Volumecontraction

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Volumecontractionisadecreaseinthevolumeofbodyfluid,includingthedissolvedsubstancesthatmaintain
osmoticbalance(osmolytes).Thelossofthewatercomponentofbodyfluidisspecificallytermeddehydration.[1]

Contents
1 Bybodyfluidcompartment
1.1 ECFvolumecontraction
1.2 ICFvolumecontraction
1.3 Dependenceonlostsolutes
1.4 Estimation
2 Seealso
3 References

Bybodyfluidcompartment
Volumecontractionismoreorlessalossofextracellularfluid(ECF)and/orintracellularfluid(ICF).

ECFvolumecontraction
Volumecontractionofextracellularfluidisdirectlycoupledtoandalmostproportionaltovolumecontractionof
bloodplasma,whichistermedhypovolemia.[2][3]Thus,itprimarilyaffectsthecirculatorysystem,potentially
causinghypovolemicshock.
ECFvolumecontractionorhypovolemiaisusuallythetypeofvolumecontractionofprimaryconcernin
emergency,sinceECFisapproximatelyhalfthevolumeofICFandisthefirsttobeaffectedine.g.bleeding.
Volumecontractionissometimesevenusedsynonymouslywithhypovolemia.

ICFvolumecontraction
Volumecontractionofintracellularfluidmayoccuraftersubstantialfluidloss,sinceitismuchlargerthanECF
volume,orlossofpotassium(K+)seesectionbelow.
ICFvolumecontractionmaycausedisturbancesinvariousorgansthroughoutthebody.

Dependenceonlostsolutes
Na+lossapproximatelycorrelateswithfluidlossfromECF,sinceNa+hasamuchhigherconcentrationinECF
thanICF.Incontrast,K+hasamuchhigherconcentrationinICFthanECF,andthereforeitslossrathercorrelates
withfluidlossfromICF,sinceK+lossfromECFcausestheK+inICFtodiffuseoutofthecells,draggingwater
withitbyosmosis.

Estimation

Whenthebodylosesfluids,theamountlostfromICFandECF,respectively,canbeestimatedbymeasuring
volumeandamountofsubstanceofsodium(Na+)andpotassium(K+)inthelostfluid,aswellasestimatingthe
bodycompositionoftheperson.
1.Tocalculateanestimation,thetotalamountofsubstanceinthebodybeforethelossisfirstestimated:

where:
nb=Totalamountofsubstancebeforefluidloss
Osmb=Bodyosmolaritybeforeloss(almostequaltoplasmaosmolalityof275299milliosmolesper
kilogram[4])
TBWb=Totalbodywaterbeforeloss(approximately60%ofbodyweight,orusingtritiatedwateror
deuterium)
2.Thetotalamountofsubstanceinthebodyafterthelossisthenestimated:

where:
na=Totalamountofsubstanceafterfluidloss
nb=Totalamountofsubstancebeforefluidloss
nlostNa+=Amountofsubstanceoflostsodium
nlostK+=Amountofsubstanceoflostpotassium
3.Thenewosmolaritybecomes:

where:
Osma=Bodyosmolarityafterloss
na=Totalamountofsubstanceafterfluidloss
TBWb=Totalbodywaterbeforeloss
Vlost=Volumeoflostfluid
4.Thisosmolarityisevenlydistributedinthebody,andisusedtoestimatethenewvolumesofICFandECF,
respectively:

where:
VICFa=Intracellularfluidvolumeafterfluidloss
nICFa=AmountofsubstanceinICFafterfluidloss
Osma=Bodyosmolarityafterloss

VICFb=Intracellularfluidvolumebeforefluidloss(approximately40%ofbodyweight,orsubtractingECF
fromTBW)
Osmb=Bodyosmolaritybeforeloss(almostequaltoplasmaosmolalityof275299milliosmolesper
kilogram[4])
nlostK+=Amountofsubstanceoflostpotassium
Inhomologousmanner:

where:
VECFa=Extracellularfluidvolumeafterfluidloss
nECFa=AmountofsubstanceinECFafterfluidloss
VECFb=Extracellularfluidvolumebeforefluidloss(approximately20%ofbodyweight,orbyusing
inulin)
Osmb=Bodyosmolaritybeforeloss(almostequaltoplasmaosmolalityof275299milliosmolesper
kilogram[4])
nlostK+=Amountofsubstanceoflostpotassium
5.Thevolumeoflostfluidfromeachcompartment:

where:
VI/ECFb=Intra/Extracellularfluidvolumebeforefluidloss
VI/ECFa=Intra/Extracellularfluidvolumeafterfluidloss

Seealso
Contractionalkalosis,theincreaseinbloodpHthatoccursasaresultoffluidlosses

References
1.MedicineNet>DefinitionofDehydration(http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2933)Retrievedon
July2,2009
2.MedicineNet>DefinitionofHypovolemia(http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3871)Retrievedon
July2,2009
3.TheFreeDictionary.com>hypovolemia(http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypovolemia)CitingSaunders
ComprehensiveVeterinaryDictionary,3ed.RetrievedonJuly2,2009
4."Case422NeuropathologyCase".Retrieved20090304.

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