Toan CaoCap A2 PDF

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2
Su tm by hoangly85
CHNG I: PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
I. TP HP RN V HM NHIU BIN
1. Rn v cc tp con
Vi n l mt s nguyn dng k hiu n c dng ch tp hp tt c cc b n s
thc x1, x2, xn) v ta thng gi n l khng gian thc n chiu hi b s thc
(x1, x2,xn) c t tn l th ta vit l
P(x1, x2, xn)
V gi n l mt im trong khng gian n.
Cho 2 im x1, x2, xn) v y1, y2, yn) trong Rn, khong cch gia hai im
P v k hiu l d c nh ngha bi:
d(P, Q) =
Khong cch ny tha bt ng thc tam gic sau y
d(P, Q) d R) + d(R, Q)
vi im ty
im x1, x2, xn) cn c vit gn di dng xx1, x2, xn) vi xx1, x2,
xn) v yy1, y2, yn), khong cch gia x v y cn c vit bi
| x y |=
Cho
v r l s thc dng tp hp B(P, r) = {
| d(P, Q) < r} c
gi l hnh cu m tm bn knh r hay l ln cn bn knh r ca
Tp hp trong n c gi l b chn nu c r sao cho
im
, vi l
2. Hm nhiu bin
Cho n l mt s nguyn vi n t php tng ng f n R c gi l mt hm
n bin Tp hp cc im
m f xc nh c gi l min xc nh ca f Ta
k hiu min xc nh ca f l f
V d
2
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Hm f 2 R
(x, y) f(x, y)=

L mt hm bin c min xc nh l tp hp tt c cc im x y sao cho
4-x2-y2>0. Vy f hnh cu m tm bn knh trong 2.
2) g : R3 R vi gx y zx2+(y+z)/2 l mt hm 3 bin c min xc nh l
D(g)=R3.
Ta ch c th biu din hnh hc bng v th cho hm bin z fx y
th ca hm bin ny l tp hp cc im trong khng gian 3 sau y
G(f)={(x, y, f(x, y)) |
y l mt mt cong trong khng gian chiu vi h ta escartes xyz

V d th ca hm z
trong khng gian chiu xyz
l na trn ca mt cu tm bn knh
II. GII HN V TNH LIN TC

1. nh ngha gii hn
Cho hm n bin z f x1, x2, xn) xc nh trn mt ln cn bn knh r ca mt
dim
v c th khng xc nh ti Ta ni z f x1, x2, xn) tin v
(hay c gii hn l hi x1, x2, xn) dn n nu vi mi cho trc
tn ti sao cho
0 < d (P, M) < | f L | <
Khi ta vit
Trong trng hp hm bin z f x y th gii hn c th c vit l
Hay c th vit
Su tm by hoangly85
Tng t nh i vi hm mt bin ta cng c cc nh ngha gii hn v cng v

gii hn v tn nh sau
V d
1).
2).
3).
4).
2. S lin tc
nh ngha hm s z f x1, x2, xn) c gi l lin tc ti im
V d hm fx y
khi:
lin tc ti mi im xo, yo) khc
Tng t nh hm mt bin lin tc trn mt on

gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn min ng v b chn
, ta cng c tnh cht t
III. O HM V VI PHN
1. o hm ring
n gin cho vic trnh by y ta s xt cc o hm ring ca hm bin i
vi hm n bin th hon ton tng t
Su tm by hoangly85
nh ngha cho hm bin z f x y o hm ring theo bin x ti im xo, yo) l

gii hn nu c sau y
v o hm ring theo bin x c k hiu l

cn c th k hiu o hm ring ny bi zx (xo, yo) hay
hay vn tt l fx(xo, yo). Ta

(xo, yo).
o hm ring theo bin y ca hm x f x y ti xo, yo) c nh ngha tng t

bi
Nhn xt d thy rng
fx (xo, yo) =
T ta c th tnh do hm ring theo bin x ti xo, yo) bng cch coi y yo l hng
s v tnh o hm ca hm mt bin fx yo) ti x xo. Tng t tnh o hm
ring theo bin y ti xo, yo) ta tnh o hm ca hm mt bin fx yo) ti y yo (xem
x = xo l hng s
V d
1). Cho z = x2y. Tnh zx v zy
Xem y nh hng s v tnh o hm theo bin x ta c zx = 2xy.
Tng t xem x nh hng s v tnh o hm theo bin y ta v xy =
x2.
2)
. Tnh zx, zy v zx(4, ). Xem y nh hng s ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
Xem x nh hng s ta c
2. o hm ring cp cao
Cc o hm ring zx v zy ca hm z = f(x,y) c gi l cc o hm ring cp
o hm ring cp ca mt hm l o hm ring cp 1) ca o hm ring cp
ca hm m bin z = f(x, y) c bn o hm ring cp sau y
1)
o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bng cc cch khc nhau
nh sau
2)
o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bi
3)
o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bi
4)
cn c k hiu l
Su tm by hoangly85
Hon ton tng t ta cng c nh ngha v k hiu cho cc o hm ring

cp cao hn hng hn
hay
hay
cn c vit l
v hai o hm ring cp ny
.
V d
1) z = x4 + y4 2x3y3. Ta c
zx = 4x3 4xy3
zy = 4y3 6x2y2
z"xx = 12x2 4y3
z"yy = 12y2 12x2y
z"xy = -12y2
z"yx = -12 y2
2) Xt hm s
Ta c vi x, y) th
YjWi (0, 0) th f(0, 0) = 0.
Do
ti x, y)
Su tm by hoangly85
suy ra
Hon ton tng t ta tnh c
ti x y
v
Qua v d trn ta thy cc o hm ring theo cng cc bin nhng khc th t

khng phi bao gi cng bng nhau. Tuy nhin nh Osau y cho ta iu
kin Fic o Kjm ring z"xyYjz"yx bng nhau.
nh O: Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm f"xy v f"xy trong mt ln cn ca im x0, y0)

th
ch rng nh l trn cng m rng c ra cho cc o hm cp cao hn v nhiu

bin hn
3. Vi phn ton phn
nh ngha:
Hm s z = f(x, y) c gi l kh vi ti x0, y0) nu s gia ton phn
theo cc s gia x, y ca cc bin x, y ti x0, y0) c th c vit di dng
trong A, B l cc hng s khng ph thuc x, y) v 0, 0 khi

x 0, y 0.
Su tm by hoangly85
Biu thc
df(x0, y0).
c gi l vi phn ca hm s f ti x0, y0), k hiu l
nh l:
(i) Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti x0, y0) th f c o hm ring cp ti v
(ii) Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm ring trn ln cn ca x0, y0) v fx, fy lin

tc ti x0, y0) th f kh vi ti x0, y0).
Ch rng khi xt cc trng hp c bit f(x, y) = x v g(x, y) = y ta c vi phn dx =
x v dy = y. Do cng thc vi phn cp ca f(x, y) cn c vit di dng
df = fx.dx + fy.dy
v cn c gi l vi phn ton phn ca hm f(x, y).
V d Vi
, ta c
vy
Tnh cht: Tng t nh i vi hm mt bin ta c cc tnh cht sau y ca vi
phn
d(f + g) = df + dg
d(f.g) = g.df + f.dg
(vi g 0).
Su tm by hoangly85
ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng

Gi s z = f(x, y) kh vi ti x0, y0). Khi theo nh ngha ca vi phn ta c
th tnh gn ng f(x, y) bi
vi x, y) gn x0, y0).
V d: Tnh gn ng
Xt hm s f(x, y) =
, ta tnh gn ng
A = f(1,02; 1,97) nh sau

f(1,02; 1,97) f(1, 2) + fx(1, 2).(1,02 - 1) + fy(1, 2).(1,97 - 2)
vi
f(1, 2) =
=3
Suy ra
4. Vi phn cp cao
Cho hm bin z fx y
Bn thn
cng l mt hm theo bin x y nn ta c
th xt vi phn ca n u dfx y c vi phn th vi phn c gi l vi phn cp
2 ca fx y k hiu l d2f (x, y) hay vn tt l d2f. Vy
d2f = d(df)
Tng qut vi phn cp n nu c ca f c nh ngha bi
10
Su tm by hoangly85
Cng thc vi phn cp ca zfx y
Gi thit thm rng cc o hm hn hp lin tc th ta c
v do
hay ta c
Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha mt cch hnh thc vit li cng thc vi phn cp
di dng
Tng t cng thc vi phn cp n ca z fx y c th c vit di dng
v cng thc ny cng ng cho trng hp nhiu bin hn
IV. O HM CA HM HP
1. Trng hp mt bin c lp
Gi s z fx y v x y li l cc hm theo t x xt y yt Vy zt fxt yt
l hm bin theo t o hm ca zt theo bin t c tnh theo cng thc sau y
11
Su tm by hoangly85
V d
Tnh
nu
, trong xcost ysint
Tnh
nu
trong ycosx
2. Trng hp nhiu bin c lp

Gi s z fxy v x y li l cc hm theo cc bin s t hi tnh cc o hm
ring theo s v t ca hm hp f xst yst ta cng c cc cng thc tng t nh
i vi hm mt bin sau y
V d
Tm
Ta c
nu z fxy trong x uv v y
Do
12
Su tm by hoangly85
Cho z = f(x,y,t), trong x xt y yt

Tnh o hm ca hm hp
z(t) = f (x(t), y(t), t).
Ta c
V. O HM CA HM N
1. Hm n mt bin
Gi s c mt h thc gia hai bin x y dng
F(x,y) = 0
trong xy l hm bin xc nh trong mt ln cn m ca x0, y0) v x0,
y0) = 0. Gi thit rng s l s dng v
y) D v x y
y duy nht sao cho x
Nh vy ta c hm s y yx xc nh trn khong x0 s, x0 + s) v tha x yx

=0
. Hm s y yx ny c gi l hm n theo bin x xc
nh bi phng trnh xy
Trong ton hc ngi ta gi cc nh l hm n l cc nh l khng nh s tn ti
ca hm n v o hm ca n i y l nh l c bn cho hm n mt bin
nh l: Gi s hm xy tha iu kin sau
(i) F lin tc trong hnh trn m tm x0, y0) bn knh vi x0, y0)
= 0;
(ii) Tn ti cc o hm ring lin tc
trong B(P, v
(x0, y0)
Khi c sao cho phng trnh xy xc nh mt hm n yx kh

vi lin tc trong x0 s, x0 + s) v
13
Su tm by hoangly85
Nhn xt: Nu tha nhn s tn ti ca hm n v o hm ca n th cng thc

o hm ca hm n trong nnh l trn c th suy ra d dng t cng thc o hm
ca hm hp
0=
F(x, y(x)) = Fx + Fy . y
=> y -
V d Tnh o hm ca hm n
ti im
nu xy ex.sin y =
Coi y l hm theo x ly o hm phng trnh trn ta c
y + x.y exsiny ex cosy. y
Ti xy ta c
y ey
Suy ra y
Ghi ch: tnh o hm cp y ca hm n t h thc
0 = Fx y y
ta c th tip tc ly o hm th c
0 = F"xx + F"xy.y yx + F"yy. yy y.y".
T y s rt ra y
2. Hm n 2 bin
Tng t nh trng hp hm n bin vi mt s gi thit th phng trnh
14
Su tm by hoangly85
F(x,y) = 0
s xc nh mt hm n z zxy theo bin x y
nh l : Gi s hm xyz tha cc iu kin

(i). F lin tc trong hnh cu m 0, tm 0(x0, y0,z0) bn knh v
F(x0,y0,z0) = 0;
(ii) Tn ti cc o hm ring lin tc x, Fy, Fz trong B(P0, v z(x0,y0,z0)

Khi tn ti sao cho phng trnh xyz xc nh mt hm n
trong ln cn x0,y0), s) ca im x0, y0). Hn na hm n z zxy c cc
o hm ring trong ln cn ny l
; 9;
Ghi ch: nh l ny c th c m rng cho trng hp hm n nhiu bin hn z
= z(x1,x2,xn) xc nh bi phng trnh
F(x1,x2,xn, z) = 0
V d:
Cho hm n z zxy xc nh bi phng trnh ez = x + y + z
Tnh zx zx" v zxy".
o hm phng trnh theo bin x ta c
1 + zx ez . zx zx
Tip tc ly o hm theo x v theo y th c
zxx" = ez . (zx2 + ez . zxx" ;
zxy" = ez . zy zx ez . zxy"
Suy ra:
zxx" =
15
Su tm by hoangly85
zxy" =
Tnh zy tng t nh vic tnh zx ta c
zy
Do
zxy" =
VI. CC TR
1.nh ngha v iu kin cn
Xt hm z fxy im 0(x,y) c gi l im cc i a phng ca hm
f(x,y) khi c sao cho fxy fx0,y0) vi mi xy B(P0,
Trng hp ta c
F(x,y) < f(x0,y0) (x,y) B(P0, \ {P0}th ta ni 0 l im cc i a
phng cht ca hm fxy
Khi nim cc tiu a phng c nh ngha hon ton tng t c i a
phng v cc tiu a phng c gi chung l cc tr a phng
nh l: (Fermat)
Nu hm fxy t cc tr a phng ti x0,y0) v c cc o hm ring ti th
fxx0,y0) = fyx0,y0) = 0.
im m ti cc o hm ring ca f u bng c gi l im dng ca hm
Ch rng nh l trn ch cho ta iu kin cn c cc tr nn im dng cha
chc l im cc tr nh l sau y cho ta iu kin c cc tr
nh l (iu kin ):
Gi s z fxy nhn x0, y0) l mt im dng v fxy c cc o hm ring cp
lin tc trong mt ln cn ca x0, y0). t
A = fxx"(x0,y0), B = fxy"(x0,y0), C = fyy"(x0,y0),
16
Su tm by hoangly85
v = B2 A.C
Khi ta c
(i). Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti x0,y0).
(ii). Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr cht ti x0,y0).
Hn na ta c
(x0,y0) l im cc i khi 0;
(x0,y0) l im cc tiu khi
(iii). Nu = 0 th cha kt lun c l hm s fxy c t cc tr ti x0,y0)
hay khng
T nh l trn ta c th tm cc tr ca hm z fxy theo cc bc sau y

Bc Tnh cc o hm ring
Bc Tm cc im dng bng cch gii h phng trnh sau
Bc ng vi mi im dng x0,y0), t
A = fxx"(x0,y0), B = fxy"(x0,y0), C = fyy"(x0,y0),
= B2 - AC
Xt du ca v ca kt lun
Lu : c kt lun y v cc tr ta cn phi xt ring trng hp im dng
m ti = 0 v xt cc im m ti khng tn ti o hm ring cp hay cp
2.
V d:
1) Tm cc tr ca hm s z x3 + 3xy2 15x -12y
Ta c zx x2 + 3y2 15,
zy xy 12
zxx" = 6x, zxx" = 6y, zyy "= 6x
17
Su tm by hoangly85
tm im dng ta gii h phng trnh sau
H phng trnh c nghim cho ta im dng

M1(1, 2); M2(2, 1); M3(-1, -2); M4(-2, -1).
Ti 1(1, 2):
A = zxx"(1, 2) = 6
B = zxy"(1, 2) = 12 => = B2 AC >0
C = zyy"(1, 2) = 6
Hm s khng t cc tr ti 1(1, 2).
Ti 2(2,1):
A = zxx"(2, 1) = 12
B = zxy"(2, 1) = 6 => = B2 AC <0
C = zyy"(2, 1) = 12 A > 0
Hm s t cc tiu ti 2(2, 1), vi zmin = z(2, 1) = -28
Ti 3(-1, -2):
A = zxx"(-1, -2) = -6
B = zxy"(-1, -2) = -12 => = B2 AC >0
C = zyy"(-1, -2) = -6
Hm s khng t cc tr ti 3(-1, -2).
Ti 4(-2, -1):
9;
Hm s t cc i ti 4(-2, -1) vi zmax = z(-2,-1) = 28
18
Su tm by hoangly85
2) Kho st cc tr ca hm z x4 + y4 x2 2xy y2
Ta c
Gii h phng trnh sau tm im dng
H phng trnh c nghim 3 im dng

P1(0, 0); P2(-1, -1); P3(1,1)
Tnh cc o hm cp
Ti
9;
Ta cha c kt lun v cc tr ti 1 m phi kho st trc tip Ta c z
0, vi
th
(n nguyn dng
Vi
th
. iu ny cho thy rng trong
mi ln cn ca 1 hm s u c gi tr dng v c gi tr m Vy 1(0, 0)
khng phi l im cc tr
Ti 2(-1, -1) v 3(1, 1) ta c -2, C = 10, =B2 AC = -96. Suy ra ti
v hm s t cc tiu cht vi
19
Su tm by hoangly85
zmin = z(P2) = z(P3) = -2
VII. CC TR C IU KIN
1. nh ngha
Xt hm s z (x, y), vi iu kin rng buc (x, y) = 0 (*)
Ta ni
(x, y) t cc i cht ti x0, y0) vi iu kin
nu x0, y0) tha v vi mi x y tha kh gn x0,y0) ta c (x, y) <
(x0, y0)
(x, y) t cc tiu cht ti x0, y0) vi iu kin (*)
nu x0, y0) tha v vi mi x y tha kh gn x0,y0) ta c (x, y) >
(x0, y0)
(x, y) t cc tr cht ti x0, y0) vi iu kin
nu (x, y) t cc i hoc cc tiu ti x0,y0) vi iu kin
2. Phng php nhn t Lagrange
nh l: (iu kin cn ca cc tr c iu kin
Gi s
Cc hm (x, y) v (x, y) c o hm ring cp lin tc trong mt ln cn
ca im x0,y0) vi (x0, y0) = 0
hay
Khi nu (x, y) t cc tr ti x0,y0) vi iu kin (x0,y0)=0 th tn ti

s thc sao cho:
Hm s xy ) = (x, y) + (x,y) c gi l hm Lagrange. nh l sau

y cho ta iu kin ca cc tr c iu kin
nh l: (iu kin ca cc tr c iu kin)
20
Su tm by hoangly85
Gi s (x, y) v (x,y) c o hm ring cp lin tc trong mt ln cn ca x0,y0)

vi (x0,y0) = 0, v x0,y0, ) l im dng ca hm agrange hi ta c
Nu
xc nh dng trong mt min theo dx dy tha rng buc
v dx2+dy2 0, th hm (x, y) t cc
tiu cht ti x0,y0) vi iu kin (x0,y0) = 0.
Nu d2L(x0,y0, ) xc nh m trong min theo dx dy tha rng buc nh
trn th (x, y) t cc i cht ti x0,y0) vi iu kin (x0,y0) = 0.
Nu d2L(x0,y0, ) khng xc nh du trong min ni trn th khng c cc
tr c iu kin ti x0,y0).
T nh l trn ta c th tm cc tr c iu kin theo phng php nhn t agrange
nh sau
Bc p hm agrange
L = (x, y) + (x,y) ( R)
Bc Tnh
v gii h phng trnh sau y tm cc im dng x0,y0) cng vi

gi tr 0 tng ng
Bc Tnh vi phn cp ca xy
v tnh rng buc

(**)
21
Su tm by hoangly85
Vi mi im dng x0,y0) v = 0 tm c trong bc xt

d2L(x0,y0) (ph thuc dx v dy
Nu vi mi dx dy khng ng thi bng tha rng buc
th hm s t cc tiu c iu kin ti x0,y0).
Nu vi mi dx dy khng ng thi bng tha rng buc
th hm s t cc i c iu kin ti x0,y0).
Nu du ca khng xc nh xt theo dx v dy khng ng thi bng
0 tha rng buc th hm s khng t cc tr ti x0,y0).
V d:
Tm cc tr ca hm z x2 + y2 vi iu kin x y
Lp hm agrange
L(x,y) = x2 + y2 + (x + y - 4)
Ta c
Tm im dng bng cch gii h
Ta c mt im dng ng vi = -4.
Tnh o hm ring cp ca xy
,
d2L = 2dx2 + 2dy2.

Vy d2L > 0 ti nn hm s t cc tiu c iu kin ti vi zmin = z(2,2)
= 8.
Lu : Trong trng hp t h thc
(x,y) = 0
ta c th tnh c bin thin theo bin kia chng hn c th tnh y (x) th bng
cch thay th y (x) vo z ta c th xem z nh hm theo bin x
z = z(x, (x))
22
Su tm by hoangly85
Khi c th tm cc tr ca z nh hm theo bin

Xt li v d trn ta thy
x+y=4y=4x
Suy ra z = x2 + y2 = x2 + (4-x)2.
Xem z l hm bin ta c
zx x 2(4 - x) = 4x 8
zx x = 2
Lp bng bin thin ta c
X
Zx
Z
8
Vy z x2 + y2 t cc tiu vi iu kin x y ti vi zmin = 8
VIII. GI TR LN NHT V NH NHT

Cho D 2. im xy D c gi l mt im trong ca D khi tn ti mt
hnh cu m ) u cha im thuc D v im khng thuc D . Tp hp cc
im bin ca D c gi l bin ca D. Min D c go l min ng khi D cha
mi im bin ca n
Ta c th tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm (x,y) trn mt min ng
v b chn D nh sau
Bc Tnh x v y ii h phng trnh
tm cc im dng phn trong ca D

Bc Tm cc im ti khng c o hm ring
23
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Bc Tm gi tr ln nht ca (x,y) trn bin ca D (lin quan n cc tr

c iu kin
Bc So snh cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc im tm c bc bc
2 vi gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn bin bc rt ra gi tr ln nht
v nh nht ca hm s
V d: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
z = x2 + y2 xy + x + y
trn min D gii hn bi x 0, y 0, x + y -3
Ta c
Gii h
x = -1, y = -1
Ta tm c im dng -1,-1) D, vi z-1,-1) = -1

Bin ca min D gm on thng v
Trn bin ta c
x = 0, -3 < y < 0
z = y2
z y y =
mt im cc tr trn l
vi
Tng t
trn c cc tr ti
trn c cc tr ti
vi
vi
Ti cc im v ta c
24
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z(0,0) = 0; z(0,-3) = 6; z(-3,0) = 6
Vy gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn bin ca D ln lt l v
So snh cc gi tr z-1, z=6 vi

ta suy ra gi tr ln nht ca z l ti 3) v -3, 0); gi tr nh nht ca z l 1 ti -1, -1).
BI TP CHNG 01
1-Tm min xc nh ca hm s
a)
b)
c)
d)
2-Tnh o hm ring ca hm s
e)
f)
g)
h)
a) Tnh cc o hm ring ti
ca hm
b) Tnh cc o hm ring ti ca hm
25
Su tm by hoangly85
3-Tnh vi phn ton phn ca hm s

i)
j)
4- Tm vi phn cp ca hm s
k)
l)
m)
n)
5-Cho f(t) l hm mt bin kh vi t z fx2-y2). Chng t rng hm z tho mn
phng trnh sau
Chng minh
a)
b)
vi
vi
6- Tm cc tr ca hm s
o)
p)
26
Su tm by hoangly85
q)
r)
s)
t)
7-Tm cc tr c iu kin
a)
vi iu kin
b)
vi iu kin
8- Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
c)
trong tam gic gii hn bi cc ng
d)
honh
trong hnh gii hn bi cc ng
e)
v trc
trong hnh gii hn bi cc ng
9-Tm o hm ca hm hp
f)
vi
g)
trong
vi
trong
10-Tnh gn ng
h)
i)
11-Tnh o hm y ca hm n yyx xc nh bi cc phng trnh
27
Su tm by hoangly85
j)
k)
12-Cho hm n z zx y xc nh bi phng trnh
Tnh
28
Su tm by hoangly85
CHNG II: TCH PHN BI
1. Tch phn kp
I. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT
1. nh ngha
Cho hm f(x,y) xc nh trong min ng b chn D. Chia min D thnh n mnh ri
nhau D1, D2, .., Dn c din tch ln lt l S1, S2,.., Sn. Trong mi mnh Di , ly
ty mt im Mi(xi, yi). Lp tng gi l tng tch phn ca hm f(x,y))
Gi d(Di) l khong cch ln nht gia hai im trong Di. Nu tn ti gii hn
hu hn khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn im Mi(xi,yi), th hm

f(x,y) gi l kh tch trn min D, v S gi l tch phn kp ca hm f(x,y) trn min D,
k hiu
Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn min D, th tch phn kp khng ph thuc vo cch chia min
D. Do ta chia min D bi cc ng thng song song vi cc trc ta hi
Si = x y v dS = dx . dy
V vy c th vit
Ngi ta chng minh c rng m f(x,y) lin tc trn mt min ng b chn D

th kh tch trn min
Tnh cht:
a)
(din tch ca D)
29
Su tm by hoangly85
b)
c)
d) Nu D = D1 D2 , D1 D2 = th
e) Nu f(x,y) g(x,y) (x,y) D th

f) Nu m f(x,y) M (x,y) D, m v l hng s th
g) Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min ng b chn D th tn ti im

M(x0,y0) sao cho
(nh l v gi tr trung bnh
gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(x,y)
i lng
trn D.
2. ngha hnh hc
Ta xt bi ton Tm th tch ca vt th gii hn di bi min D (Oxy), gii

hn trn bi mt cong c phng trnh z = f(x,y) 0 v gii hn xung quanh bi mt
tr c ng sinh song song vi z v ng chun l bin ca
Ta tnh th tch ca bng phng php gn ng
30
Su tm by hoangly85
Chia min D thnh n mnh ri nhau D1,D2,..,Dn c din tch S1, S2,.., Sn. Ly
mi mnh nh lm y dng hnh tr con c ng sinh song song vi Oz, mt pha
trn gii hn bi mt z = f(x,y).
Xt hnh tr con th i y l Di, Ly ty im i(xi,yi). ta c th tch hnh tr con
th i
Vi f(xi,yi). Si
Th tch gn ng ca :
Php xp x ny cng chnh xc nu n cng ln v cc mnh Di c ng knh cng

nh d(Di): ng knh ca Di )
Vy
II. CCH TNH TCH PHN KP

1. a v tch phn lp
Nu
th
31
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu
th
V d 1: Xc nh cn ca tch phn
ng
vi min D xc nh bi cc
y = 0, y = x, x = 2
y = 0, y = x2, x + y = 2
Gii:
C hai cch biu din D:
hoc
Do
C cch biu din D:
32
Su tm by hoangly85
V d 2: Tnh
, D gii hn bi cc ng y = x 4, y2 = 2x
Gii: Honh giao im
Do min D c biu din
Vy
2. i bin trong tch phn kp
a. i bin tng qut

Gi s x = x(u,v), y = y(u,v) l hai hm c o hm ring lin tc trn min
ng b chn Duv. Gi
Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn Dxy v nh thc acobi
trn Duv th ta c
33
Su tm by hoangly85
V d 3: Tnh
vi D gii hn bi cc ng
Gii: Cc ng thng vit li
t u = x + y, v = 2x y th
Vy
b. Tch phn kp trong ta cc

Cng thc lin h ta
x = r.cos
y = r.sin
Ta c
Do vy
V d 4: Tnh
, vi gii hn bi x 1)2 + y2 1, y 0
Gii:
34
Su tm by hoangly85
R rng
Thay x = rcos , y = rsin vo x 1)2 + y2 = 1, ta c r cos
Vy
Do
V d 5: Tnh
vi l hnh trn x2 + y2 R2.
Gii: Chuyn sang h ta cc ta c
Do
BI TP
1 -Tnh cc tch phn kp
a)
b)
c)
35
Su tm by hoangly85
d)
2-Tnh cc tch phn kp
a)
, D: 0 x 2; x2 y 2x
b)
, D: 0 x 2; -1 y 1
c)
, D: xy = 1; y =
;x=2
3- i th t bin ly tch phn
a)
b)
c)
d)
4- Tnh cc tnh phn
d)
e)
, D:
;y=0
, D: y = x;
;y=0
f)
, D: x2 + y2 1
g)
, D:
; a, b > 0
36
Su tm by hoangly85
h)
i)
, D:
, D: y = x + 1; y = x 3;
5-Tnh din tch min gii hn bi

j) D: y = x2; y = x + 2
k) D: y2 = x; y = 2x x2
l) D:
; x = 1; y = -1
m) D: y = 2x; y = -2x; y = 4
2 Tch phn bi 3
I. NH NGHA V TNH CHT
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s (x,y,z) xc nh trong min ng gii ni ca khng gian xyz
Chia min thnh n min nh c th tch l V1, Vn. Ly ty mt im
Mi(xi,yi,zi) trong min nh th i
Lp tng
Nu gii hn
: hu hn khng ph thuc vo cch chia min ,
v i, th (x,y,z) gi l kh tch trn min , v gi l tch phn bi ca hm
trn , k hiu
Tng t nh tch phn kp ta k hiu dxdydz thay cho dV v tch phn bi thng
vit
37
Su tm by hoangly85
Ch u (x,y,z) = 1 th
(th tch ca ).
2. Tnh cht
Nu
th
Nu (x,y,z) g(x,y,z) (x,y,z) th

Nu (x,y,z) lin tc trong min ng, b chn th tn ti im x0,y0,z0)
sao cho
(nh l v gi tr trung bnh
II. CCH TNH TCH PHN BI 3

1. Tch phn bi 3 trong h ta Descartes
Cho gii hn bi
Mt trn z 2(x,y)
Mt di z 1(x,y)
Xung quanh: mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc z v ng
chun l bin ca min thuc mt phng xy l hnh chiu ca
xung mt phng xy
Khi
38
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu min
th
V d 1: Cho min gii hn bi cc mt x y z x y z
Vit tch phn bi
theo cc th t
a). dxdydz
b). dxdzdy
c). dydzdx
Gii:
a). Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xy l min
Gii hn trn ca
Gii hn di ca
Vy
39
Su tm by hoangly85
b). Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xz l min
Gii hn trn ca
Gii hn di ca
Vy
c). Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng yz l
Gii hn trn ca l x -y-2z

Gii hn di ca l x
Vy
V d 2: Tnh
, l min gii hn bi cc mt
z = x2+y2; z = 4; x = 0; y = 0.
Gii:
40
Su tm by hoangly85
Hnh chiu ca min xung mt phng xy l
hnh trn
Mt trn ca z
Mt di ca zx2+y2.
Vy:
2. Tnh tch phn bi 3 trong h to tr
41
Su tm by hoangly85
To tr ca im xyz l b ba s rz vi r l to cc ca hnh chiu

ca xung mt phng xy nh v
Ta lun c r -z
Mi lin h gia to escartes v to tr
x = r cos
y = r sin
z=z
Ta c
V d 3: Tnh
vi l min gii hn bi z x2+y2; z = 4
Gii:
Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xy l hnh trn x2+y2
Chuyn sang to tr
42
Su tm by hoangly85
gii hn bi o r r2 z
Vy
3. Tnh tch phn bi 3 trong h to cu

To cu ca mt im xyz l b s r), vi r l gc gia trc
Oz v
, l gc gia trc x v
phng xy
, vi l hnh chiu ca xung mt
Ta c Vi mi im trong khng gian th r

Mi lin h gia to escartes v to cu
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
Cng thc tch phn trong h to cu
V d 1: Tnh
vi l min gii hn bi hai mt cu

x2+y2+z2 = 1; x2+y2+z2 = 4.
Chuyn sang h to cu ta c
Min xc nh bi r
Vy
43
Su tm by hoangly85
vi l min gii hn bi x2+y2+z2 z
V d 4: Tnh
Chuyn sang h ton cu ta c
Min xc nh bi r cos
; 0
Vy
3 ng dng ca tch phn bi

I. NG DNG HNH HC
1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
Din tch ca min trong mt phng xy
2. Th tch vt th
Vt th trong khng gian xyz l
Nu gii hn trn bi mt z f2(x,y) , gii hn di bi mt z f1(x,y) v gii hn

xung quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi z v c ng chun l bin
ca min trong mt phng xy th
nm trong mt cu x2+y2+z2 = 4
V d 1: Tnh th tch phn hnh nn

Gii:
44
Su tm by hoangly85
nm trong hnh cu x2+y2+z2
Gi l vt th hnh nn
Chuyn sang h to cu th
Min gii hn bi r
; 0
Vy
V d 2: Tnh th tch hnh cu c bn knh

Gii:
Ta c th tch hnh cu hnh cu
Hnh cu x2+y2+z2 2
Chuyn sang h to cu th
,
V min r
Vy
II. NG DNG C HC
45
Su tm by hoangly85
1. Tnh khi lng

a. Khi lng ca vt th c khi lng ring ti im x y z l fx y
z) th
b. Nu bn phng trong mt phng xy v c khi lng ring l fx y th

:
2. Momem qun tnh ca vt th vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) i vi
c. trc x
d. trc y
e. trc z
f. ng thng
t im x y z n
, r(x, y, z) l khong cch
g. Mt xy
h. Mt xz
i. Mt yz
j. Gc ta
3. Momen tnh ca vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) i vi
a) Mt xy
46
Su tm by hoangly85
b) Mt xz
c) Mt yz
4. Trng tm ca vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) l
BI TP
1- Tnh
vi
a) gii hn bi x y z
b) gii hn bi cc mt x y z x y z
2-Tnh
a)
, z x2 + y2; z = 4, x = 0, y = 0 (ly trong min x y
b)
, y x2, y + z = 1, z = 0.
3- Tnh
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
, z x2 + y2; x2 + y2 = 4; z = 0.
, x2 + z2 = 1, y = 0, y = 1.
, z = x2 + y2.
, gc phn tm th nht ca khi cu n v
, x2 + y2 + z2 = 2;
47
Su tm by hoangly85
f)
, x2 + y2 + z2 2, x
4-Tnh th tch vt gii hn bi

a) z = x2 + 3y2, z = 8 x2 y2
b) y + z = 2; x = 4 y2, cc mt phng ta nm trong gc phn tm th nht
c) x2 + y2 + z2 = 2z, x2 + y2 = z2.
d) z = 4 x2 y2, cc mt phng ta nm trong gc phn tm th nht
5- Tnh momen qun tnh i vi cc trc x y z ca khi ch nht ng cht
a) Tm ta trng tm ca vt th ng cht gii hn bi cc mt z x2 +

y2 + z2 = 4.
b) Tm ta trng tm ca na hnh cu x2 + y2 + z2 a2, z nu khi
lng ring ti mi im t l vi khong cch t im n gc ta
48
Su tm by hoangly85
CHNG III: TCH PHN NG V TCH PHN MT
I. TCH PHN NG LOI MT

1. nh ngha
Cho hm f xc nh trn cung hia cung
th nh n phn ty bi cc im
A = Ao < A1 < n t li l di cung ii-1 v trn cung ii-1 ly
mt im i ty i n
(Hnh
Lp tng
Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn khi n sao cho max{ li } 0 v i khng ph
thuc vo cch chia cc cung ii-1 v cch chn cc i th c gi l tch phn
ng loi ca f(M) trn cung
v c k hiu l
Vy
49
Su tm by hoangly85
Khi ta ni f l kh tch trn cung

Nu cung
thuc mt phng xy v f l hm theo bin fxy th dng k hiu
Trong khng gian xyz f l hm fxyz th dng k hiu

ngha thc t:
Xem 1 dy vt cht hnh dng v c mt khi lng l f ph thuc vo im
M trn dy th khi lng ca dy vt cht l
Tch phn ng loi c nhiu ng dng thc t c trnh by mc
2. nh l tn ti
Nu hm f lin tc dc theo cung trn
th tch phn ng loi tn ti
3. Cc tnh cht
Tch phn ng loi khng ph thuc hng ca cung ngha
l
Nu f g kh tch trn cung v k l hng s th kfg cng kh tch v
Nu f kh tch trn v l im trn cung

th
Nu f 0 kh tch trn th
50
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu f kh tch trn trn th
cng kh tch trn
v
Lu : Nu cung trn tng khc ngha l cung c th chia thnh s hu
hn cung trn v f lin tc trn cung th nh l tn ti v cc tnh cht nu
trn vn ng
4. nh l (v gi tr trung bnh)
Nu f lin tc trn cung trn c di hi tn ti im
thuc cung
AB tha
5. Cng thc tnh tch phnng loi 1 trn mt phng
a) Cung
c phng trnh tham s :
Cho hm s fxy lin tc trn cung trn

tham s
, v cung
c phng trnh
Chia [a,b] thnh n on bi cc im

a = to < t1< . tn b
Khi cung c chia tng ng thnh n cung bi cc im kxtk
y(tk)), k= 0,1,2n Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c
Ly im gia kxtk ytk th c tng tch phn
51
Su tm by hoangly85
V phi l tng tch phn xc nh khi qua gii hn ta c
b) Cung
c phng trnh: y = y(x), a x b :
Khi t cng thc trn ta c
c) Cung AB c phng trnh ta cc
Nu xem l tham s ta c
Vy
6. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi 1 trong khng gian

Cho hm s fxy z lin tc trn cung trn trong khng gian ung
phng trnh tham s
Hon ton tng t nh phn a ta c
7. Cc th d
52
Su tm by hoangly85
a) Th d 1: Tnh
A(1,0), B(0,1)
Vi l ng cc cnh tam gic c nh
(Hnh
Ta c
Trn
: y=0, dl = dx nn
Trn
: x=0, dl = dy nn
Trn
: y= 1-x
Vy
53
Su tm by hoangly85
b) Th d 2: Tnh
Vi l ng cong c phng trnh
S dng ta cc
Vy
c) Th d 3: Tnh
0 t 3
Vi cung
c phng trnh x acost y asint z bt
Xem t l tham s ta c
d) Th d 4:
Tnh
vi ng l phn trong gc ta th nht ca giao tuyn
gia mt araboloid elliptic c phng trnh z - x2-2y2 v mt tr parabolic
z = x2 t im n
Dng tham s t x th ta c
54
Su tm by hoangly85
V nm trong gc ta th nht nn ta c phng trnh tham s sau
Do
Vy
8. ng dng ca tch phn ng loi 1

a). Khi lng 1 cung:
Gi s cung vt cht chiu di c khi lng ring ph thuc im trn
dy cung l (M). Khi vi cung nh ii+1, c
Vy
Qua gii hn ta c
b). Moment tnh (moment thu nht), trng tm cung phng :

Cho 1 cung phng
thuc mt phng xy c khi lng ring ph thuc
im xy trn dy cung l (x,y). Theo nh ngha moment trong c hc
55
Su tm by hoangly85
ta c cng thc moment ca cung

l y l
i vi trc x l x v i vi trc y
T trng tm khi lng ca cung c xc nh bi
Nu cung
l ng cht (x,y) = hng s th .L (L l chiu di
cung AB), v ta trng tm s l
Cng nh rng khi cung

khng ct trc x v quay quanh trc x th
din tch mt trn xoay do cung phng to ra l
T cng thc to trng tm c
Th d 5: Tm trng tm ca na trn vng trn tm bn knh

Gii Xt na vng trn tm o tnh i xng nn trng tm xy phi
nm trn trc y
). Khi na vng trn quay quanh trc x ta c
qu cu c din tch mt cu l S R2, v di na cung trn l
R. Vy trng tm c tung l
c). Moment tnh (moment th nht), trng tm cung trong khng gian:
56
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu cung
trong khng gian vi khi lng ring l (x,y,z) th tng t
trng hp phng ta c khi lng cung v cc moment tnh cung i vi
cc mt ta xy xz yz l
V trng tm khi lng ca cung
c cng thc
Nu cung ng cht =hng s th
Th d 6: Cho na vng trn bng thp t trong mt phng y0z c phng

trnh y2 + z2 = 1, z 0. Bit khi lng ring l (x,y,z) = 2 z. Hy tm khi
lng v trng tm ca na vng trn
(Hnh
Do na vng trn nm trong mt phng yz nn trng tm c x Ngoi ra do
i xng v c khi lng phn b i xng i qua trc z nn trng tm c
y=0. Phng trnh tham s ca na vng trn l x y cos t z sin t
t
Vy
57
Su tm by hoangly85
d). Moment qun tnh (moment th hai)

Ta c cng thc moment qun tnh cung
vi cc trc to l
vi khi lng ring (x,y,z) i
Tng qut moment qun tnh i vi ng thng c tnh bi
Vi rxyz khong cch t im M(x,y,z) n ng thng

Khi cung
l cung phng ta c cc khi nim v cng thc tng t
e). Din tch mt tr

Cho mt cung
trong khng gian vi z 0 c hnh chiu vung gc xung
mt phng xy l cung
Xem mt tr vi ng sinh song song trc z,
ng chun gii hn trn cung gii hn di bi cung gii hn
2 bn bi cc ng thng
58
Su tm by hoangly85
(Hnh
Gi s cung c phng trnh z f AB

Chia cung AB thnh n phn bi cc im o 1, n
Khi mt tr cng c chia tng ng thnh n mt tr nh v mt tr th i
vi y l cung ii+1 c din tch c tnh gn ng din tch hnh ch nht
c y l i = AiAi+1 chiu cao fk vi k AiAi+1 l Si i x f(Mi).
Khi din tch mt tr c din tch tnh gn ng l
Qua gii hn ta c
Th d 7: Tnh din tch phn mt tr x2 + y2 = R2 nm gia mt z v
z=
gc x 0 , y 0.
Gii: Do mt tr gii hn trn bi ng cong z

, gii hn di bi
vng trn x2 + y2 = R2 trong mt phng xy nn n c phng trnh X cos
t, y = Rsin t , 0 t /2
Vy
Ta c
59
Su tm by hoangly85
II. TCH PHN NG LOI HAI

1. nh ngha tch phn ng loi hai trong mt phng
Cho 2 hm xy xy xc nh trn cung
thuc mt phng xy hia cung
th nh n phn ty bi cc im o 1 < n vi ixiyi Trn
mi cung AiAi+1 ly mt im i xi yi ty v i n v t xi = x i+1
xi , yi = yi+1 yi
Lp tng
Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn khi n sao cho max{ li } 0 vi li l di
cung AiAi+1 v khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung on ii-1 v cch chn cc
Mi, th c gi l tch phn ng loi ca f trn cung v c k hiu
l
Vy
2. nh l
Nu cc hm xy xy lin tc trong mt min m cha cung trn tng
khc th tch phn ng loi
lun tn ti
3. Tnh cht
a). Do khi i hng cung
thnh
th trong tng tch phn cc xi = x i+1 xi ,
yi = yi+1 yi c thay bng - xi , -yi nn tch phn ng loi b i du Ta
c
60
Su tm by hoangly85
Do khi ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn ta quy c hng dng trn

l hng m khi i dc trn th min b chn bi nm pha bn tri ng ngc
li l hng m Tch phn theo hng dng c k hiu l
(hnh
b). Nu xy xy kh tch trn cung

,
, v cung
c chia thnh cung
th cng kh tch trn cung v ta c :
4. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi 2 trn mt phng

a). Cung AB c phng trnh tham s :
Cho hm s xy xy lin tc trong min m cha cung trn
. Cung
c
phng trnh tham s xxt y yt a t b, t=a ng vi im v t b ng vi
im
T nh ngha c th coi tch phn

(gii hn ca tch phn sau
l tng ca tch phn ring bit
61
Su tm by hoangly85
Chia [a,b] thnh n on bi cc im a to t1 < tn b hi cung

c chia tng ng thnh n cung bi cc im kxtk ytk kn Theo
nh l agrange ta c
tha
Ly im gia kxtk ytk th c
Tng t c
Nh vy cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi c tnh thng qua tch phn xc
nh
Nu cung
c phng trnh yyx a t b th ta c
Ch : Cc cng thc trn vn ng khi cung
trn tng khc
5. Bi ton c hc dn ti tch phn ng loi 2: cng do mt lc sinh ra trn

mt cung
Xt bi ton tm cng do lc
Nu lc
sinh ra dc theo cung
khng i th cng c bit l
Trong trng hp tng qut chia cung
bi cc im o 1 < n
B. Trn mi cung ii-1 ly mt im i
ty vi i n u cung
AiAi+1 kh b th c th xp x l on thng ii+1 v lc
62
l khng i xp x
Su tm by hoangly85
bi
. Khi cng sinh ra trn cung ii+1 c xp x bi

. Khi c ii+1 = xi
+ yi.
v i ii-1 = P(x,y)
xi + Q(x,y).yi
V nh vy cng sinh ra trn cung c xp x bi tng
Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn khi n sao cho max{ li } 0 vi li l di

cung AiAi-1 v khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung on ii-1 v cch chn cc i
th c gi l tch phn ng loi ca f trn cung v c k hiu l
V phi chnh l tng tch phn ng loi ca cc hm s xy xy dc theo

cung AB. Qua gii hn ta c
T bi ton ny tch phn ng loi cn gi l tch phn cng d rng cn nhiu

bi ton thc t cng dn ti vic tm gii hn v dn ti vic tnh tch phn ng
loi
6. Mt s th d tch phn ng loi 2
Th d 1: Tnh tch phn ng loi

AB l ng
vi ung
a). on thng c phng trnh y x x 1.

b). ng arabol y x2.
Gii:
a). Vi y x x 1 th
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Su tm by hoangly85
b). Vi y x2 , 0 x 1 th
V d ny cho thy tch phn ng loi ni chung ph thuc vo cc im u v

cui m cn ph thuc vo ng ni im u v cui
Th d 2: Tnh tch phn ng loi

vi l vng trn tm
bn knh c phng trnh xcost ysint t 2
Vy
Th d 3: Tnh cng sinh bi lc
y = t2, 0 t 1
dc theo cung
: x = t,
Ta c cng sinh ra
7. Tch phn ng loi 2 trong khng gian

Cho hm s xyz xyz xyz lin tc trong min m cha cung trn
th tng t nh trn mt phng ta c nh ngha tch phn ng loi hai trong
khng gian
Nu cung
c phng trnh xxt y yt z zt a t b, t=a ng vi im
v t b ng vi im v cc o hm lin tc do cung trn th ta c cng
thc tnh
64
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Cng sinh ra do lc
dc theo cung
c tnh bi
Th d 4: Tnh tch phn cc hm z x y dc theo cung

trnh x cos t y sin t z = 3t , 0 t 2
c phng
8. Lin h gia 2 loi tch phn ng loi 1 v loi 2

Gi s cung c phng trnh tham s xxt y yt z zt a t b, vi t l
di cung c vect
l vect php tuyn
n v hi nu gi , , l cc gc ca v i vi cc trc ta x y z
tng ng th
xt cos , yt cos , zt cos
Vy tch phn ng loi hai c tnh bng
65
Su tm by hoangly85
9. Tch phn ng khng ph thuc tham s ca cung ly tch phn.

Gi s cung c phng trnh tham s rt xt i yt j zt z a t b, t=a
ng vi im v t b ng vi im goi ra c hm s t (s) lin h gia hai
tham s t s vi s , a= ( ), b= ( ). Lc cung c phng trnh tham
s s l s r( (s) ).
Vy tch phn ng loi hai ca vect theo cung c tnh bi cng thc
iu ny cho thy tch phn ng khng ph thuc tham s ca cung ly tch phn
III. CNG THC GREEN

1. nh L Green
Cho D l min ng gii ni trong mt phng xy v l ng cong trn tng khc
Cc hm xy xy v cc o hm ring ca chng lin tc trong min m cha
D. Khi cng thc reen sau
Trong tch phn ng loi v tri ly theo hng dng

Ch : Chu tuyn c th bao gm nhiu chu tuyn hi min
gi l a lin v mi min trong chu tuyn i gi l thnh phn lin thng in
gi l n lin nu ch c thnh phn lin thng
66
Su tm by hoangly85
(hnh a n lin
(hnh b a lin
Th d 1: Vi xy x y ; Q(x,y) = x. Vi l hnh trn tm bn knh
Bin c phng trnh xcost ysint t 2 .
Khi
67
Su tm by hoangly85
2. ng dng nh L Green tnh din tch phng

Trong cng thc reen ly -y, Q= x, ta c
Vy din tch min bin l
Th d 2: Tnh din tch hnh llipse

Ta bit bin hnh llipse l ng llip phng trnh x acost y bsint t 2
Theo cng thc reen c
Th d 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng bng tch phn ng trong ta cc

Ta c x r ) cos ; y= r( ) sin
Nn dx dr ) cos - r( ) sin d ; dy= dr ) sin - r( ) sin d
Khi t cng thc reen din tch min l
IV. IU KIN TCH PHN NG LOI 2 KHNG PH

THUC NG LY TCH PHN
Th d cho thy tch phn ng loi hai
khng nhng ph thuc vo
cc im m cn ph thuc vo cung ni im nh l sau cho bit iu
kin tch phn ng loi hai ch ph thuc vo cc im u im cui v khng
ph thuc vo cc cung ni im
68
Su tm by hoangly85
1. nh l 1
Cho cc hm xy xy v cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc trong
mt min m n lin c mnh sau l tng ng
i) Tch phn
khng ph thuc ng trn tng khc ni
ii) Tn ti hm Uxy sao cho biu thc xydx xydy l vi phn ton
phn ca U ngha l dU xydx xydy
iii)
vi)
trong D
vi mi chu tuyn kn trn tng khc trong
Lu : nh l ny khng th pht trin cho min a lin Th d ta ly l min nh

lin hnh vnh khn nm gia hai vng trn ng tm bn knh 1, R2. Xt tich
phn
Ly im v xem cung ni chng l 1, C2 nh hnh
(Hnh
Ta c -C2 ). Trong min ta c

ca nh l
tha iii
Nhng
69
Su tm by hoangly85
C ngha l tch phn ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn

2. Cch tnh tch phn ca nh l 1
a). Gi s xy (x,y) tha nh l vy tch phn
ch ph thuc
v nn c th vit n di dng
Gi s x0,y0) B(x1,y1). Khi c th tnh tch phn ng loi theo ng n
gin nht ni im l cc ng gp khc song song vi cc trc ta th d
ly x1,y0) v ly theo ng
(Hnh
Khi
Th d 1: Tnh
Ta c y x
trong ton mt phng xy Theo gi trn ta c
70
Su tm by hoangly85
Th d 2: Tnh
Theo ng khng ct ng thng xy ta c
Vy theo gi trn ta c
b). Nu tho nh l v nu tm c hm U tha dU dx dy th
ta c
Tht vy , gi s cung c phng trnh xxt yyt a t b. Khi y ta

c
Th d 3: Tnh
Ta nhn thy xdy ydx dxy Vy theo nhn xt trn ta c
Th d 4: Tnh
Ta c
71
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy
3. Tch phn ng loi 2 trong khng gian

Trong khng gian tng t nh l ta c
3.1 nh L 2 :
Cho cc hm xyz xyz xyz v cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin
tc trong mt min m n lin c mnh sau l tng ng
i) Tch phn
D ni
khng ph thuc ng trn tng khc trong
ii) Tn ti hm Uxyz sao cho biu thc xyzdx xyzdy

R(x,y,z)dz l vi phn ton phn ca U ngha l
dU = P(x,y,z)dx + Q(x,y,z)dy + R(x,y,z)dz
iii) Trong D ta c
vi)
vi mi chu tuyn kn trn tng khc trong
Ch :
Khi P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) tha nh l v tm c U tha trong iu
kin iii th khi ta c
Nu cha bit hm Uxyz th tch phn ng c th tnh theo cc ng

gp khc song song cc trc ta i s c im x0,y0, z0), B(x1,y1,z1) th
ly thm im x1,y0, z0), D(x1,y1,z0)
72
Su tm by hoangly85
(hnh
v khi ta c
Th d 5: Tnh
Ta c yzdx xzdy xydz dxyz
Vy
Th d 6: Tnh
Ta c cc hm excosy yx yz - exsiny, R = xy+z tha iu kin iii
ca nh l v
Nh th p dng nh l tn ti hm U sao cho

Ux = y, Uy = x, Uz = 4
73
Su tm by hoangly85
T Ux = y -> U(x,y,z) = yx+ f(y,z)

Cng vi Uy = x c Uy = x + fy x -> fy = 0
f khng ph thuc vo y -> f= h(z) -> U(x,y,z) = yz+h(z)
cng vi Uz = 4 hz h(z) =4z+ C
Vy Uxyz yx z
V nghim U phi tha dU
yx + 4z = C
V. TCH PHN MT LOI 1

1. nh ngha
Cho hm s fxyz xc nh trn mt S hia S thnh n mt con S1, S2, Sn
khng chng ln nhau v din tch tng ng ca cc mt con cng k hiu l S1,
S2, Sn . Trong mi mt Si ly mt im ixi yi zi bt k p tng tch
phn
Khi cho max {d( Si) } -> 0 (d( Si) : ng knh ca mt Si ), nu tng tch phn
Sn tin ti gi tr hu hn khng ph thuc cch chia mt S v cch ly cc im i
th gii hn gi l tch phn mt loi cn gi l tch phn mt theo din tch ca
hm fxyz trn mt S v k hiu
Khi ta ni f kh tch trn S

Mt S c gi l mt trn nu hm vect php tuyn
lin tc v khc
trn S chng minh c rng nu fxyz lin tc trn mt cong trn S th tch
phn mt loi ca fxyz trn S tn ti
2. Tnh cht
T nh ngha ta c cc tnh cht sau
74
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Nu f g kh tch trn S th kfg cng kh tch trn S v
Nu S c thnh phn S S1+S2 th
Din tch mt S c tnh l :

3. Cch tnh tch phn mt loi 1
Gi s mt S c phng trnh z zxy vi hm zxy lin tc v c cc o hm
ring lin tc trong min m cha hnh chiu ca S xung mt phng xy Ta tnh
gn ng Si bng mnh phng tip xc tng ng chng ta c
Trong Di l din t ch hnh chiu ca Si xung mt phng xy h vy ta c

tng tch phn mt loi l
V phi l tng tch phn kp khi qua gii hn ta c
Nh vy tch phn mt loi c biu din dng tch phn kp trn hnh chiu
Khi ly f ta li c cng thc tnh din tch mt cong chng
Th d 1: Tnh
S l mt bin vt th : x2+y2 z 1
Vt th l hnh nn nn S bao gm mt S S S trong S mt

nn S mt y ca hnh nn tuy nhin S S cng c hnh chiu l mt
trn x2 + y2 1. V th ta c
Vi mt nn S z
75
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Vi mt y S z ds dxdy cho nn
Vy
Th d 2: Tnh
S l cc mt hnh lp phng x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1
(Hnh
Do S l mt ca hnh lp phng nhng xyz trn mt nm trn mt
phng ta xy xz yz nn ta ch cn tch phn trn cc mt a b c trn
(hnh
Mt a z hnh vung x,y 1 trong mt xy nn
Tng t ta c
76
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy
4. ng dng ca tch phn mt loi 1
Cho mt S c khi lng ring theo din tch l (x,y,z) ti im xyz hi
Khi lng ca mt S l
Moment tnh i vi cc mt ta ca mt S l
Tm khi lng ca mt S l im c ta
Moment qun tnh i vi trc x y z vi gc v ng thng l
Trong rxyz l khong cch t im xyz ti ng thng .

Th d 3: Tm trng tm ca na mt cu tm bn knh a vi khi lng
ring = hng s
77
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Gi xyz l trng tm ca na mt cu tm bn knh a hi c

phng trnh mt cu l S x y z a z 0. Do tnh i xng nn x y
=0. ta ch cn tnh z theo cng thc
S l din tch na mt cu bn knh a S a2 , v l hnh trn bn knh a hnh

chiu ca mt cu trn mt phng xy
Trng tm c ta
VI. TCH PHN MT LOI 2

1. nh ngha mt nh hng
Xem mt cong S l tp hp cc im xyz tha phng trnh xyz
Mt S gi l mt trn khi v ch khi hm xyz c cc o hm ring x, Fy, Fz
lin tc v khng ng thi bng khng hay ni khc l vect radien F(x,y,z) =
(Fx, Fy, Fz) lin tc v khc trn mt S
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Trong trng hp mt S c phng trnh tham s

x=x(u,v) , y=y(u,v) , z=z(u,v)
Xt vect r ruv xuv i yuv j zuv k
Khi mt S gi l trn nu hm ruv kh vi lin tc tc l tn ti cc o hm
ring ru, rv lin tc v tch ru rv 0
rng mt cong S thng cho bi phng trnh z fxy
y l trng hp ring ca dng F(x,y,z) = f(x,y) z = 0 c
F(x,y,z) = (fx, fy , -1)
Hoc cng c th xem l trng hp ring ca phng trnh tham s
x= x , y=y, z= f(x,y) c rx = (1,0,fx) , ry = (0,1,fy) v rx ry
= (-fx, -fy , 1)
V khi mt S l mt trn khi v ch khi cc o hm ring fx fy lin tc v cc
vect F(x,y,z), rx ry lun khc
Mt trn S gi l mt nh hng c hay l mt hai pha nu ti mi im ca S
xc nh c mt vect php tuyn n v
S. Lu rng vect php tuyn n v c th l
vect xc nh th d chn
php tuyn n v
, v hm vect
,-
, v th khi chn
th ta ni nh hng mt S t S vi vect
chn c gi l mt nh hung v
php tuyn dng ng vi

pha m khi ng vect
m
l lin tc trn
gi l vect
chn ta c pha dng tng ng ca mt S l

hng t chn ti u ha ngc li gi l pha
Nh vy mt mt nh hng l mt trn xc nh trng vect php tuyn n v

, v n lun c pha hi khng ni r th hiu l cp ti pha dng ca
mt hi mt S khng kn ni n hng chn ca mt ta s ni pha trn
(hng dng v pha di hng m hi mt S kn ni n hng chn
ca mt ta s ni pha trong hng dng v pha ngoi hng m
Mt mt S nh hng th cng xc nh c lun hng cc ng cong bin ca
n l hng m khi ta ng pha dng ca mt v i theo ng cong th S
lun bn tri nh cho thy mt S nh hng c hai ng bin vi
hng c xc nh
79
Su tm by hoangly85
(Hnh
Cng lu c nhng mt khng th nh hng c th d l obius obius
c th to ra bng cch ly mt hnh ch nht bng giy sau vn cong
hnh ch nht cnh gip vi cnh gip gip hi nu ly
vect php tuyn n ti im trn mt l v cho n di chuyn theo l khng
qua bin i mt vng v quay v im ban u th
c hng ngc vi lc
bt u di chuyn Vi mt nh hng th ti im khng th c vect php tuyn
ngc hng V th l obius khng th l mt nh hng m ch l mt mt pha
(Hnh
Ta c th m rng khi nim mt nh hng ra trng hp S trn tng khc
Mt trn tng khc gi l mt nh hng c nu c thnh phn trn ca S ni
vi nhau dc ng bin th c nh hng bin ngc nhau hi cc vect
php tuyn
hai thnh phn lin nhau s ch cng v pha ca mt S Th d hnh
80
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lp phng gm mt trn ni theo cc cnh t c nh hng dng l mt

ngoi nu n v cc cnh nh hng theo tng mt
(Hnh
2. nh ngha tch phn mt loi 2

Cho cc hm xyz xyz xyz xc nh trn mt nh hng S c vect
php tuyn n v
(cos , cos , cos ).
Tch phn mt loi
c gi l tch phn mt loi ca cc hm trn mt nh hng S Tch phn

trn c k hiu
3. Cch tnh tch phn mt loi 2: a v tch phn kp
Gi s cn tnh tch phn
(1)
Trong S l mt cong c phng trnh zzxy trn hoc trn tng khc vi vect
php tuyn nh hng pha trn pha trn mt cong to vi hng dng trc z
gc nhn
Do v phi ca l gii hn ca tng tch phn mt loi
81
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(2)
Ta cng bit chng
(3)
Vi Si : din tch mnh cong Si , Di l din tch hnh chiu mnh cong Si
xung mt phng xy, th vect php tuyn to vi trc z gc nhn nn cos i >0 v
Di ly du dng Thay vo v qua gii hn ta c
Trong l hnh chiu ca S xung mt phng xy

Nu i hng mt S tc cos i < 0 v Di ly du m th
Tng t ta c
Trong 1, D2 l cc hnh chiu ca S xung cc mt phng yz xz tng ng chn

du hay du ty theo gc v l gc nhn hay gc t
Lu : T cng thc 2) thy rng nu mt S l phn mt tr c cc ng sinh
song song trc z th do cos i = 0 , dn ti
Th d 1: Tnh
0, y 0, 0 z b
vi S mt pha ngoi gii hn vt th x2 + y2 R2, x
82
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(Hnh
Mt S c hia thnh mt hai y S S hai mt bn SS nm trong cc
mt phng xz y yz x tng ng v mt tr cong S
Ta c
Ba tch phn cui cng v l cc mt tr c ng sinh song song trc z
Trn mt S1 , do z= 0, nn
Trn mt S2 , do z=h, nn
Vy
Th d 2: Tnh
x2 + y2 + z2 = R2, z 0
vi S mt pha ngoi ca na mt cu
Ta c
83
Su tm by hoangly85
Trong S S1 + S2 v S1 l phn ng vi y 0, S2 l phn ng vi y 0.

Lu rng khi chuyn v tch phn kp theo na hnh trn trong mt phng xz
th tch phn :
ly du dng v
ly du m hm di du tch phn li
l hm chn nn
Tng t ta c 2 =
Vy
Th d 3: Tnh
vi S mt pha ngoi ca mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
Gi S1 , S2 l cc na mt cu ng vi z 0 v z 0.
Trn S1 ta c
Trn S2 ta c
v khi a v tch phn kp th ly du m
(do vect php tuyn hng xung di nn
84
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy
VII. LIN H GIA TCH PHN KP V TCH PHN NG

LOI HAI: NH L STOKES
Cng thc reen cho ta mi lin h gia tch phn kp v tch phn ng loi hai
trn ng bin ca min ly tch phn ng thc Stokes di y l s m rng
cng thc reen cho trng hp min l mt cong trong khng gian
1. nh l Stokes
Cho mt nh hng S trn tng khc vi bin l chu tuyn trn tng khc v
khng t ct chu tuyn n gin i s l cc hm c cc o hm ring
cp mt lin tc trong mt min m cha S hi ta c
Trong hng ca chu tuyn c ly theo hng dng ng vi mt nh hng

S.
Ch : Cng thc Stokes thng dng dng lin h gia tch phn ng loi hai
v tch phn mt loi mt
vi
: vect php tuyn n v ng vi gi ca mt cong S
2. Th d
85
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Tnh tch phn

vi l ng trn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
v mt phng x y z theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h nu nhn t hng
dng ca trc x
Gi S l hnh trn vi bin l ng trn Theo nh l Stokes ta c
cos , cos , cos : l cc cosin ch hng ca vect php tuyn n ca mt phng x

y + z = 0. Ta c
Vy
VIII. CNG THC CHUYN TCH PHN BI BA V TCH

PHN MT THEO BIN : NH L GAUSS OSTROGRATSKI
nh l sau y cho ta cng thc chuyn tch phn bi ba v tch phn mt theo mt
bin ng thc ny c nhiu ng dng trong thc tin tnh ton
1. nh l Gauss Ostrogratski
Cho l min ng b chn trong khng gian vi bin l mt S trn tng khc S c
th chia thnh hu hn mt trn ho c cc o hm ring cp mt lin tc
trong min m cha . Khi ta c cng thc auss-Ostrogratski:
Lu : Nh cng thc auss Ostrogratski, ta c th tnh th tnh bng cch tnh tch
phn mt nu ly x y z hi cng thc trn tr thnh
Vy
Vi S l mt bn ca ly theo pha ngoi
86
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2. Th d
Tnh tch phn

x2 + y2 + z2 = R2 .
Trong S l pha ngoi mt cu
Theo nh l auss Ostrogratski, ta c
Chuyn qua ta cu ta c
BI TP CHNG 3
I. Tch phn ng loi 1
Tnh cc tch phn ng loi
gc
C : cung ca
ni v
6) Tnh tch phn ng ca fxyz x

v theo cc ng sau
87
-z2 theo cung ni im
Su tm by hoangly85
7) Tnh
8) Cho
C
Hy tnh khi lng cung
9) Cho cung
Tmtrng tm
10) Cho
Tmtrng tm
11) Cho C: x2+y2 = a2 trong mt phng xy = const. Tm mmen qun tnh
i vi z
12) Cho
trong mt phng yz = const.
Tm mmen qun tnh i vi cc trc ta
13) Tm di cung x aet cos t , y = aet sint, z = aet t n
B(a,0,a)
(Hng dn ng vi t1 = -
, B vi t2 = 0 )
14) Tm trng tm ca cung x at-sint), y = a(1-cost) 0 t , = const
II. Tch phn ng loi 2

Tnh cc tch phn ng loi sau y
theo ng thng ni n
: ng gp khc ni
88
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phn parabol y x x2 nm trn trc x v theo

chiu kim ng h
: Chu tuyn gii hn bi y2 = x, x2 = y, Theo chiu ngc

chiu kim ng h
: cung ni v -1,0) theo cc ng sau

Na trn vng trn x2 + y2 = 1
ng thng ni
ng gp khc t qua -1) n
: giao ca y x2 v z x t im n
cung ca vng trn tm bn knh r nm gc ngc

chiu kim ng h
III. Tnh cng sinh ra bi lc
dc theo ng c phng trnh
89
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IV. Cng thc Green

Tnh cc tch phn
C : l bin tam gic xc nh bi x y x y
l bin t gic vi nh -1,0), D(0,1)
C: bin min gii hn y x2 v y
6) Cho f(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc v
Chng minh
vi mi chu tuyn s dng c cng thc
Green
V. ng dng Cng thc Green tnh din tch min phng
2) D gii hn bi y x y x2 gc
3) D: gii hn bi y x
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4) Cho S l din tch min l honh trng tm min gii hn bi

ng cong n gin trn tng khc hng minh rng
5) Cho Iy mmen qun tnh i vi trc y ca min trong bi hng

minh:
VI. Tch phn khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn

Tnh cc tch phn ng loi sau y
Tnh dc theo on thng ni v
8) Kim tra cc biu thc sau c phi l vi phn ton phn u ng l vi

phn ton phn ca hm U th hy tm U
91
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VII. Tch phn mt loi 1

1) Tnh din tch mt parablit x2 + y2 z = 0 ct bi z
2) Tnh din tch phn mt phng x + 2y + 2z = 5 ct bi x y2 v x - y2
3) Tnh din tch phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 ct bi nn
4) Tnh din tch phn mt parablit x2 + y + x2 = t ct bi mt phng y
5) Tnh
S : mt bin ca lp phng x,y,z a
6) Tnh
S : mt bin ca hnh hp x a , 0 y b , 0 z c
7) Tnh
tm th nht
8) Tnh
= 0, x = 1, z = 0
S : phn mt phng xyz nm gc phn
S : phn mt parablit y2 + 4z =16 ct bi mt phng x
9) Tm trng tm ca mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 nm gc
10) Tm trng tm ca phn mt y2 + z2 = 9, z 0 ct bi x x
11) Tm trng tm v mmen qun tnh i vi trc z ca mt x2 + y2 - z2 = 0
ct bi z z
12) Tm mmen qun tnh z ca mt x2 + 4y2 - z2 =0, z 0 ct bi x2 + y2 =
2x
VIII. Tch phn mt loi 2
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S : mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 gc phn t th pha ngoi
1) Tnh
2) Tnh
S : ging bi
3) Tnh
S:ging bi
S : phn mt z y2 gii hn bi x
4) Tnh
0,x = 1,z = 0 (pha trong
5) Tnh
bi x yz a
S : mt ngoi hnh lp phng cho
6) Tnh
ct bi z phn z
S : pha ngoi ca mt chm cu x2+y2+z2
IX. nh l Stokes
1) Tnh
ngc chiu kim ng h
C: x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 Nhn t gc theo chiu
2) Tnh
Nhn t hng dng trc x ngc chiu kim ng h
3) Tnh
C:
Nhn t hng dng trc z ngc chiu kim ng h
93
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4) Tnh
C : ng bin ca tam gic vi cc nh
(0,1,0),(0,0,1) nhn t gc ngc chiu kim ng h
5) Tnh
6) Tnh
kim ng h
C : nh bi
C : x2 + y2 = 1, z = 1 Nhn t gc ngc chiu
7) Tnh
chiu kim ng h
C: x2 + y2 = 1, z = y+1 nhn t gc ngc
8) Tnh
chiu kim ng h
x2 + y2 + z2 = 6z, z = x 3 nhn t gc ngc
9) Tnh
C : bin ca tam gic vi cc nh
(2,0,0), (0,3,0), (0,0,6) nhn t gc ngc chiu kim ng h
10) Tnh
chiu kim ng h
11) Tnh
chiu kim ng h
C: x2 + y2 + z2 = a2,z = y2 nhn t gc ngc
C: x2 + y2 = 1, z = y2 Nhn t gc ngc
X. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogratski

Tnh cc tch phn mt loi sau
1)
lp phng -1 x y z
2)
4, 0 z x2 + y2
S : pha ngoi mt bin hnh
S : Pha ngoi ca mt bin ca
3)
gc pha ngoi
: x2 + y2
S : phn mt cu tm bn knh
94
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4)
S - bin ca min
2
2
nm gc gii hn bi x +y = 4 , z = 3 , pha ngoi
5)
S : bin ca
:1
pha ngoi
6)
S : bin ca
:1
S : bin ca
:1
pha ngoi
7)
pha ngoi
8)
, pha ngoi tnh bng cng thc
Gauss-Ostrogratski v bng cch tnh trc tip
95
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CHNG IV: PHNG TRNH VI PHN
I. KHI NIM V PHNG TRNH VI PHN

1. Khi nim
Trong ton hc phng trnh vi phn l mt chuyn ngnh pht trin c tm quan
trng v c nhiu ng dng thc t trong cc lnh vc khoa hc k thut kinh t
lm quen vi khi nim phng trnh vi phn ta xem mt s bi ton dn ti vic thit
lp phng trnh vi phn di y
2. Mt s bi ton dn ti phng trnh vi phn
Th d 1: Cho mt vt khi lng m ri t do trong khng kh i s sc cn
khng kh t l vi vn tc ri l vt vo thi thi im t vi h s t l l k Tm
v(t).
Ta c khi vt ri th lc tc dng ln vt gm c lc ht ca tri t l mg v
lc cn ca khng kh l kvt o theo nh lut ewton ta c ma
vi a l gia tc ca vt ri gha l ta c phng trnh
hay
y l phng trnh vi phn tm hm vt
Th d 2: Cho mt thanh kim loi c nung nng n nhit o, v c t

trong 1 mi trng rng vi nhit khng i l o (v nhit ta ra t thanh
kim loi khng lm thay i nhit mi trng Tm Tt l nhit thanh kim loi
ti thi im t
Theo quy lut ewton tc gim nhit ca thanh kim loi

) t l vi
hiu nhit ca vt th Tt v nhit mi trng o. Do ta c Tt k( T(t) 30o )
y l phng trnh vi phn tm hm Tt trong k l h s t l v
T(0) = 300 l iu kin ban u ca bi ton
Th d 3: Tm phng trnh y fx ca mt ng cong bit rng tip tuyn ti
mi im s ct trc tung ti im khc c tung bng hai ln tung tip im
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Bit rng phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong y fx ti im oxo yo

ti c dng y- yo = f xox - xo )
Giao im ca tip tuyn vi trc tung x c tung l
y1 = yo - fxo xo
Theo gi thit c y1 = 2 yo, t c phng trnh yo fxo xo
Vi im oxo yo l bt k nn ta c phng trnh vi phn

3. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn Nghim, nghim tng qut, nghim
ring, nghim k d ca phng trnh.
3.1 nh ngha c bn phng trnh vi phn

Phng trnh vi phn thng gi tt phng trnh vi phn l biu thc lin h gia
mt bin c lp hm phi tm v cc o hm ca n
Nu phng trnh cha nhiu bin c lp cng vi hm ca cc bin ny cn phi
tm v cc o hm ring ca hm theo cc bin th ta gi l phng trnh vi phn
o hm ring gi tt phng trnh o hm ring
Trong chng ny ta ch xt cc phng trnh vi phn thng p hay bc ca
phng trnh vi phn l cp cao nht ca o hm c trong phng trnh Th d cc
phng trnh trong cc bi ton cc th d l cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt
Tng qut phng trnh vi phn cp mt c dng
F(x,y,y
hay y fxy
Trong l hm c lp theo bin v f l hm c lp theo bin
Mt cch tng qut phng trnh vi phn cp n c dng
F(x,y,y y(n) )=0
hoc y(n) = f(x,y,yy(n-1) )
Th d 4:
a) Cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh vi phn cp xy2 + siny = 0
b) Cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh vi phn cp y y xy sinx
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3.2. Nghim - nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn

3.2.1. Nghim:
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn l mt hm y (x) ( hoc dng (x,y) = 0 ) m
khi thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c mt ng nht thc hi th ca y
(x) trong mt phng c gi l ng cong tch phn ca phng trnh vi phn
Th d 5: Hm s yx l nghim ca phng trnh

Ngoi ra y x vi hng s bt k cng l nghim ca phng trnh vi
phn ni trn Tuy nhin nu t thm iu kin nghim yxo yo gi l
iu kin u th ch c nghim tha l y ox vi
ng cong tch phn i qua im oxoyo
, tc l ch c
3.2.2. Nghim tng qut nghim ring nghim k d

Qua th d trn ta thy nghim ca mt phng trnh vi phn c th c dng y
(x,C) , vi l hng s v ta gi l nghim tng qut
Vi mi o ta c mt nghim l y (x,Co), v gi l mt nghim ring ghim
ring ca phng trnh vi phn l nghim nhn t nghim tng qut khi cho hng s
mt gi tr c th
Tuy nhin c th c nhng nghim ca phng trnh m n khng nhn c t
nghim tng qut v ta gi l nghim k d
Th d 6: phng trnh
c nghim tng qut l y sinx nhng y
vn l nghim ca phng trnh nhng khng nhn c nghim tng qut
V mt hnh hc mt nghim tng qut cho ta mt h cc th ca n trong mt
phng v ta gi l h cc ng cong tch phn
4. Bi ton Cauchy - nh l tn ti duy nht nghim
Hai th d sau y cho thy mt phng trnh vi phn c th khng c nghim hoc
khng c nghim tng qut
Th d 7: Phng trnh y2 = -1 khng c nghim thc
Phng trnh
khng c nghim tng qut v ch c duy nht l y
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Tuy nhin vi bi ton iu kin u cn gi l bi ton auchy th ta c nh l sau

v s tn ti duy nht nghim
4.1. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim nh l icard

Nu fxy lin tc trong mt min hnh ch nht a x b, c y d v oxoyo
l im trong ca hi bi ton auchy
tm y tha y fxy tha iu kin yo xo c t nht mt nghim y (x) kh vi
lin tc trn mt khong m cha xo
Ngoi ra nu fy cng lin tc trn c th trn mt khong m cha xo nh hn
th nghim l duy nht
Th d 8: Xem bi ton auchy
C hai nghim l y v
tnh duy nht v
(thc ra c nhiu nghim nh vy khng tha

khng lin tc trong ln cn im
Th d 9: Xem bi ton auchy
Vi xo 0 c nghim duy nht l y ox

Vi xo yo 0 khng c nghim v ng cong tch phn y x khng th i qua
(0, yo) vi yo 0 . Khi hm
khng lin tc ti yo n ti th
bi ton li c v s nghim v tt c cc ng cong tch phn u i qua
II. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1

1. Phng trnh tch bin (hay bin phn ly)
a) L phng trnh vi phn c dng f1(x) + f2(y).y hay f1(x)dx + f2(y)dy = 0 (1)
b) Cch gii y tch phn phng trnh th c
hay
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Th d 1 : Gii phng trnh vi phn y y2). ex

Phng trnh c a v dng
c) Lu
Phng trnh f1(x) g1(y) dx + f2(x) g2(y). dy = 0 (2)
Nu g1(y)f2(x) 0 th c th a phng trnh trn v dng phng trnh
tch bin bng cch chia v cho g1(y)g2(x) ta c
(3)
Nu g1(y) = 0 th y b l nghim ca u f2(x) = 0 th x a l nghim
ca c nghim c bit ny khng cha trong nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh
Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn y2 - 1) dx - ( x2 + 1) y dy = 0
Vi y2 - 1 0 ta c
Ngoi nghim tng qut ny ta nhn thy cn c nghim y v y = -1
2. Phng trnh ng cp cp 1
a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng
(4)
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T c y xu --> y u xu
Th vo c u xu fu
c th a v dng phng trnh tch bin
(5)
Lu : Khi gii phng trnh ta nhn c nghim tng qut khi fu u 0. Nu
f(u) u = 0 ti u a th c thm nghim y ax
Th d 3: Gii phng trnh vi phn

t y xu ta c phng trnh
Ngoi ra do fu u tg u = 0 u = k x, nn ta cn c thm cc nghim y k

x, vi k 1, 2,

Chia c t v mu ca v phi cho x2 ta c
t y xu ta c
Ly tch phn ta c
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th
, ta c
Vi iu kin u x y ta c nghim ring x3 + 3xy2 = 4
b). Ch : phng trnh
(6)
c th a v dng phng trnh ng cp nh sau

b1) Nu ng thng a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 , v a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ct nhau ti
(x1, y1), th t X x - x1, Y = y - y1 , th phng trnh c a v dng
b2) Nu ng thng a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 , v a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 song song

nhau, khi c
nn phng trnh c a v dng
(7)
khi t u
, phng trnh tr thnh phng trnh tch bin
Gii h phng trnh

ta c x1=1, y1=2
t X x - 1, Y = y - 2 , th c
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t u
, ta c
hay l x2 + 2xy y2 + 2x + 6y = C
3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng
P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0 (8)
Nu v tri l vi phn ton phn ca mt hm s Uxy ngha l dUxy xy
dx + Q(x,y) dy
(theo chng V th iu kin cn v l
Khi t ta c dUxy
V th nu yx l nghim ca th do dUxyx cho ta Uxyx
Ngc li nu hm yx tha (9) th bng cch ly o hm ta c
Nh vy Uxy l nghim ca phng trnh
b). Cch gii th nht
Gi s trong tha
, ta c U tha
dU(x,y) = P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy
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Ly tch phn biu thc
, th do y c xem l hng s nn ta c
(10)
trong y l hm bt k theo bin y y o hm biu thc theo bin

y v do
, ta c
t phng trnh vi phn ny tm y
Th d 6: Gii phng trnh x2 + y2) dx + (2xy + cos y) dy = 0
Ta c
, vy s c hm Uxy tha
Ly tch phn h thc th nht theo x ta c
Ly o hm biu thc ny theo y v nh

Cy xy cos y
th c yx
Cy cos y
C(y) = sin y + C
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Vy c nghim ca phng trnh l

c). Cch gii th hai dng tch phn ng loi
V dUxy xy dx xy dy
(theo theo chng V th iu kin cn v l
Nn
(11)
Th d 7:
Gii phng trnh x y dx x y2 + 3) dy = 0
Ta c
, vy s c hm Uxy tha
S dng cng thc vi xo yo c
Vy ta c nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
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4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng y px y fx
trong px fx l cc hm lin tc
Nu fx ta c y px) y = 0 (12)
Phng trnh gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
b). Cch gii
Vi phng trnh c
(13)
Vi phng trnh c th gii bng phng php bin thin hng s tc

l tm nghim ca n dng nhng coi l hm s dng
(14)
Ly o hm thay vo c
hay :
t c
Vy
(15)
Cng thc (15) ni chung kh nh nn tt nht l cn nh cc bc tnh ton

ca phng php bin thin hng s lp li
Th d 8: Gii phng trnh y y.cotg x = 2x.sinx

Phng trnh thun nht c nghim
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Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng y x sin x

Th vo phng trnh ban u ta c
Cx sin x x cos x C(x) cos x = 2x sin x
Cx x C(x) = x2 + C
Vy y x2 sin x + C sin x
Th d 9: Gii phng trnh xy 3y = x2
a v dng chun
Nghim tng qut phng trnh thun nht
Tm nghim dng y x x3. Th vo phng trnh ban u ta c xx3

+ 3C(x) x2 3C(x) x2 = x
Vy
Ch : Nu coi x l hm s theo bin y th phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi hm s x
c dng
Th d 10: Gii phng trnh

Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm y l bin ta c
:
y li l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh i vi hm x ghim tng qut

ca phng trnh thun nht c dng
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, a
Tm nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng

vo phng trnh ban u c
Vy x esiny 2siny 2
5. Phng trnh Bernoulli

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng y px y fx y , 1 (16)
b). Cch gii a v dng y- y px y1- = f(x)
t z y1- , ta c z - ) y- y nn phng trnh c dng tuyn tnh
hay l z - )P(x) z = (1- )f(x)

y l phng trnh ernoulli vi = hia v cho
ta c

Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm y l bin ta c
, th vo phng trnh trn ta c
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Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng bng
Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng z x x2

Th vo ta c
III. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP HAI GIM CP C

1. Cc khi nim c bn v phng trnh cp hai
1.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp hai c dng

F(x,y,yy hay yfxyy
Bi ton auchy ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai l tm nghim ca phng trnh
trn tha iu kin u yxo yo
yxo yo
y x cosx bit y y
Ta c
Cho x =0 , y =1 => C2 =1. Cho y ta c 1 = 3. Vy nghim bi ton l
Th d trn cho thy phng trnh vi phn cp thng ph thuc vo hai tham s
C1, C2, v chng c xc nh nh hai
iu kin u
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1.2. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim bi ton auchy

Bi ton y fxyy
y(xo) = yo , yxo yo (2)
Nu fxyy theo bin x y y v cc o hm

lin tc trong min
chiu , v xoyo yo) l mt im trong . Khi bi ton auchy c duy nht
mt nghim y (x) xc nh lin tc hai ln kh vi trn mt khong ab cha xo
Hm s ph thuc hai hng s y (x,C1, C2) gi l nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh vi phn cp hai trong min ) nu n tha phng trnh vi phn cp hai vi
mi hng s 1, C2 (thuc mt tp hp no v ngc li vi mi im xoyo yo)
trong u ti ti duy nht o1, Co2 sao cho y = (x, Co1, Co2) l nghim ca bi
ton auchy vi iu kin u
Nh vy t nghim tng qut y (x,C1, C2) cho cc gi tr c th 1=C1 2=C2 ta
c nghim ring y (x,C1 2
Lu : Nu nghim tng qut tm ra dng n (x,y,C1,C2) = 0 th nghim ring
cng dng n (x,y,C1 2
2. Phng trnh cp hai gim cp c
Phng trnh c dng y fx
D dng tm c nghim ca phng trnh ny sau hai ln ly tch phn
Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn y sin x cos x ex

Ta c
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3. Phng trnh khuyt y

Phng trnh c dng xyy
Cch gii t p y ta c phng vi phn cp mt xpp gii ra tm p
(x,C1) v khi
Th d 3: Gii phng trnh xy y x2
t p y py ta c
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ii ra ta c
Qua ta c
4. Phng trnh khuyt x

Phng trnh c dng yyy
Cch gii t p y v coi y l bin v p l hm s theo bin y Ta c
Nh vy ta c phng trnh dng cp

Th d 4: Gii bi ton auchy
yy y2 = 0, y(1) =2 , y
, ta c
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T y c trng hp
p = 0 , ngha l y ghim ny khng tha iu kin u b
d(py) = 0 yp = C1
Vy ydx 1
Khi x = 1 , y =2, y cho nn
Ta c
Cho x= 1, y =2 ta c 2= 1.
Tm li nghim phi tm l
IV. PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH CP HAI

1. Khi nim chung
1.1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai c dng

y pxy qxy fx
vi cc hm s px qx fx xc nh v lin tc trn khong ab hi y vi mi
xo (a,b) v mi gi tr yo yo ta c bi ton auchy iu kin u yxo yo
yxo yo
c nghim duy nht trn ab
Phng trnh y pxy qxy
c gi l phng trnh thun nht tng ng ca phng trnh
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1.2. nh l (V nghim tng qut ca hng trnh khng thun nht

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht c dng y yo yr
trong yo l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng v yr l
nghim ring no ca phng trnh
2. Phng trnh thun nht, nghim tng qut
2.1. nh l
Nu y1(x), y2(x) l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht th y 1y1(x) + C2y2(x)
cng l nghim ca phng trnh
Chng minh: Tht vy ta c
y pxy qxy [1y1 2y2] px [1y1 2y2]y qx [1y1+
C2y2]
= C1[y1 pxy1 qxy1 ] + C2[y2 pxy2 qxy2] =
0+0=0
(do y1(x), y2(x) l nghim ca nn biu thc trong [] ca biu thc cui bng
Vy y 1y1(x) + C2y2(x) l nghim ca
2.2. nh ngha
Cc hm y1(x), y2(x) c gi l c lp tuyn tnh trn khong ab nu khng tn
ti cc hng s 1, 2 khng ng thi bng sao cho
1y1(x) + 2y2(x) = 0 trn ab
(iu ny tng ng vi
trn ab
Th d 1:
+ Cc hm y1(x) = x , y2(x)= x2 l c lp tuyn tnh
+ Cc hm y1(x)= ex, y2(x)= 3 ex l ph thuc tuyn tnh
2.3. nh l
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Xem cc hm y1(x), y2(x) l cc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht hi

chng c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau khi v ch khi nh thc sau khc khng
( nh thc trn gi l nh thc Vronski
2.4. nh l (Cu trc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht

Nu cc hm y1(x), y2(x) l cc nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh thun
nht th
y = C1y1(x) + C2y2(x) vi cc hng s bt k 1, C2 s l nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh
Th d 2: Chng t rng phng trnh y 4y = 0 c nghim tng qut y 1e2x +
C2 e-2x
Tht vy kim tra trc tip d thy rng y1 = e2x v y2 = e-2x l cc nghim ca
phng trnh trn t khc
C1e2x + C2 e-2x
nn chng c lp tuyn tnh Vy y
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn
2.5. Bit mt nghim ca tm nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi

n
Gi s y1(x), l mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht Khi c th tm
nghim th c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x) dng y2(x) = u(x) y1(x), trong ux
const .
Th d 3: Bit phng trnh y 2y y c nghim y1 = ex. Tm nghim th
hai c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x).
Vic kim tra li y1 = ex l nghim l d dng Tm y2(x) = u(x) ex
y2 = ex u + ex u y2 = ex u + 2ex u ex u
Thay vo phng trnh cho c
ex (u u u - 2ex (u + u ex u = 0
2ex u u u 1x + C2
V cn u const, nn c th ly 1 = 1 , C2 = 0, ngha l u x y2 = x ex
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Nghim tng qut c dng y 1ex + C2x ex

3. Phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring
gii phng trnh khng thun nht cn phi bit nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh thun nht m ta va tm hiu mc goi ra cn cn tm nghim ring ca
n v c th tm dng ging nh nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tc
l dng y 1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (3)
trong y1(x), y2(x) c lp tuyn tnh nhng xem 1, C2 l cc hm s 1(x), C2(x).
d tm 1(x), C2(x) ta a thm iu kin
C1(x) y1(x) + C2(x) y2(x) = 0 (4)
Vi iu kin ly o hm ta c
y 1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (5)
y 1y1( x) + C2 y2x 1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (6)
Thay (3), (5),(6) vo c
C1y1 x 2 y2x 1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) + p[C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) ] +
q[C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) ] = f(x)
Hay:
C1[ y1 x p1y1(x) + qC1y1(x) ] C2 [ y2x py2(x) + q y2(x) ] +
C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) = f(x)
Do y1, y2 l nghim ca nn suy ra
C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) = f(x) (7)
Nh vy 1 , C2 tha h
Th d 4: Gii phng trnh x2y xy - y = x2
a v dng chnh tc
Trc ht xt phng trnh thun nht tng ng
115
Su tm by hoangly85
C th tm c nghim ca n l y1 = x. Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh

vi n c dng y2 = xu(x)
y2 = u + xu y2 = 2u xu
th vo phng trnh thun nht c
y l phng trnh cp hai gim cp c bng cch t p u ta c
Cho nn
Do u const v ch cn nghim nn chn 1=1, nn
. Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
c dng
Vic cn li l cn tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht
bng phng php bin thin hng s dng
Vi 1, C2 tha
116
Su tm by hoangly85
V ch cn chn nghim ring nn c th chn c th c1 = 0 , c2 = 0. vy

, cho nn
v nh vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ban u l
Lu : Nu v phi ca phng trnh vi phn c dng tng ca hm s fx f1(x)

+ f2(x), th khi c th gii phng trnh vi ring v phi l tng hm f1(x), f2(x)
tm nghim ring l yr1, yr2. Cui cng d kim li l nghim ring ca phng trnh
ban u l yr yr1, yr2 (theo nguyn l chng cht nghim
V. PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG

1. Khi nim chung
y(n) + a1y(n-1) + a2y(n-2) + any fx
trong a1, a2, an l cc hng s
Trong phn sau ta trnh by k phng trnh cp hai
2. Phng trnh cp hai thun nht

Xt phng trnh y py qy fx
trong p q l hng s
Ta tm nghim ca n dng y ekx
Th vo ta c k2 + pk +q) ekx = 0
(k2 + pk +q) = 0 (4)
117
Su tm by hoangly85
Phng trnh gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh v cng t 4)

cho thy y ekx l nghim ca khi v ch khi k l nghim ca o da vo
vic gii phng trnh bc ny ta c cc kh nng sau
a). Phng trnh c trng c nghim phn bit k1,k2 ( > 0): Khi nghim
y1 = ek1x , y2 = ek2x l nghim ring ca v
nn nghim
ring ny c lp tuyn tnh Vy khi nghim tng qut ca s l y 1ek1x +
C2ek2x
b). Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp k = 0). Khi nghim y1 = ekx l
1 nghim ring ca v nghim ring th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi n c dng y
u(x).y1 = u(x).ekx
y2 kekx ux uxekx
y2 k2.ekx.u(x) + 2kuxekx ekxux
Th vo phng trnh ta c
(k2.u + 2ku u ekx pku u ekx q ekxu
u k pu k2 + pk + q)u = 0
Do k l nghim kp ca nn
k = -p/2 2k +p = 0 v k2 + pk + q) =0
t u u = C1x + C2
Do ch cn chn nghim nn ly 1 = 1, C2 =0 , v nh th c y2 = x ekx
V nghim tng qut ca l y 1+ C2x) ekx
c). Phng trnh c trng c nghim phc lin hip k1,2 = , 0 ( < 0).
Khi nghim ca c dng
Khi
118
Su tm by hoangly85
cng l nghim ca v
nn chng c lp tuyn tnh
T ta c nghim tng qut ca l y 1cos x + C2 sin x) e x

Th d 1: Gii phng trnh y y 4y = 0
Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng
k2 + 3k -4 = 0 k1 =1 , k2= -4
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l y 1ex + C2e-4x
Th d 2: Gii phng trnh y y y

k2 + 4k +4 = 0 k1,2 =2
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l y 1 + C2 x)e2x
Th d 3: Gii phng trnh y y y

k2 + 6k +13 = 0 k1,2 =-3 2 i
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l
y = ( C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)e-3x
3. Phng trnh cp hai khng thun nht v phi c dng c bit
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai h s hng khng thun nht
y py qy fx
Qua vic trnh by tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cp hai thun nht tng
ng v da vo nh l mc th c nghim tng qut ca ta cn tm
c nghim ring ca
Ngoi phng php bin thin hng s trnh by di y trnh by phng php
h s bt nh tm mt nghim ring cho khi v phi c dng c bit thng
gp
119
Su tm by hoangly85
3.1 V phi fx e x Pn(x)

trong nx l a thc cp n l mt s thc
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca dng yr ux nx )
vi nx l a thc cp n c n h s c xc nh bng cch thay vo v
ng nht v ta c n phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm n h s m
u(x) c dng c th l
a). Nu l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng ux = xe x v khi
yr xe x Qn(x)
b). Nu l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng ux x2e x v khi
yr x2e x Qn(x)
c). Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ux e x v khi
yr e x Qn(x)
Th d 4: Gii phng trnh y -4y y e2x
k2 - 4k +3 = 0 c nghim k1 =1 , k2= 3
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l y 1ex + C2e3x
Mt khc s = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng nn nghim ring tm
dng yr e2x (do Pn(x) =3 a thc bc thay vo phng trnh cho c
4Ae2x - 8Ae2x + 3Ae2x = 3e2x A = -3
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l
y = C1ex + C2e3x 3e2x
Th d 5: Gii phng trnh y y xex e-x

k2 +1 = 0 k1,2 = i2
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l yo 1cos x C2 sin
x
Do v phi l tng ca hm f1 = xex , f2 = 2e-x nn ta ln lt tm nghim ring ca
phng trnh ln lt ng vi v phi l f1, v f2 :
120
Su tm by hoangly85
+ Vi f1 = xex th = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng nx

x nn nghim ring c dng yr1 = (Ax+B)ex
+ Vi f2 = 2e-x th = -1 cng khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
Pn(x) = 2 nn nghim ring c dng yr2 = Ce-x
Theo nguyn l xp chng nghim ring ca phng trnh cho c tm dng
yr = (Ax+B)ex + Ce-x
yr xex - Ce-x + Aex
yr xex + Ce-x + 2Aex
Th vo phng trnh cho c
2Axex + (2A+2B)ex + 2Ce-x = xex + 2e-x
T ta c
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l
3.2. V phi fx e x [ Pn(x) cos x +Qm(x) sin x ]

Trong nx mx l a thc bc n m tng ng , l cc s thc
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca dng
yr = u(x) [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ] (7)
( = 0 s tng ng trng hp nu trn vi s max {mn} sx sx l a
thc bc s vi s c xc nh bng cch thay vo v ng nht v ta
c cc phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm cc h s m ux c dng c th l :
a). Nu l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng ux e x v
khi yr e x [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ]
b). Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng ux
xe x v khi
yr = e x [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ]
Th d 6: Gii phng trnh y y sin x
121
Su tm by hoangly85

k2 +1 = 0 c nghim k1,2 = i2
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l yo 1cos x C2 sin x
y = 0, =1, nn i = i l nghim ca phng trnh c trng t khc
do n =m=0, cho nn s Vy nghim tng qut c tm dng yr
x(Acosx+Bsinx)
yr x -Asinx + Bcosx) + (Acosx+Bsinx)
yr -Asinx + Bcosx) + x( -Acosx - Bsinx)
yr yr -2Asinx + 2Bcosx = sinx
-2A = 1, 2B =0 A= -1/2 , B = 0
Vy nghim ring l
V nghim tng qut l
122
Su tm by hoangly85
BI TP CHNG 4
I. Chng t rng hm s y = f(x) l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tng
ng
1) xy y
y = x 2 ; y =1 ; y = c1x2 + c2
2)
a) y =
3) x2y xy ex
4) yy y2 - 2y
a) y = 1 ;
b) b) y = tgx
II. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
1. x( y2 1 )dx - ( x2 + 1)ydx = 0
2. (x2 - xy)dx - (y2 + x2)dy = 0
3. (x2 + 2xy)dx + xydy = 0
4. ycosx - ysinx = sin2x
5. y = xy ylny
6. y - xy = 7. xy x -
8. y sinxy sinx-y)
9. yx-y , y(-3) = (-5)
10. y ex+y + ex-y , y(0) = 0
123
Su tm by hoangly85
11. y
12. ycos2x + y = tgx
13.
= x2 y4
14. ycosx y sinx

15. (2xy +3)dy y2dx = 0 ( coi x l hm s
16. (y4 + 2x)y y coi x l hm s
17.
18. ydx + ( x + x2y2)dy = 0 ( coi x l hm s
III. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp 2 sau:
1) y y
2) y yy
3) y y2
4) 2(y2 = (y - 1)y
5) y2 = 1 + y2
6) y yey
7) (y + yy y2 = 0
8) 3y2 = 4yy y2
9) yy y2 = y2lny
IV. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy sau:
1) xy y y -3, y
2) 2y y2 = -1, y(-1) = 2, y
3) yx2 + 1) = 2xy y y
4) yy y2 = 0, y(0) = 1, y
124
Su tm by hoangly85
5) y
6)
7) Cho phng trnh
, r(0) = R, r vo
Xc nh vo khi t --> th r -->

(bi ton tm vn tc v tr cp hai
V. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai
1)Cc hm sau c c lp tuyn tnh hay khng
a) (x + 1) v x2 1)
b) x v x
c) lnx v lnx2
2) Gii phng trnh khi bit mt nghim l y1
a) y y bit y1 = cosx
b) x2y 2y = 0, bit y1 = x2
c) y y 2y = 0, bit y1 = e-x
d) 4x2y y x bit y1 =
e) x2y - 5xy y bit y1 = x3
f) (1-x2)y 2xy y bit y1 = x
3) Tm nghim tng qut phng trnh
xy (2x + 1)y x y
4) Gii phng trnh xy y x2
5) Gii phng trnh y
125
Su tm by hoangly85
Bit mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l

VI. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) y - 2y 3y = 0
2) y y
3) y 2y y
4) y y y y
5) y - 10y y y y
6) y -2y -3y = e4x
7) y y -2y = cosx 3sinx
8) y 6y y x2 +2x +1
9) y y sinx y
10) y y = x.cos2x
11) y 2y y exsinx
12) y y tgx
13) y y cosx y y
14) y y y
126
Su tm by hoangly85

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GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

CHNG I: PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

(x, y) f(x, y)=

y l mt mt cong trong khng gian chiu vi h ta escartes xyz

II. GII HN V TNH LIN TC

Trong trng hp hm bin z f x y th gii hn c th c vit l

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Tng t nh i vi hm mt bin ta cng c cc nh ngha gii hn v cng v

lin tc ti mi im xo, yo) khc

Tng t nh hm mt bin lin tc trn mt on

, ta cng c tnh cht t

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

nh ngha cho hm bin z f x y o hm ring theo bin x ti im xo, yo) l

v o hm ring theo bin x c k hiu l

hay vn tt l fx(xo, yo). Ta

o hm ring theo bin y ca hm x f x y ti xo, yo) c nh ngha tng t

Nhn xt d thy rng

. Tnh zx, zy v zx(4, ). Xem y nh hng s ta c

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Hon ton tng t ta cng c nh ngha v k hiu cho cc o hm ring

YjWi (0, 0) th f(0, 0) = 0.

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Hon ton tng t ta tnh c

Qua v d trn ta thy cc o hm ring theo cng cc bin nhng khc th t

nh O: Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm f"xy v f"xy trong mt ln cn ca im x0, y0)

ch rng nh l trn cng m rng c ra cho cc o hm cp cao hn v nhiu

theo cc s gia x, y ca cc bin x, y ti x0, y0) c th c vit di dng

trong A, B l cc hng s khng ph thuc x, y) v 0, 0 khi

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

c gi l vi phn ca hm s f ti x0, y0), k hiu l

(ii) Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm ring trn ln cn ca x0, y0) v fx, fy lin

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng

A = f(1,02; 1,97) nh sau

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Cng thc vi phn cp ca zfx y

Gi thit thm rng cc o hm hn hp lin tc th ta c

Tng t cng thc vi phn cp n ca z fx y c th c vit di dng

v cng thc ny cng ng cho trng hp nhiu bin hn

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

, trong xcost ysint

2. Trng hp nhiu bin c lp

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Cho z = f(x,y,t), trong x xt y yt

y duy nht sao cho x

Nh vy ta c hm s y yx xc nh trn khong x0 s, x0 + s) v tha x yx

(ii) Tn ti cc o hm ring lin tc

Khi c sao cho phng trnh xy xc nh mt hm n yx kh

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Nhn xt: Nu tha nhn s tn ti ca hm n v o hm ca n th cng thc

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

nh l : Gi s hm xyz tha cc iu kin

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

T nh l trn ta c th tm cc tr ca hm z fxy theo cc bc sau y

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

tm im dng ta gii h phng trnh sau

H phng trnh c nghim cho ta im dng

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2

Gii h phng trnh sau tm im dng