Lecture 1 & 2 Slides - Biostatistics 2016

Lecture 1
Introduction
What do statistical procedures tell you?
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
Measures of Variability
Introduction
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011
Learning Objectives
Understand why biostatistics is important in practical clinical and

scientific decision making
Understand the key underlying concepts of statistical analysis
Be able to select appropriate statistical methods, use them, and
critique their use by others
Understand the importance of proper study design and the effects of
poor study design
The
TheMcGraw-Hill
McGraw-HillCompanies,
Companies,Inc,
Inc,2011
2011
Upon completion of this course, you should be able select and

apply statistical tests correctly based on study design and
scale of measurement
(From inside the front cover of Glantz)
Chapter
Biostatistics and Clinical Practice
Biostatistics and
Clinical Practice
Chapter 1
Chapter
Chapter
Introduction
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Motivations
Introduction
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
Motivations for performing statistical tests correctly should be

clear, but why learn biostatistics if someone else is performing
the tests?
You need to understand statistics to plan good experiments
Why not just depend on the journals to ensure articles have solid statistical analysis?
Journals often get it wrong.
Why has the problem persisted?
The problem is endemic.
Chapter
How to Summarize Data
How to Summarize
Data
Chapter 2
Chapter
Learning Objectives
Understand kinds of data

Understand differences between experiments and observational
studies
Understand how to describe populations
Understand the relationship between populations and samples and
parameters and statistics
Understand distributions
Chapter
Three Kinds of Data

Introduction
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
Interval continuous (focus for rest of

chapter)
Nominal (Categorical)
Ordinal ordered categories
Chapter
Populations and Sample

Population
Introduction
Motivations
Three Kinds of Data
The Mean
All individuals of interest

Characterized by parameters
Sample
Actually observed
All the methods we develop assume that the
sample was drawn at random from the population
Statistics computed from samples estimate population
parameters
Chapter
Chapter
Parameters of the Normal Distribution
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Chapter
Skewed Distribution
Summarizing data: when to use

mean and standard deviation
When: the value of a variable is more likely
to fall near the mean than far from it
-andIt is equally likely to fall below the mean as
above it
Then: use mean and standard deviation to
describe the the location and amount of
variability
Summarizing data: when the

distribution is not Normal
Then use the median and at least two
other percentiles to describe the data
End Lecture 1
Where we left off in Lecture 1

The population mean ( ) describes the
location of a Normally distributed variable
The population standard deviation ( )
describes the variability of a Normally
distributed variable above and below the
mean
Use mean and standard deviation for
Normally distributed variables, otherwise
use median and at least two percentiles
Lecture 2
Median and Percentiles

Using Percentiles to Check Normality
Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Revisiting the Normal Distribution: Sample
Parameters vs. Population Parameters
Chapter
Skewed Distribution

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Chapter
Median

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
The median is the value that half the members of
the population fall below.

Put observations in order, from smallest to largest
If odd number of observations, median is the
middle observation
If even number of observations, median is
between two middle observations
Chapter

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Percentiles
Defined analogously to median

The 25th percentile point, the point that defines
the lowest quarter of the observations

.25 (n + 1) observation
Average if between two observations
Median is 50th percentile
Chapter
Can use percentiles to

check if population is
normally distributed

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Chapter

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Simple Random Sample
Every individual has the same probability of

being selected for the sample
Chapter
Chapter

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Other Types of Samples
Stratified random sample

Clustered random sample
These methods are used in more complex
(usually large) studies
Calculations slightly different from what we will
discuss
Basic principles are the same
Chapter

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
Two Kinds of Studies

Experiment
Manipulate the environment
Draw conclusions about
causality
Observational study
Observe existing patterns
Draw conclusions about
associations
Chapter
Confounding Variables
Chapter

Random Samples
Kinds of Studies
The Normal Distribution
Interval data
Also called Gaussian distribution
Many (but not all things) are normally distributed
Observation is result of the sum of many
independent random effects
Central Limit Theorem
Chapter

25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Population
Chapter

25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Population
Chapter
Chapter
25
30
25.0000
30.0000
35
35.0000
40
40.0000
45
50
45.0000
50.0000
55
55.0000
Chapter
25
30
25.0000
30.0000
35
40
35.0000
45.0000
50
50.0000
55
55.0000
X
X=
= 41.4 cm
n
Sample
s=
40.0000
45
2
(X
X)
n 1
= 3.8 cm
Chapter
25
25.0000
30
30.0000
35
35.0000
40
40.0000
45
50
55
45.0000
50.0000
55.0000
Chapter
25
25.0000
30
30.0000
35
35.0000
40
40.0000
45
50
45.0000
50.0000
55
55.0000
Chapter
25
30
25.0000
30.0000
25.0000
25.0000
30.0000
30.0000
35
35.0000
35.0000
35.0000
40
40.0000
40.0000
40.0000
45
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
50
55
50.0000
55.0000
50.0000
55.0000
50.0000
55.0000
Chapter
Distribution of Sample Means
Chapter
Chapter
Precision Increases as Sample Size Grows
Central Limit Theorem

The distribution of sample means will be approximately
normal, even if the original data was not
The mean of all possible sample means will be equal to
the mean of the original population
The SD of all possible means of samples of a given size
(e.g. sample size=10, as in the previous example), called
the Standard Error of the Mean depends on both the SD
of the original population and sample size.
Chapter
Standard Error of the Mean
Population SEM =
Best estimate of SEM

from a single sample =
X =
n
s
sX =
n
Coming in Lecture 3
Some worked problems from Ch 2
Begin Ch 3
End Lecture 2

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Lecture 1

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Understand why biostatistics is important in practical clinical and

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

Upon completion of this course, you should be able select and

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Biostatistics and Clinical Practice

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Motivations for performing statistical tests correctly should be

How to Summarize Data

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Understand kinds of data

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Three Kinds of Data

Interval continuous (focus for rest of

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Populations and Sample

All individuals of interest

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Parameters of the Normal Distribution

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

Summarizing data: when to use

Summarizing data: when the

Where we left off in Lecture 1

Median and Percentiles

How to Summarize Data

Glantz - Primer of Biostatistics

Median and Percentiles

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011

How to Summarize Data

Median and Percentiles

The median is the value that half the members of

the population fall below.