Public Policy-Making from the Perspective of Authority Distribution

andtheir Relationship to Public Opinion in Open Systems.

9877 201510

Email : hichem25zeg@gmail.com

Abstract
Because of the importance of policy-making academically and
practically as one of the governmental complicated duty, this process
can go through many important stages which characterize all the
opening systems ,starting by the problem till the evaluating of the
decision results which leads us to the reviewing the available
alternatives.
but all can be come by an effective way if only there is the
necessary channels which express the social demands as it works for
transforming it to public policies as a result of the political
participation, and the way in which the authority can be
distributed,the pluralism within the political system, and the
existence of effective public opinion in the political process.
Keywords: Public Policy Making, Democratic Responsiveness,
Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions) NGO) , Public
Opinion Orientations.

.


.
:
.
- 77 -

 9877201510

:

) (Process Complex Dynamic

) Open
(Systems
:
) ( )
(
) (Hybrid Regime

).( Arfina Osman ,2002, P.38


:
:

:
:
:

:
.
- 78 -

:
: .

:
) (public policy

)(H .Lasswell

":

")?who gets what, when, how

(and ) (why
" :
" ) .(Chan , A. P.199
" :

" ) 2012
.(50.

: ..


) 2012.(51.
"")(Franklin ,Ripley

""
" :
- 79 -

 9877201510

..
" : ) (Outcome
) (
).(Ripley ,B. Franklin ,A.1987 ,P.01
" :

) .. (
".
:
) (Public Policy Cycle


": "
) (David Easton
)(Inputs
).( Hayes ,http://profwork.org/pp/study/cycle.htm
) (Charles Jones
:
. .
- 80 -

.
.
.

)Pp.10-
.( Casey,1998,11

:

:
:


) (


).(Rounce, D., 2004 ,Pp.10-11




) 2007.(79.
- 81 -

 9877201510

: )(


) (Montesquieu

)Locke

( Jean ) (Mill
:


) ..(

) ( ).( Casey ,1998,P.12
:


),1998,P.13
.(Casey
- 82 -

: ) (
)( )
..( ).( Casey ,1998,P.17
: ) (Actors




1992

).( Casey ,1998,P.01

:

- 83 -

 9877201510

). (Genckaya, Pp.74-75

: ) ( Robert Dahl
) (Lijphart ) (Karl Deutsch


).( Casey,1998,Pp.09-10


: ) 700
(




)Pp.78-
.( Hamilton,79, 2007, Maddison
- 84 -

)(think tank
)Institute of Affairs
(Public




), 2007 ,Pp. 82-83
.( Hamilton,Maddison
:



:

.

- 85 -

 9877201510

.. .

.. ).( Beresford,2000, Pp.03-04
:

) ( ) (
.


) (Eurobarometer


1996
- 86 -

65
: )2014
. (55.
2007 "
" ) Attitudes of European citizens towards the
( environment

:

)Attitudes of European citizens towards ,March 2008 ,Pp.05-06
.(the environment


61
53
).( Dalton, Brklin , Drummond ,2001,P.143

- 87 -

 9877201510

).( Dalton, Brklin , Drummond , 2001,P.144


) (Public Opinion Industry

) (Democratic Responsiveness Theories



).( Rounce, D., 2004 ,P.01




) .( Soroka, Wlezien ,2010 a,P.01



) .( Beresford,2000,P.94

2005
- 88 -

2003



)..(80.







:
) .( Matsusaka,G. P.01
:
:


) Public Policy
(Beyond Elections

- 89 -

 9877201510

.

:

.
).(Hartl ,P.16

).( Kay,2008 , P.02
:


:
:
).(Negative Influence
:
- 90 -

.(Kay

),2008 , Pp.02-03

:


:
- " ":

"

" ) (Edmund Burke 1774 1780

:





).(Wlezien,Soroka, ,2010 b,P.01






- 91 -

 9877201510

.(Wlezien,Soroka,2010 b,P.02).
:

) (Coercive Model ) Noncoercive
(Models

:
(Rational-Activist Model) :
.
: .
:
).( Kay,2008 , P.04
:
: .
:
).( Kay,2008 , P.05
)( Norman Luttbeg

- 92 -

) (Glynn Herbst " :

"

:
.
.
-

).( Kay,2008 , P.06

- 93 -

 9877201510

:





:




.


) (

.

.
- 94 -

:
..

.


.

.
) (


.

.
.

- 95 -

 9877201510

.

.

- 96 -

:
) - - -1

.(2014 --
-1997 - -2
) -2007
.(2012- -
-1994) -3
) (1995
.(2007
4- Arfina Osman ,Ferdous , "Public Policy Making: theories and their implications
Lications
in
Developing
Countries"
,
Asian
Affairs,retrieved
on:www.cdrb.org/journal/2002/3/3.pdf
5- "Attitudes of European citizens towards the environment" , Report, Special
Eurobarometer 295, (March 2008).
6- Beresford ,Quentin, Governments, Markets and Globalisation Australian Public
policy in context, (Australia: Allen & Unwin , 2000).
7- Cahn ,A.Matthew, "Institutional and Noninstitutional Actors in the Policy
Process" ,retrieved
on:
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplec
hapter/0205856330/pdf.
8- Casey ,John, non government organizations as policy actors: the case of
Immigration policies in Spain , (Doctoral Thesis, ,Universitat Autnoma de
Barcelona, Departament de Cincia Poltica i de Dret Pblic ,1998).
9- Dalton ,Russell J., Brklin, Wilhelm and Drummond ,Andrew , "Public Opinion
and Direct Democracy" , Journal of Democracy ,Vol 12, No 4 ,(October 2001).
10- Genckaya ,Omer Faruk, "States and Non-State Actors in Environmental Policy
Making: An Overview of the GEF-BSEP NGO Forum " , retrieved on:
genckaya.bilkent.edu.tr/BSNGO.pdf
11- Hamilton , Clive ,Maddison, Sarah , Silencing dissent: how the Australian
government is controlling public opinion and stifling debate, (Australia: Allen &
Unwin, 2007).
12- Hartl ,Jan , "The Importance of Public Opinion in Security and Defence PolicyMaking" , retrieved on: www.dcaf.ch/content/download/36707/.../Hartl.pdf
13- Hayes , Wayne , "The Public Policy Cycle" ,retrieved on:
http://profwork.org/pp/study/cycle.html.

- 97 -

 9877201510

14- Kay ,Ward, "The Role of Salience on the Relationship between Public Policy
and Public Opinion" , Working Paper Prepared for:DC AAPOR Student Paper
Competition, (December 12, 2008).
15- Matsusaka, G .John, "Popular Control of Public Policy: A Quantitative Approach
" , retrieved on :law.usc.edu/assets/.../Matsusaka_Popular_Control.pdf
16- Ripley ,B.Randall , Franklin ,A.Grace, Congress, the Bureaucracy, and Public
Policy, 4th ed. (Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1987).
17- Rounce , D .Andrea, "Political Actors Perceptions of Public Opinion: Assessing
the Impact of Opinion on Decision Making" , Working Paper Prepared for the
Canadian Political Science Associations Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
(June 3 5/ 2004).
18- Soroka ,Stuart, N.,Wlezien ,Christopher ,Degrees of Democracy Politics, Public
Opinion, and Policy, ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010) .
19- Soroka ,Stuart, N.,Wlezien ,Christopher, "Public Opinion and Public Policy" , in:
John Courtney and David Smith, eds., the Oxford Handbook of Canadian
Politics,( New York: Oxford University Press , 2010 ).

- 98 -