may Sound ackneye iter what max once cvvent tay ome oud quaint To seek the esence of euch change at el at the ell conta changes in mening, in the sj of ney ater than in the er ie of langusge a wk, ‘ould mean ~ even aiwing forthe ewes pychoogam {o contin the roo cause sting wih he sen Noe ‘ernety, it would mean denying by a pote of hough, ne ofthe mont powerfl and ful Mtoe processes, And ren fone wid tr ab athor's ax ou ote pen nto {he up dg of his wok, ei ll would tse that dead ‘tory of train, For una the enor ad he signee i rest works feature undergo nompeeeansman. ‘over the cours, the mother tongue ofthe aosaor {tansformed a wel While poct's words cde in i own lnnguage, even te peste reson tnd to bcome prt ofthe gow of sve languageand eventual to beamed iyi ema ana ar onve me he ster equatin of two dead language thar ofl Hera ns ic isthe one charged wih he pei! mon of waihing over thematring pres the ongallangage nl he ange Te hinsbip oflanguges anions ue in trandaons, his isoucacompied ough a vague lens ten eae ‘orignal Estas to reson ts kinship dos wt nee) ivoire ikene: Th cones of kinship ated heer ocr ‘ih ts more ete eommon tages bh ae, cannot Tedetned adequately by shen fg anon detain the more rested unge the ‘concep of ogi frais indiapepsable Wherein eles the eaten of angunge, par tom hiorcal consideration? Certamly not inthe Sy ewe wk of ite or wo Rae, a prahirical Knsip of languages fests the inteon Undetring each languages. we ~ sn neato, however, ‘ch nos language can tan by ef bu whic peice ‘iy by the salty of the nestionempementing each ches foreland ements fore guess he Tak ofthe Trier 78 words, sentences stature — are mutually exsive hese linguages suppement onc anosherin tne imtencons, Without ‘om gap of haba lwo phlxopyo language an beached The wos Bt nd pat ‘ine she ate cee tht the moe of thi intention ae ne the ane, Ts owing {othere moder thatthe word Brot neane someting feces § German than the word pit o «Frenchman, hat these words “ve ot interchangeable for them, that Sola, they see 22 ‘cde carh other Arto the intended abet, however, thet wos mean the very same thing, While de todes of intention inten wt od ae elton nd fr of inten “complement rach ofthe languages fom hich they ae ‘eave there the objects complementary tothe tention. Ts tet gt ete aera eg er Found in reutive independance, as to indvidaal words or Dentencey; ater itis in constant of Box = unl i Seto emerge at pare language fom the hatony of ll he “aviou meses often. Unt then, reine iden in he Tnguages. If however, tes anguages continue to gow inthis ‘manner unt the ead of ther meio tanslaon whieh ater Freon eke ermal ile of he wos the perpetual ene ‘ot anginge. Translation heey ping the hallowed growth of Tanguager to che tat How far nemoved sth biden rearing from revelation, how clow can ibe brought by the knowledge ofthis remotenes? ‘Tito be sore toad that all ransation is only a ‘omewat provisional way of coming 1 terms with he Ferenc of lngasges An inwtantslial rather than 9 temporary apd prvisonal solaton of his forelghe reals (ut ofthe each of manknds at any cate eludes any det “atemt, Indirectly, however, the growth of religion pens te Dldden seed into a higher development of lnguage. Althourh ‘ration, uate a canna aim permanent pric, foals undeniably fal, consi decisive stage of al ication In ranslation te gal vento bigher fant puterlingltc aif, a8 1 were. Te cannot Live there ‘permanently to be sre, and it eral doce not reach in ‘sentry. Yt, in singulatyimprenve manne, at esi6 Mesinatine ‘oinis the way to thin region: the_predesine’. hithersa Rracceable a reroncition and fltiment of languages “The tznfer can never betta, but what vache thi epton isthar theo o a teandaion wich pos beyond tema ‘fries mater, Thi nucle it bet deBned ae the dement {hat dors pot lend eel to trasiason. Een wheo all he stare ‘nent has ben cated and eranemsted the primary concern ‘fhe gerne trandator remains elusive, Unlike the words of ‘he original, ot transite, becaube the teatonsip Tetwoes conten and language i quite dilleent nthe org land he tanlaon. Whe conten and language fon acerain “any in the cena, ike ait and ir sin he Language of the ranaation envelop it content ike «royal robe wh ample fee Fort signers more exalted language thant om and ths remains sulted tos content, overpowering and alien. "Ta dypection prevents sation aed a the te ne males ‘saperfuous, For any tandaton of a work orgitaling in ‘pec stage of lng hao eps negro 3 specie {Sport of content, tanalation oa ther anguagee This ‘Chrlation, ironicly.taneplant the orginal into a more Setting reskin net ano longer be placed by ‘secondary rendering. Tbe orgal ean only be raed thre Sw and tthe points fines I no mere coincidence tt ‘he word ioni’ here Bring the Remanten ond. They, ‘more than any ther, were gifted wit an ish nto the ‘ierary works which hays highest testimony i Wandin, ‘Tobwesure the baal recogize rans nth eae devoted rene alten o rca, another, i tee ‘Set inthe continued life of lterary works, But even thou {he Romantics vii igpored raat a hes hee srenge, thei own grat rantion testo hit ens fe ‘eel natre sri he dignity of hi terary mde. "Tere i Bundt evidence that this sense i not necessarily mon ‘Pronounced n't pot fc, he tay be leas open ok. Not ‘ten Iteraryhitry nugget the tadsonal notion chat gre ‘ost have been einen tranltor and lesser poets have bees {nilerent anastor, A number the ost eminent ones, och ‘Luther, Vos, and Shel ae ineorparaly more important {teats han sree writer some uf the peat song, ‘Te Tak of he Tosa m therm, nich a Holden and Stefan George, cana be spy ‘obsined as poets, ange parelarly oo ifwe consider hem (iowmlaors Ar eansstion = made oft own, te task of the erator, to, may be reared as dine and lsoly ‘Sierentiated from the tsk of he pet "Teak ofthe tasstr consi in cing that intended ei (ete) pone Tro which he tandting heh Praloes ane actual econ Tas tata of tesndaton whic ball dienes fom the oes work, ecm th flr of the ner never diet the an guOge struc, i oly, bot wolly and media at apes Hinginic conten! specs. Unlike « wark of erure teulton doesnot id asin the ez fhe language oes thao the ouside acing he wooded ge ala nto bot tering, aiming 3th angle spot where the eco is able (0 five, is.own language the reverberation ofthe wor in he Sen ane. Not oly does them of alan difer fon that ‘ofa lterary work ~ intend language = whole, aking a {ndvval workin an allen ange a a poi of dearer — bursa diferent efor akogether. The intron ofthe poet iz spontaneous, primary, graph that of the antes ‘delve, smattering ‘many tongue into One tractanguage at work This languge {rome which dhe independent senteners, works of iterate, ‘real jdgments il never eommansate for they Frain ‘dependent om wansaion: but i the languages themselves, (ppm and seemed fa nie mete sate. Itmonize, cere such = thing ars language of rath ‘enone and even ent deposit of theultimate rath whi [Si toeoght rears den ise leegemgto OR thee Tnnguage. And this very language, whose divination and lsripeton nthe ony prtstions pilsopher can nope fr, ‘Sconces in concentrated fashion tn trandatons, There no ‘muse ofpilorpy nor ithere one aeration, But despie thera of emental ari, these tro are not bana For ‘her ra plsopicl gent tate charred by a earing Sortha lngunge hich mane in trans neue npseit oe ye sa, mange pepe a rie era ten eee Dep78 Riaintions a r,t, ihe empha depres ass (sin ton, praca wie, seme metres ESAs ee Maint evokes hee filly ftbomable 0 1 pilonpber,eandaton with it odments of a angag, IWtnkiway between poetry and doctrine. Ix praduts ae let ‘harply dein, bu leaves no les of mark on history. te tad ofthe tranalor ie viewed ia thigh, the rads toward aluion smn 10 be all the More bicure and Iipenerable Inded, the problem f ripening the sod of pute [guage in traaion rem f be sanuble, determinable ‘pmo nlm For is ot the wound eat fom Une sich a tahun ifthe roprootion the sonae cates toe dechive? lowed negate, thie is actly the meaning of all the foregoing, The tadiional conepls in any. dsusion of leaglatons are fey apd lence ~ the freedom of fill ‘proctin and ites. ly the wot, Theses ‘Semmto be nolungerservicesbieto a theory that looks fr ober things than reprsction of ear Fo be are, trroltonal wena ees thee tern spent sei in coneant enfitwith ach othe What can Sie cell do forthe tendering of meaning? Fidelity inte tranaatio of indivi tro an almost never fully seproduce the mening they have {nthe original, Forsencinis pctie significance snot inte est neo eesareee s ‘tod choatn to expres i We say of word thar they hate ‘Gootional conratone. A eral rendering of the ant Eompletely domolher the theory af reproduction of meaning Suds dizer thea! to comprehensbiity, The mieten entry considered Halesin'stapaatins of Sopoces ‘nnstois examples ofsuch heals. Final, icisselFevident how apeaiy Gd i reproducing dhe form impede. the endeing othe seme, Tha no cae fr Heralna an be ave ‘n'a dear to retain the meaning, Meaning served far batt ad iteratre and language far wore ~ bythe wnexrined Teen ofa translators OF eee heefore, the demand cmt insanity, mee re of ns nr yay oat Te Task ofthe Tose Pp {or era, who janie i von, whote eile found ie gute are, mie Be tnderood sms more ‘Setlist Sexeragons ofa vauel whe pied tcpeiet me eth oe toners theories ny seg ‘oy oced bec one moth: kn estne way swans inte resent meaning others vin tnd in Seta incorporate the oil's made of tifcon, thus madng both the orginal sd th randation recognisable Ss agments ofa preter inguase, jt se ager ee Pot Sac Yor ther enon wanda met nage mosere ‘can los wating wceneantenesmaog en ecering the tent, andi tithe orignal ix mporta to tony nota ‘ih aeady rlevd he ear and ht tan of ‘hector sf snermbing and exresing win toe ony Inthe rea of twanslaon, to, the mords > aoxn 9 Movot Une bepning wate wor) apy. On the other ano ‘egande be menting, the language a eran ea = tht stl go, so tae giver viet the mio of the original noe a rerocton bt aaron at 9 ‘spplement od language i which ke expemer Suc, om Kd of tne. Thertre a not the highest pra tana, parca in the ages orig, cosy that caper al hence ee ee {Re sgieance of ely a coed by ere tat he ‘ork reflects dhe geat longing for linguist complenentaion ‘Reel wanton amare ot over ther, ‘ocr ot ioc istight, ball te pare language, w hough Sa ce ae eee ela the more ly Ths ay be achive above al by er) ‘edetngof the sya ch reve words ae haan {bbe the primary cement of che andtor, Por ithe sentence isthe wall before dhe languge of the ral, eres the Fidei ad fedom in saan ve tainly teen separ an contin enentak TRS irc ‘ithe one apparently Sas not eve eeothe tin ft, SCsece wo any th her a eager wat rest by edo tut nthe sending of th tee en longer 0 regu ar allnportant? On hens fs gee% ania craton may be equated withthe information i conveys dott ome. ultimate, decisive slement remain. beyond. all ‘communication ~ queeclow and yet aft remot, coveted ‘raintingisabl, fragmented or powesl fal language and Trguisteeeetonsthete temas in sdkion to what ean be ‘cnpeyescrctbag that rot Be contenant: depending ‘onthe context in whe appear, soothing that rmbolee fr something symbolized es he former only i the ate Proves of lnguage, he ater inthe evsving of helanusges Therseves. Ante whic seek o represent co produce ise Inthe eveivng of languages, is that very nuceue of pre Innguage. Thoth concealed and fragmentary, i an active fore in leat the symbollaed thing oa, wheres i laos Ing esto ony im symboiefre. Wil that iene ‘nce, pure language, i the various angus ited only to Hguiste dermentsand thee changes is Moguls eeations ieweighe with = beay, alien meaning. reve of thin to'tum the eymboiing Into the symbols, co regs pute Inoguage aly Sormed in the linguinie a, ithe tremendous sand ony capaoty oftranslation In this pare language ~ =bich nolonger means orexprenee anything but a expressionless Jind creative Word, tht which eae! in languages all Information, all sense, and all itenton finally encounter & atm in bch they are deine be extinguished. Ts ery Serato furnishes a pew and higher jutfcation fr tee tration: th joxeation dace not derive rm the ease of ‘that a be conveyed, faethe emanation Irom thik see Ibthe ask of idaiy. Rather, forthe sake of pute a fee trandaion bao thst to ts owe aagage Ie ‘ofthe wanda elas in is om language at pure language whic is under the spel 9f sneer, to berate the language prison in a work in bia recreation ofthat work, Por he tale of pare language e bests hmough decayed errersofhis town Wngenge. Later, Vous Haken, and George neve ‘tended the boundarit of the Geman language, A wat Gf the sense ints umportnce fr the tlatemahip between teed copee eee ate an vir Aoorhes egy and att one pn with sou aber ‘han with te point bang the law secording to wih 0 The Tak of he Trlr a ontigue on ts sraight pat wo infiity, a translation touches ‘he viial ably snl only at the intl small pout he Sense thereupon pursing sain course according tothe vs offi in the eens of linguini x. Without exp ‘rag cravings Ris Fee athe ‘he ume significance of this freedom. His cbservations are ontained 1m Di Krae der supp Kalin ad rank ith ‘Goethe's Noes to the Wester Dios ste Bet comment ‘th nmny of elton Cat bas pied i Gorey. Pannier wes: ‘Out taulatons even tbe bes one, pce fiom «wrong prise They wants tam Hind, Grek, Ergish ‘ato Conan instead of toring German into Hind Greek, gl. Our wandatrs havea greater reserence forthe use ‘of hee eye unguoge than lor the so te foci werk he ro hc arate sen wich own ang happen oe ead of allowing his language tobe powerflyatlated by the lore tangue ariealany when tandatig rom language very rerete om, hsv he unt go back to he pramal element of anguage ial ‘Seber oe ls eR ee ‘temas expand and deepen Wie language by mean ofthe egy Tanguage. el not generally realized to what extent thei owl, towhat eet any language can be tnsformieds how Feng ders from language almow the way diet diers {fom dale; however, tat te oly seriously enough, not iFone takes i igh "The exten to which a tranion enna Yo bein beeping withthe nature of thie made i determined objet by the ‘agalarabity of the orignal. "The Jowee the quality and “isincton oft language the Ieper the extent 19 which i Toformation, sels ferta eld sor ranslation, uni he ter preponderance of content fa roms beg the lever fr = rao of since mode, render timp. The higher Uhelevel ofa work, the mere dos I rema translatable even ‘ea meaning i oached pen snly Nesting. Tai ofcourse, ‘applies to originals only. Trandatians, on he lesa, prone {Ge unearslatable nt Becese of any inbere lie, at becaue of the losenese with wea meaning tach other, {Goufrmation ofthis at wel a of every ocet important aspect.a Minton supplied by Halen’ tsnalations, particulary the af the So tragedies by Sopher. In them the harmony of the lguagesisso profound that senses ouched by language nly the way an sein harp i ouch by the wind. olde’ lations are prootyper oftheir kind; they are to even the ‘spel enerings fe text profes sto aod ‘Thi ean be demons by comparing Halen's Ral ‘oychard's eansacone of Pindar Third Pybian Oe Forth ‘ery raton Hern’ tanlatione i parila are ub 0 ‘he enormous danger inherent i ll anasto the gates of Slanguage thus panded and modified may dam sit od dose th andor with ence, Holden's tranlations oma Sophocles were his fase work; in hem nearing plunges rom bysrto abyss ant iheetens to become lst in he battles depths of anguage There, however, xp. Is vowed ‘olHely Wt ane, in which meaning has ceased to be the Satered forthe ow of language and the Now of revelation. ‘Where tex i idenacal yt truth or dogma, where it supposed be the velanguog’ nalts terane and without {he meiaion of meaning, this text i, unconditionally pect ie eceet cineca netted aes ‘tthe plurality oflanguages. Jost, nthe ogi language ‘nd revelation are ome without a tension, so the enaaion ‘iste one with the crigina inthe form of te intense ‘erson which treloes and eon are united Tort some Segre lyre texts estan thir pote tention beeen the ines this te Cote highest degree of sacred writings, ‘Theimerinear vein ofthe Seriptar isthe prope o Hea The Storyteller REFLECTIONS ON THE WORKS OF NIKOLAT LESKOV 1 Familiar though ht namie my bet ashe wry inhi Ting nmesiey iby mo mean present ce He as already rca socethng ret rom ut rd meng as eng fen more dant To present someone lke Leskov ats Stool doesnot mean Bringing Bim coer ous but rather, increasing our ditance frm him, Viewed om certo tlstance the ges, simple outlines whic die the tree ‘und out bir, or eather they come wile in him, jot Sina roc a oan heed er an animals body may sppeat to {nvtbscrver atthe proper distance ‘and angle of son. This “isance and his agle of vison ae presrbd for ws by an ‘xperence which we may Bave ost every day. Tteachs os thatthe ato ryling i coming to an end Lest and lest Frequent do we encounter people wil the abit ol a le fropesy More sod more fen ee irembarasimen ll oud (hen the wih to hear story expres Te ab something {Paracel ince to, the eure among ou enesons nore tae frome whe ability to exhange expertence. “Snr reson fr this phenomenon obvious: exprience has fale in values And tok an continuing t fl to ‘ottomtssess. Every lance ats aewspaper demonstrate that ‘tha each a ew lowe, hat cup ot nly of the extra ‘rod of the moral woe well ernight hap undergone ‘Singer nich weve never shou pombe: Wi the (Fes) ‘Worl Wars proce began o become apparent which Part