PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS Serial 5391A (PART 1) Edition 1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PLUMBER 1. Necessary Knowledge and Skill—The plumbing of a building includes the pipes, tanks, drains, and fixtures necessary for supplying both hot and cold water to the building, and for the removal of sewage therefrom. It is the duty of the plumber to install the equipment necessary for such work. The plumber who wishes to take a prominent position in the plumbing business must know more than how to use plumbers’ tools, wipe a joint, and} tachments. Section through a Two-inch Pipe. CUTTING THREADS 50. The tightness of a screwed joint depends largely on the accuracy with which the thread is cut. A thread of the length ordinarily cut on pipe by plumbers for low- pressure work is shown Section through @ Four-inch Pipe. in Fig. 61 (@). The part : @ contains the leading threads, which are per- fect in form and are de- Ly enipbanoa 50% LOS Section through a Five-inch Pie. he Le ahbbies Sedfion noe a Six. inch Pipe. (@ (6) Fic. 61 pended on chiefly for making a close contact with the thread in the fitting and thus insuring a water-tight joint. The threads at b are imperfect. Their tops are flat and they serve only to make the joint rigid, unless their form is changed by the pres- sure exerted in screwing the pipe inte a socket or fitting.38 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 Occasionally a groove runs lengthwise in a wrought pipe; this prevents a perfect thread from being made. Such pipes should not be used on high-pressure work. On low-pressure work, however, they may be used, provided they are screwed up with red-lead cement and hemp wrapped over the thread. These materials will fill the interstices and usually make them water-tight. 51. Short-threaded joints, as shown in Fig. 61 (a), should never be allowed on high-pressure work, such as water piping with a pressure of 50 pounds or more per square inch, and should not be used for compressed-air piping subject to pres- sures greater than 5 pounds per square inch, as the thread is too short to be relied on for such work. TABLE II SCREW THREADS FOR WROUGHT PIPE Peminat | Nember | oc atime veaaemnsy | Number | Tenge Diameter | Threads Thread Diameter | Threads Thread Inches per Inch Tachi Taches per Inch Inches $ 27 9 2 11g 58 t , 18 29, 23 8 89 a 18 30 3 8 95 3 14 39 3 8 1.00 z 14° 40 4 8 1.05 1 113 31 4g 8 1.10 1t 113 54 5 8 1.16 i 114 55 6 8 1.26 Threads for high-pressure work must be full length and perfectly cut to standard sizes with first-class quality sharp dies. For example, standard work on a 4-inch-pipe thread requires eight perfect threads, occupying 1.05 inches along the pipe, two that are perfect at the bottom but slightly flat on top, and four that are imperfect, both at the top and the bottom, the total length scored by the dies on the pipe being about 1.8 inches. The correct proportions of standard threads on the several sizes of the larger pipes commonly used are shown in (4). All pipe ends are made conical, the taper being 2 inch of diameter per foot of length. The majority of manu-PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 39 facturers of wrought pipe have adopted the Briggs Standard system of screw threads for pipes and fittings. To make per- fect joints with standard fittings, the perfect threads should be cut to only a certain distance from the end of the pipe. This distance is stated in Table II. 52. Correct Shape of Dies.—In order to cut clean, smooth threads, the dies, or chasers, that cut out the metal and form the threads, must be sharp and correctly shaped. Owing to defective construction of the old-time dies, plumbers and fitters experienced a great deal. of trouble, and had to exert a great deal of energy both in starting and in cutting threads. Fic. 62 These defective dies had the cutting edges radial with the pipe, as at a, Fig. 62 (a), and the clips of metal were crushed out, as at a, rather than cut out, which not only required considerable force, but also left the threads rough and very imperfect. Modern dies are made with the chasers cut on the angle, as at b, view (b). The chips are cut out with considerably less force and the threads are left smooth and perfect. The angle of the cutting edge with the radial line, or rake, is usually about 20°, as shown. The space in front of the chaser, in the stocks or holder, is the chip space required for the discharge of the chips and to provide means for lubricating the chasers. A lack of chip space will cause the chips to choke the dies and tear the thread40 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 The clearance is the angle between the threads of the chasers and the threads of the pipe, as at c. This angle reduces the friction, and consequently the power required to cut the threads. The number of chasers required in a die to get good results in threading at one cut varies with the size of the pipe. Thus, for 1}-inch pipe and smaller, four chasers; 1}4- to 4-inch, six chasers; 4- to 7-inch, eight chasers; 7- to 10-inch, ten chasers. 53. Lubrication —Pure lard or crude cottonseed oil should be used in liberal quantities on the dies to keep them in proper condition. The best die made will not produce good results with poor oil. Fre. 63 54, Threading by Hand.—Pipe threading can be made very hard work unless it is properly done. Many plumbers have their favorite dies and stocks and have no trouble in thread- ing pipe up to 2 inches alone, but usually two men, working together at the same job, can do it more quickly and easily, as will be shown later. In Fig. 63 is shown the operation of cutting a thread on a pipe of small diameter by means of a hand-ratchet stock, An up-and-down movement of the lever is all that isPLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 41 Fic. 64 required to cut the thread. The use of an adjustable die stock, provided with short handles,so:as;to be easily revolved by one man, is shown in Fig. 64,¢ Fic. 65 55. Adjustable pipe dies are commonly used for threading small pipes. As shown in Fig. 65, the dies are slipped over the end of the pipe a, There being no set-screws on the guides42 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 of the small stocks, the thread is started by pressing the dies tightly against the end of the pipe while revolving the stock slowly. After the dies have caught a firm hold on the pipe, the pressure against the end is relieved, the pipe end is heavily oiled where the thread is to be cut, and the stock is revolved steadily until the dies have traveled far enough to make the required length of perfect thread on the pipe. While the thread is being cut, it should be periodically oiled and the dies thus kept cool. If this is neglected, the dies will soon be ruined, the thread will be ragged, and the workman will waste a great deal of energy in the threading operation. A good grade of heavy- body oil is adapted for threading pipes. Kerosene, light grease or water, is useless. After the thread has been cut, the helper should blow all the chips out of the dies and then run the dies off the pipes. 56. Ii the dies cannot be started by the pressure of the body, the trouble may be caused by a) burr on the end of the pipe, dull dies, or lack of-knowledge+on the part of the man at the dies. Dies lacking.a threaded bushing for starting pur- poses should be placed squarely against the end of the pipe, when the full weight of the body is thrown against the stock, while the handles are at the same time turned a few inches. This motion is repeated until the force required to move the handles becomes too great for a man facing the end of the pipe. The handles should not be moved between the jerks necessary to start the thread; otherwise, the thread will be stripped, and it will be a much more difficult matter to start a new one. With the aid of a threaded guide bushing, it is a very easy matter to start the thread if the dies are placed properly. Fig. 65 shows the attitude that should be taken by the fitter in starting a thread without the aid of a threaded guide bushing. The arrow shows the direction of the travel of the stock. A V-shaped support holds the pipe a steady and in line with the vise. After the thread is started, the remainder of the thread is cut by simply revolving the die stock. There is a knack in pulling and pushing dies so as not to rack the body by the heavy strains accompanying this work, the object soughtPLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 43 being to exert a minimum amount of energy for the amount of work to be done. In threading pipe, after the thread has been started, the dies should not be revolved in jerks; a steady movement is desirable. Of course, a continuous uniform speed of the dies in threading by hand cannot be attained, Fic. 66 because the position of the hands must be changed at different positions of the die-stock handles. The motion should, how- ever, be as nearly uniform as is possible and consistent with speed. 57. Fig. 66 illustrates the threading operation when two men operate the dies, as is necessary in threading the larger44 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 sizes of pipe. In view (a) is shown the starting of the thread. The helper at the left is throwing himself forward to force the dies against the end of the pipe, and is assisted by the pipe fitter at the right, who adjusts the dies in contact with the pipe, as shown. View (0) illustrates the position assumed in thread- ing when the die-stock handles are slightly beyond the hori- zontal position. The helper is pushing upward with his left hand and drawing downward with his right hand; the pipe fitter is throwing his weight on his right hand and drawing upward with his left hand. When the position shown in view .(c) has been reached, the helper and the pipe fitter change holds, as shown, in view (d), the helper pulling upward and the pipe fitter downward until near the position shown in view (b), when they change their holds to the position shown. If the men do not pull together and in harmony, the work will be severe on the more energetic man. When a fitter finds a helper that works in harmony with him at the vise, he should con- tinue to use that helper, if possible. Pipes larger than 2 inches are cut and threaded with power machines. The plumber makes a rough sketch of each piece of pipe, marking all necessary measurements thereon, and shows the fittings that are to be screwed on the pipes, ThePLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 45 measurements are usually from center to center of the fittings, and the pipes are generally cut and threaded to sketch in the shop. In Fig. 67 is shown a combination die stock for threading relatively heavy pipe. When only one man is available, a lever may be screwed into the socket a and the die operated as a ratchet die stock, but, if two men are to handle the job, the ratchet lever is omitted and two levers b and ¢ are inserted in their respective sockets, as shown in the illustration. The method of operating the die stock is the same as. described with reference to Fig. 66. 58. Nipple Chucks—\When it is necessary to thread a piece of pipe that is too short to be held in the vise, a nipple chuck, also called a nipple holder, is used. Frequently tnis is simply a pipe coupling a, Fig. 68, screwed over the end of a BIG. .68 piece of pipe b, which is threaded about twice the length of the ordinary thread and is long enough to be held in the vise. The short piece, or nipple, c, which has been threaded on one end before being cut off the pipe, should be screwed into the coupling until it butts against the end of the pipe b to prevent swelling and splitting of the coupling. After a long nipple has been cut, it can be unscrewed with a pipe wrench; to remove a close nipple from the nipple chuck, the coupling @ should be unscrewed a little from the piece b held in the pipe vise and the coupling tapped lightly with the hammer, when the nipple can be screwed out with the fingers. When close nipples are to be cut, the threaded end should enter the coupling a little less than the length of the perfect threads and then butt against the piece held in the vise. : Fig. 69 shows a very convenient form of nipple holder for threading short and close nipples. In order that it may with- stand rough usage, it is made of tool steel. When in use, the 40sB445 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 shank a is gripped firmly in the vise, and the nipple b to be threaded is screwed with the fingers into the collar c, as shown. The wedge d is then driven in lightly, so that the plunger .e is held firmly against the nipple. The collar c acts as a guide for the die stock while the dies cut a thread on the part b. To remove:the’nipple, it is only necessary to drive back the wedge, which téleases the -plunger, allowing the nipple to be removed by*hand, This form of nipple holder is both convenient:and durable, and holds the nipple firmly while the thread is being cut, without danger of strip- ping the thread. PLUMBING MATERIALS DEFINITIONS 59, The supplies necessary for the completion of a plumb- ing job consist of plumbing materials and plumbing fixtures. The term plumbing materials includes soil pipe, lead pipe, wrought pipe, malleable and cast-iron fittings, sheet lead and other metals, oakum, solder, asphaltum, stop-cocks, faucets, straps, and everything used in the roughing in of a building. By roughing in is meant all of the plumbing work preliminary to the setting of the fixtures. Plumbing fixtures consist of the finishing material, such as sinks, tubs, lavatories, drinking fountains, baths, urinals, water closets, boilers, and ranges, necessary to complete the plumbing. The commonly used plumbing materials are here described.PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART i 47 SHEET METALS 60. Sheet Lead.—Sheet lead is pure metallic lead that has been rolled into sheets by passing blocks of the metal to and fro between heavy rolls until it has been rolled out to the desired thickness. This product is known as milled sheet lead. It is the only kind that can be obtained from plumbers’ supply houses, that is, the firms or stores that supply mate- rial to plumbers, unless special orders are given to furnish cast sheet lead. Cast sheet lead is made by first leveling a bed of fine molding sand into the size and shape of the sheet desired, forming the sides and ends into little embank- ments to prevent the molten lead from running out of the bed, then pouring clean molten lead on the bed, and, before it has set, drawing a straight-edged board over it to give the lead a uniform thickness. Milled Jead\is)much cheaper and stronger than cast lead, but it is not-so Soft;ner.so easily worked into dif- 1b. per sq.ft. 4lbs.per sqft. Yer inch. 6 inch. 1 lbs.per sq.ft. 5ibs.per sqfi. —— SEE %43 inch. 3+ inch. 2lbs.persa.ft. 6lbs.per sq.ft. mr Melnche ee ee! Pass Sa ET a] ene %e inch. 2% lbs.per sqft. 8lbs.persg.ft. (ee ER aie Ye inch. . Ft 3ibs.per sq.ft. 16 lbs per sq. EE ¥64 inch. Yinch. Fre. 70 ferent shapes. Cast sheet lead is used so seldom nowadays that manufacturers and dealers always assume that milled lead is wanted by their customers when no particular kind is specified.48 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 61. Sheet lead is very malleable and can be worked into almost any shape. Its tenacity is low, and it is apt to tear if stretched very much. It becomes hard and brittle if subjected to much bending or beating. Sheet lead is always specified and designated by its weight per square foot; thus, sheet lead weighing 6 pounds per square foot is called 6-pound sheet lead. Fie. 71 It is manufactured in any thickness, weighing from 1 to 32 pounds, or more, a square foot. Fig. 70 shows the actual thickness of sheet lead of the ‘several weights. Sheets weigh- ing less than 2} pounds @ Square fd6t are too light to be used in the plumbing trade. The»kinds in common use vary from 4 to 8 pounds a square foot: The weights generally carried in stock by merchants areé!/2,.24,.3, 33, 4, 44, 5, 6, 7, and 8 pounds a square foot. Sheet lead is shipped to plumbers in rolls, similar to that shown in Fig. 71, varying in width from 3 feet 6 inches to 9 feet, according to order. As sheet lead is TABLE Il WEIGHTS AND USES OF LEAD For flashings, use 4-pound sheet lead. For hips and ridges, use 6-pound sheet lead. For roofs and gutters, use 7-pound sheet lead. 1 cubic foot of lead weighs 711 pounds. 1 cubic inch of lead weighs 67s ounces. Sheet lead. Pounds per square footX.016=thickness in decimals of an inch. All lead traps and bends should be of the same thickness and weight as their corresponding pipe branches. Lead rolled 1 inch thick by 1 foot square weighs an average of 60 pounds. Stowage capacity required per ton of lead is 4 cubic feet.PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 49 TABLE IV EFFECTS OF ACIDS ON LEAD Sulfuric Acid—The purer the lead, the less it will be attacked by pure or nitrous sulfuric acid up to 200° C., the highest temperature employed under normal conditions in’ concentrating pans; above 200° C., the action becomes stronger, and at 260° C. the lead is dissolved. Con- centrated nitrous sulfuric acid acts at all temperatures more power- fully than pure sulfuric acid, and the effect is greater in the presence of air. Dilute nitrous sulfuric acid of a specific gravity of 1.72-1.76 is not so powerful as the pure acid, although if the dilution be continued beyond this point the power increases again instead of diminishing. Boiling sulfuric acid of sp. gr. 1.84 acts severely on lead, and fuming acid still more so. Organic Acids—Acetic, tartaric, and citric acids attack lead in con- tact with air. : . Nitric acid dissolves lead, forming nitrate of lead. This acid acts very energetically when diluted but more slowly when concentrated owing to the fact that nitrate of lead istinsoluble in strong nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid has praetically’ nosaction on lead. Boiling con- centrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acide,ef 66° B. dissolves it slowly. Aqua regia converts lead into a chloride. Arsenic or arsenious acid.,unites\ with lead, yielding arsenite or arsenide of lead. Peat acids in water rapidly dissolve lead. Chlorate of potash dried upon lead-covered tables will be found to contain traces of lead. . Gases of a properly worked sulfuric-acid plant have a very mild action on the sheet lead of which the chambers are built, and when any severe action takes place some abnormal condition is sure to have been the cause. Chlorine does not attack lead to any serious extent; but when chlorine is accompanied by traces of hydrochloric gas the damage is often extensive. Lime wash on lead, after having dried, helps chlorine to form the purple oxide of lead, which shortens the life of the lead. Such wash should not be used on the outside of bleaching-powder chambers. easily cut and bruised by rough handling, it should be shipped in boxes. Special sheets for use in chemical manufactories, oil refineries, and refrigeration plants can be had by special order. Sheet Jead is used by plumbers in the United States50 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 of America chiefly for lining water tanks, safes under the plumbing fixtures, roof flashings, and the like. In Great Britain and other foreign countries, it is used extensively by plumbers for covering flat roofs, and for ridges, valleys, gutters, and flashings of pitched roofs. Table III shows the weights of lead in various forms, and the weights to be used for different purposes. Table IV shows the effects of acids on lead, which are important in many classes of construction where lead pipe and sheet lead are used. 62. Sheet Copper.—Sheet copper is copper rolled into sheets by heavy steel rolls. The forms in use are: Hot-rolled, cold-rolled and annealed, cold-rolled, and cold-rolled and polished. Any of these kinds may also be obtained tinned on one or both sides. Sheet copper is designated by its weight in ounces per square foot. The sheets in common use range from 10 to 20 ounces a square foot; the largest sheets of 10-ounce cop- per usually kept in stock are 48 in. X96 in. The heavier sheets are made 60 in. x96 in. | Rolied copper has a specific gravity of 8.93. One cubic foot weighs 558435; pounds, while 1 square foot, 1 inch thick, weighs 4634; pounds. The weights and dimensions of the standard sizes of sheets are given in Table V, which has been adopted as the official table by the Association of Copper Manufacturers of the United States. 63. Hot-rolled, sometimes called soft-rolled, copper coated with tin on one side is generally used by plumbers for lining tanks, safes, and similar articles, and for such purposes it should be not less than 16-ounce. Commonly, sheet copper is numbered, acording to its thickness, by the Stubs gage; but sheet brass is numbered according to the Browne & Sharpe gage. When the name of the gage is not given with an order for sheet brass or copper, orders are usually filled to cor- respond with the gages just named. When ordering sheet copper, where gage number or weight is unknown, the difficulty may be overcome by enclosing a sample piece with the order. When ordering sheet copper, the temper desired should always be stated, that is, whether hard, semiannealed, or soft; also theTABLE V—SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF SHEET COPPER ow = a Weight per | Weight of Sheet | Weight of Sheet | Weight of Sheet | Weight of Sheet | Weight of Sheet Thieknes Stut Square Foot | 14 In, X 48 In, | 24 In. X 48 In. | 30 In, X 60 In. | 36 In, X 72 In, | 48 In, X 72 In, aeons Gag Ounces Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds a Numl 4 1.16 2.0 3.12 4.50 6 00537 35 6 1.75 3.0 4.08 6.75 9 00806 33 8 2.33 4.0 6.25 9.00 12 .01070 31 10 2.91 5.0 7.81 11.25 15 01340 29 12 3.50 6.0 9,37 13.50 18 01610 27 14 4.08 7.0 10.93 15.75 21 .01880 26 16 4.66 8.0 12.50 18.00 24 02150 24 18 5.25 9.0 14.06 20.25 27 02420 23 20 5.83 10.0 15.62 22.50 30 02690 22 24 7.00 12.0 18,75 27.00 36 03220 21 32 9.33 16.0 25.00 36.00 48 04300 19 40 11.66 20.0 31:25 45.00 60 .05380 18 48 14.00 24.0 37.50 54.00 72 06450 16 56 16.33 28.0 43,75 63.00 84 07540 15 64 18.66 32.0 50,00 72.00 96 -08600 14 70 35.0 55.00 79.00 105 09500 13 81 . 40.5 63.00 91.00 122 10900 12 89 44.5 70.00 100.00 134 12000 11 100 50.0 78.00 112.00 150 13400 10 110 55.0 86.00 124,00 165 14800 9 123 61.0 96.00 138.00 184 16500 8 134 67.0 105.00 151.00 201 -18000 7 151 75.5 118.00 170.00 227 -20300 6 164 82.0 128:00 184.00 246 .22000 5 177 - 88.5 138.00 199,00 266 23800 4 193 96.0 151.00 217.00 289 .25900 3 211 105.5 165.00 238.00 317 -28400 2 223 111.5 174.00 251.00 335 30000 1 253 126.5 198,00 285.00 380 34000 052 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 surface finish desired, that is, whether plain, tinned, cold-rolled and tinned and polished, cold-rolled and tinned and not polished, or planished copper tinned on one side. On account of its durability, copper is taking the place of tin and galvanized iron for valleys, conductors, and gutters. The size of the sheets that are best suited to the purpose should be specified. Cold- Fre. 72 rolled copper is smooth and clean, being carefully buffed to a high polish, which, however, will tarnish, because the polished surface is not protected from the action of the weather. Plan- ished copper is highly polished-and coated with an elastic enamel, AvHich prevents its tarnish- ing, Planished copper is used to a great extent.for’ covering drain boards. It can be corrugated or crimped, but when ordered for such purposes the proper width must be specified, for, if a space 145 inches wide on a sheet of copper 24 inches wide is corru- gated, the width of the sheet will then be about 213 inches. All unpro- tected copper will tarnish rapidly. Copper becomes hard if it is ham- mered. Sheet copper is shipped in rolls, as shown in Fig. 72, and may Fre. 73 or may not be boxed. 64. Sheet Zinc.—Sheet zinc is designated by its weight in ounces per square foot. It is furnished in casks or rolls as ordered. A cask of zinc is shown in Fig. 73; this cask weighs about 600 pounds. The weights and thicknesses of the sheets are given in Table VI. Zinc is a bluish-white metal and ises TABLE VI WEIGHTS, GAGE, AND SIZES OF SHEET ZINC Zinc gage, Nos. | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Ae Sete ea Weight per square foot in pounds | 30} 37] 45) 52] 60) .67) 75] .90 | 1,05 } 1.20 ] 1.35 |1.50 | 1.68 | 1.87 | 2.06 ]2.25 | 2.62 | 3.00 | 3.37 Approximate thickness in inches | .008 | .010 | .012) .014 | .016 | .018 | .020 | ,024 | .028 | .032 | .036 |.040 | 045 |.050 |.055 }.000 |.070 | .080 | _.090 Sige of pen Approximate, Weight Per Sheet in Pounds ne Sheet 24x84 14.042 5.26.3 73 8A OA AVS TIZO TAZ, 168 189 21.0 23.5 26.2 289 315 36.7 42.0 47.2 26x84 15.2 46 5.6 6.9 79° 91 10.2 ALA 13-2 16.0183 205 228 256 284 313 34.2 39.9 450 51.2 28x84 163 49 60 74 BS 98 109 122-147 1710 19.6 220 245 274 30.5 33.6 307 427 489 549 30x84 175 53 6.5 79 91 105 1L8 13.2 15.8 184) 21.0 23.6 26.2 294 328 30.1 394 45.8 525 59.0 32x84 187 56 69 84 97 11.2 126 141 169°99,7 22.5 253 328 314 35.0 385 420 49.0 56.1 63.0 34x84 199 60 74 9.0 104 12.0 13.4 15.0 18.0 20.9 23.9 269 29.9 334 37.2 41.0 448 52.2 59.7 67.0 36x84 210-63. 78 95 109 126 141 158 18.9 220 25.2 284 315 35.3 393 43.3 472 55.0 630 708 30X96 240 7.2 89 108 125 144 16.1 180 21.6 25.2 288 324 36.0 40.3 44.9 49.5 54.0 62.8 72.0 80.9 36x108 27.0 81 10.0 122 14.1 16.2 181 20.3 24.3 284 324 365 40.5 454 505 55.6 60.7 70.7 81.0 910 40x84 2347.0 8.7 10.6 122 141 15.7 176 21.0 246 281 31.6 35.1 39.3 43.8 482 526 61.3 702 788 40X96 268 80 9.9 12.1 14.0 16.1 180 20.1 241 281 322 36.2 40.2 45.0 50.1 $5.2 60.3 70.2 80.4 903 MX84 25.7 7.7 95 IG 134 154 172 19.3 23.1 27.0 308 34.7 386 43.2 481 530 S78 674 771 866 46x90 287 86 10.6 129 149 17.2 19.2 215 258 30.1 344 387 43.0 48.2 53.7 59.1 64.6 75.2 86.1 » 96.7 48x84 28.0 84 10.4 12.6 14.6 168 188 210 25:2 29.1 336 378 42.0 47.0 524 577 630 734 84.0 941 48x96 320 96 119 144 16.7 19.2 21.5 240 288 33.6 384 43.2 48.0 538 59.9 65.9 720 83.9 96.0 1078 50108 37.5 113 139 16.9 195 225 25.1 28.2 33.8 39.3 45.0 50.7 S63 63.0 70.1 77.3 844 983 1125 1264 52x84 304 91 11.3 137 158 18.3 204 228 274 31.9 36.5 41.0 45.6 51.0 56.9 626 O84 79.6 91.2 102554 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 highly crystalline. It is hard and brittle both at the ordinary temperature and at 400° F. But at intermediate temperatures, between 212° F. and 302° F., it is malleable and ductile, and can then be rolled into thin sheets. Zinc is seldom used by plumbers in the United States, except for waterproofing such chambers as ice chests, or for lining corn bins in stables, or small water tanks. The weights most commonly used are 12-, 14-, and 16-ounce, the latter being used chiefly for tank linings. : = 1b. per sq.ft. 3velbs.per sqft. ¥40 inch. Ya inch. 1% lbs.persq.ft. 4Ibs.per sq.ft Se Ere Yer inch, Yio inch. 2lbs.per sq.ft. 4%lbs.per sq.ft. SE Ys a 0 EER ee Yeo inch. inch. 2lbs.per sq.ft. 5lbs.per sq.ft. es EE a ‘einen Ye inch. 3ibs.per sq.ft. {0 lbs. per sq.ft. Ee Ye inch. Fic. 74 65. Sheet Block Tin.—Tin in sheet form, like sheet lead, is made by the rolling process from solid blocks of the pure metal. It can be had in sheets of the same length and breadth as sheet lead, and, like lead, is known by its weight in pounds per square foot. Owing to its lower specific gravity, tin sheets are thicker than lead sheets of the same weight per square foot. Fig. 74 shows the thickness of the common grades usually kept in stock by manufacturers. The sizes mostly used by Note,—The initial letter F. is an abbreviation of the word Fahrenheit. Thus, 400° F. means a temperature of 400° on the Fahrenheit thermom- eter, the one ordinarily used in the United: States and Great Britain. Unless otherwise stated, all degrees of temperature will be according to the Fahrenheit thermometer, whether so indicated or not.PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 55 plumbers are 14 to 3 pounds, inclusive, the latter being used chiefly for tanks and the former for flashing around pantry sinks. To distinguish this sheet metal from tin-coated iron sheets, it is called sheet block tin. 66. Sheet Iron and Steel.—Iron and steel in the form of sheets, called sheet iron and sheet steel, respectively, can be obtained cold-rolled and hard, or annealed and soft. Either kind can be had in the natural state, when it is called: black, or coated with zinc, when it is called galvanized. Sheets range in size from 24 in. x72 in. for the thin sheets, to 30 in. x 84 in. or larger for the heavier ones. Sheet iron is designated by its thickness as measured by a wire gage. Many varieties of gages are used for this purpose, which differ greatly in their measurements, The U. S. standard gage was:established by act of Congress in 1893. In this standard,the weights per square foot are indicated by gage number.” ‘The weight of the metal rather than the thickness is the determining factor when material is identified by this gage. The Birmingham, or Stubs, gage is used for ae the thickness of strip steel, round-edged flat wire, spring steel, brass, copper, seamless steel, stainless steel tubing, and boiler tubes. The Browne & Sharpe gage is used for sheets, bars, and wire of copper, brass, and phosphor bronze. The Washburn and Moen gage is used for round steel wire, which may be black annealed, bright basic, galvanized, tinned, or copper-coated. ; A comparison of the gages here mentioned is given in Table VII. 67. As there are different gages in use by the different manufacturers, and as the thickness of a sheet stamped with the same gage number varies according to the kind of gage used by the manufacturer of that sheet, the gage name, the weight per square foot, or the thickness in thousandths of an inch should be specified when ordering sheet metal.56 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 TABLE VII COMPARISON OF STANDARD GAGES Birmingham Wire Gage or vis, | Weisht . Stubs Gage |p ine (Standard Stind-| saeare |agrtoristte| AMCion Wegnt | Sturpe | Wire Gas Jor Steer| TEPSEST | het | Thick, | rare | American | Waste oe [pee tape | eee | Wee te Pounds 3 inch thick and heavier are classed as Plates 7 7.50 .1793 3/16 | .180 7.344 14428 1770 8 6.875 1644 11/64 | 165 6.732 12849 .1620 9. 6.25 1494 eee 148 6.0384 11443 1483 10 5.625 1345 9/64 | 134 5.4672 -10189 1350 il 5.00 1196 1/8 | .12 4.896 090742 .1205 12 4.375 1046 7/64 | .109 4.4972 080808 — .1055 13 3.75 .0897 3/32 | .095 3.876 071961 .0915 14 3.125 0747 5/64.-|.....083 3.3864 064084 .0800 15 2.812 0673 ae 072 2.9376 057068 + .0720 16 2.50 .0598 T/¥6: | 065) 2.651 05082 0625 17 2.25 0538 FESS 2.3664 045257 .0540 18 2.00 0478 T720 | s04925) 1.9992 040303 .0475 19 1.75 0418 ote FO: 1.7126 03589 .0410 20 1.50 0359 3/80) 4.035 1.428 .031961 .0348 21 . 1375 0329 wee. | 032 1.3056 028462 = .03175 22 1.25 0299 1/32 | .028 1.1424 025347 0286 23 1.125 0269 ---- | 025 1.02 022571 0258 24 1.00 .0239 1/40 | .022 8976 .0201 0230 25 875 .0209 cas" [2 02: 816 .0179 0204 26 75 0179 018 7344 01594 0181 27 6875 0164 -.+. | .016 .6528 014195 0173 28 625 .0149 1/64 | 014 5712 012641 .0162 29 5625 0135 oe. e 013 5304 011257 .0150 30 50 .0120 1/80 | .012 4896 010025 0140 Sheet iron is shipped in flat bundles put up as shown in Fig. 75, firmly clamped together with strap-iron bands. Each sheet should be stamped with the maker’s trade-mark and the gage number. 68. Stainless Steel—Stainless steel is used extensively ~ in lieu of sheet copper and sheet tin in plumbing work. Most brands of stainless steel are very resistant to cutting and bend-PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 57 ing but are exceedingly durable and have a silvery finish not subject to tarnishing. Stainless steel is obtainable in three standard finishes: No. 1, hot-rolled, annealed, and pickled; No. 2, annealed, pickled, and cold-rolled; and No. 3, bright ground and polished. The metal can be soldered by using a special flux and solder developed for the purpose. It is also possible to obtain soft steel sheets faced with stain- less steel, the stainless layer being about one-fifth of the thick- ness of the composite sheet. Stainless steel sheets and the stainless faced sheets are obtainable generally in the same thicknesses and sizes as are ordinary steel sheets. The basic analysis of most of the stainless steel shows varying propor- Fic, tions of carbon, chrome, and nickel, depending on the particular service for which the metal is designed. Stainless steel is available in rivets, hexagon nuts, screws, angles, bars, and other forms, such as might be needed in plumbers’ work in fabricating and assembling stainless sheet steel. 69. Sheet Tin—The article of commerce known as sheet tin, and also as roofing tin, is not tin in the true sense; it is a thin steel or wrought-iron sheet coated on both sides with block tin. The strength is given by the iron or steel body and the durability is imparted by the tin coating, which especially protects the sheets against the weather. Sheet tin is generally employed for roofing purposes. City plumbers seldom use it, for tinsmiths do all tin work there; but in country towns and villages the plumbers should have a fair knowledge of tin work, as they are called on to do that sort of work. When plates are coated with tin alone, they are known as tin plates; when coated with a mixture of lead and tin, they are known as terne plates.58 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 70. The original method of manufacture was to dip the plates into the melted covering material, the sheets being allowed to take on all the coating possible. Many of the best grades of roofing tin are still made by this process. Another method is known as the patent-roller process, by which the plates are put into a bath of molten covering material and then passed between iron rolls. The pressure on the rolls leaves on the plates a thickness of coating that is determined by the distance the rolls are apart and the thickness of the sheet. The rolls can be adjusted to squeeze off nearly all the Fic. 76 coating, or to leave it on, just as the manufacturer sees fit and just as the trade will accept or reject the material. There are different brands of roofing plates in the market at present. Some are called double-coated, some redipped, others double-dipped. These terms are somewhat mis- leading, for they seem to imply that the sheets have been dipped twice in tin. To test tin plates, a knife may be run over the surface and the covering peeled off, as shown in Fig. 76, in order to dis- cover its thickness. It is very important that the thickness of the coating should be tested before the tin is allowed to go on a roof.PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 59 71, There are two regular sizes of roofing plates, namely, 20 in. x28 in., and 14 in.x20. in. The larger size is generally used for making heater pipe or for valleys. The 14”x20” size is best adapted for roofing, as the larger size bulges or buckles and cracks the seam, thereby causing leaks in the roof. A third size, namely, 10 in. x 20 in., is also supplied, and is used generally for gutters and leader pipes. Two thicknesses of roofing plates are commonly recognized: the IC, which is No. 29 gage and weighs 9 ounces to the square foot; and the IX, or No. 27 gage, which weighs 10 ounces to the square foot. Sometimes a still heavier plate, known as IXX, or No. 26 gage, which is used for specially heavy work, is called for and is kept in stock by the best manu- facturers. The standard net weight of a box of IC 14”x20" roofing tin formerly was 112 pounds, or 1 pound per sheet, making 112 sheets to the box, but now it is reduced to 108 pounds. The old standard for IX plates was 140 pounds, but very few brands now weigh more than 135 pounds. The most reliable manufacturers guarantee the weights for the different boxes, and, if the boxes do not come up to the guaranteed weight,60 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 they may be shipped back. The best sheets on the market today are stamped with the mark of the brand, and with the thickness designation IC or IX. 72. To avoid trouble, thebest manufacturers have an assorting department, where the defective sheets are picked out and separated fromthe good ‘ones. In the manufacture of roofing plates, imperfect sheets, such as sheets with blisters, broken corners, cracks, ‘and—other> flaws, occur. All these sheets are called wasters and are packed separately, the boxes containing IC sheets being marked “ICW,” and those con- taining IX sheets, “IXW.” Wasters are always sold at prices considerably lower than the primes, or perfect sheets, of the same brand. Tin and terne plates for roofing and other pur- poses are shipped in boxes, as shown in Fig. 77.\ PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS Serial 5391A (PART 1) Edition 1 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Notice to Students——Siudy the Instruction Paper thoroughly before you attempt to answer these questions. Read each question carefully and _ be sure you understand it; then write the best answer you can. When your answers are completed, examine them closely,.correct all the errors you can find, and see that every question is answered; then mail your work io us. (1) (a) Why should the burr be removed from the cut end of a wrought-iron pipe? (b) Name and describe the method and tool used in this operation. (2) What are the duties‘of a»plumber ? (3) Describe the operation of a\thawing steamer and state what precautions must be=taken: to’ prevent accident. (4) Name some of 'the..most commonly used plumbing materials. (5) Mention some of the most essential tools used for joining soil pipes and fittings. (6) What does the plumbing of a building include? (7) Name the most essential tools in a plumber’s tool box. (8) Describe the use of a pipe bender and state how it should be prepared before inserting it into a lead pipe. (9) What precautions must be taken when lighting a gaso- line fire-pot ? (10) On what does the tightness of a screwed joint largely depend?2 PLUMBING TOOLS AND MATERIALS, PART 1 (11) What is the purpose of a nipple chuck and how is it used? (12) What plumbing. fixtures are generally used in a modern home? (13) Name and describe three different types of wrenches used by plumbers. (14) Name the various kinds of sheet metals used by plumbers. (15) How is tin plate tested? (16) . What is the basic composition of stainless steel? (17) State the effect of chlorine on lead. (18) What is a spiral auger and how is it used? (19) Explain the difference between tin plates and terne plates. (20) What is planished copper and what is its practical use? Mail your work on this lesson as soon as you have finished it and looked it over carefully) DO NOT HOLD IT until another lesson is ready.