THE FALLACIES OF ARGUMENTATION

I.

a)

b)
c)
d)
II.
a)

b)

THE RHETORICAL FALLACY ( Error of interpretation)

Is a fault of understanding, not of reasoning.
It is a mistake in interpreting the preposition, not an error in any process
or act of mind by which it advances to another from knowing one thing.
Incorrect obversion- obversion of preposition means changing it from the
affirmative to the negative or from the negative to the affirmative without
changing its meaning.
Incorrect conversion- conversion of a preposition means transposing its
subject and its predicate without changing its meaning.
Ambiguity- the fallacy of amphibology consists in an ambiguous
grammatical structure of a sentence which produces a misconception.
Fallacy of accent- this consists of ambiguity arising from a misplaced accent
or emphasis thrown upon some word in a sentence.
THE LOGICAL FALLACY
This is an error in reasoning or inference.
It is of two kinds-the FORMAL and the MATERIAL.
The Formal Fallacy arises from a violation of the rules of the syllogism.
Categorical syllogism( where the
proposition are absolute,
declarative, and positive and admit no conditions or exceptions ), the
fallacies result:
Conditional syllogism, fallacies results:
Disjunctive syllogism, the fallacy of imperfect disjunction is committed
whenever the disjunction expressed is not both exhausted and
mutually exclusive. For example:
The Material Fallacies. (Fallacies of Presumption).
The first material fallacy is begging the question this fallacy consists
of assuming the truth of some preposition which is the same as, or
equivalent to, the conclusion to be approved, the thence inferring the
truth of the conclusion. It takes the following forms:
1) Assumption of an unproved premise (assumption non probata).
2) Arguing in a circle ( circulus in probando)
The second material fallacy is making an irrelevant conclusionignoring the question (ignoratio elenchi). It takes the following forms:
1) Argumentum ad hominem
2) Argumentum ad populum
3) Argumentum ad ignorantiam
4) Argumentum ad verecundiam
5) Argumentum ad juducium
The third material fallacy is the complex question.
The fourth material fallacy is what termed as a false consequent (non
sequitur). It may takes the following forms:
1) Simple non sequitur
2) False causes ( post hoc ergo propter hoc)