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Code-Mixing Among TV Programs
Code-Mixing Among TV Programs
REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
TAIZ UNIVERSITY
CENTER OF LANGUAGES
Done by:
by:
Mervat Al-Doais
Qanbar
Supervised
Dr Nada
February, 2010
Declaration
I declare that this dissertation represents my own work, except
where due
Acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously
included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this
University or to any other institution for a degree, Diploma or other
qualification.
__________________________
Mervat Al-Doais
Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks are dedicated to Dr Nada, my research
supervisor, for her invaluable advice and guidance throughout my
study. I would also like to give special thanks to my father, who has
given me valuable inspiration and encouragement at stages in the
preparation and writing of this paper.
Mervat Al-Doais
Contents
Declaration.. 2
Acknowledgement..2
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction..4
Research
questions....................................................................................... 5
Population of interest5
Objectives of the study..5
Organization of the
study..............................................................................5
Theoretical Background
Definition of Code5
Different between Code-switching and Codemixing..6
Background of Code switching
7
Types of Code- switching and Code- mixing
..8
Most common code switching
type..8
Uncommon Code switches
9
Factors behind code-mixing/ switching
..9
CAPTER TWO
Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research Design and
Methodology..15
- Population and Sample..15
- Method of sampling16
- Data collection instrument..16
CAPTER FOUR
Findings and discussions
17
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusions
5.1 Summary of the findings
22
5.2 Limitations of the study
.. 22
5.3 Implications for further research
22
References
Chapter One
Introduction
The basic principle of language style is that an individual speaker does not always
talk the same way on all occasions. Differentiations can be made between intonation,
grammar, lexicon, or pronunciation, but also between local dialect and standard
speech. The choice depends on the person you are talking to, the environment and
many other social factors. The words you are saying always carry some sort of
meaning and it depends on the circumstances, personal desires etc. So, style shifts
occur according to topic, setting or audience. Two types of code-switching exist: the
alternation between different languages or between different styles. The first relates to
the switch for instance from English to Turkish which often occurs in Germany, or
switches between Arabic and English in Jordon. The second type refers to the change
of codes between different dialects or varieties within the same language.
The phenomenon of shifting Arabic to English in TV programs
becomes noticeable to every TV viewer. We have noticed how
participants in some TV programs are discussing a topic using both
Arabic and English language. And we also have noticed that this
phenomenon does not exist in all TV programs. The announcer in
Aljazeera channel never switches to English even if he is a bilingual.
Thus the main interest of this study lies in answering the questions
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The speaker is usually unaware of the switch. The third type of code
switching is known as" Tag- switching". This involves the insertion of
a tag in one language into an utterance that is otherwise entirely in
the other language.
The most common type of language switching is known as
mechanical switching; intra-sentential. It occurs unconsciously, and
is also known as code-mixing. Code-mixing occurs when a speaker is
momentarily unable to remember a term, but is able to recall it in a
different language. In this study only code-mixing between
languages is considered here particularly mixing between Arabic
and English language; however, switching between dialects, and
even more so, between styles or registers is also frequent. Bishop
(2006).
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Conscious factors
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter offers a review of the Literature on language codemixing, including historical and contemporary views concerning its
existence and development.
Earlier studies that dealt with code switching as a major topic
started in the 1960s with Gumperz 1964; Lehtinen 1966; and Clyne
1967 (Boumans 1998:9). In 1970s, most of the code mixing studies
(e.g., Gumperz 1976, 1979; Pfaff 1976, 1979; Myers-Scotton 1989,
etc.) drew on two interacting language systems Spanish-English to
analyze the grammatical structures and syntactic rules of these two
interacting language systems in code switched sentences.
A considerable number of studies were also carried out dealing with
code switching between Moroccan Arabic and other languages
mostly French and Dutch. Worthwhile mentioning studies are
Abbassis (1977); Bentahilas (1983a, 1983b); Bentahila et als.
1983, 1991); Boumanss (1998); Heaths (1989); Eids (1992);
Myers-Scotton, Jake, and Okashas (1996); Nait Mbarek and
Sankoffs (1988); Nortier (1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1995); and Saids
(1988).
revealed that code switches consisted of smaller
constituents (adjectives, adverbs, determiners, nouns, prepositions,
and verbs) and larger constituents (e.g., sentences and clauses).
This finding lends support to Bentahila study (1983) on the same
language pairs in which it was also revealed that switches occurred
in various syntactic environments (Bentahila) in Redouane (.).
Data also revealed that nouns constitute a large number of
switches. This finding corroborates the findings of various studies
involving different language pairs, for example Berk-Seligsons
(1986) study on Hebrew-Spanish; Pfaffs 1979; Poplacks (1980,
1981); and Timms (1975) studies on English-Spanish where nouns
were found to comprise the highest number of switches (BerkSeligson 1986:314). The findings of Gumperz (1976) and Poplack
(1980) studies, however, run counter to this finding. In these two
studies, sentence was found the most highly switched constituent.
The finding that switches between an Arabic determiner and a
French noun was possible within noun boundary is in line with
Bentahila (1983) and Abbassis (1977) investigating the same
Redouane(..)
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CAPTER THREE
This chapter describes the framework of the present study, including the research
design and methods. It explains how the research was conducted, and how the data
were collected and analyzed.
3.2
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Findings and discussions
This chapter discusses the findings concerning code switching in TV
programs. The data that are collected through the close observation
of some TV programs are analyzed to answer the questions of this
study;
Research Question 1: In which type of TV programs we could find a
heavy use of English within Arabic language structures?
Research Question 2: what different kinds of code switching do
occur?
Research Question 3: why and in which situation do people do it?
4.2 Types of TV programs:
The findings of this study show that there are two different types of
T V programs; TV programs in which we could find an extensive use
of English words, the second type of TV programs are those
programs in which we could not find a single word of English
language. The first type of T V programs includes programs of
fashion, programs of health; in short I can say that in the
infotainment programs we can find an extensive use of English
words. The second type include "news, religious programs, sports,
documentary programs, programs of animals and natural disaster,
educational programsetc. The researcher suggests that in the
second type of TV programs we could find some bilinguals, but they
are not allowed to mix languages as the addressing the whole social
classes neglecting any social differences. While in the first type of
TV programs, the speaker is addressing a particular social class,
gender, or a particular age, so he knows very well what kind of
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1- Inflections
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-characters
-marks
-masks
2. Word class:
The findings of this study reveal that the class of the word may also change while switching
from Arabic into English. An English verb may be used as a noun in Arabic. For example,
-made
- effect
-look
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The researcher in this study notices that such speakers are using in
English language to show of. They want to show that they are also
as well educated as others. Another possible reason for this
switching can be to show that this meal is a new one which is taken
from foreign countries such as " up side down '
.Words that are used in this domain are " sugar, milk, Sault, spices,
wateretc.
CAPTER FIVE
5 Conclusion
5.1 Summary of the findings
26
the noun phrase, and between the noun and the adjective. The noun
was found to be the single most frequently switched item.
The findings of this study show that while bilinguals switch their language from
Arabic into English, some changing in the grammar of one of the languages may
occur. These changes can be at the level of morphology, or at the level of syntax.
Bilinguals in TV programs usually switch into English intendedly.
Every choice of some English items carries meaning. The most prominent
factor behind code switching is the frequent exposure of specific items that
make the speaker momentarily unable to remember them in Arabic language, but is
able to recall it in English language.
At the end of this study the researcher suggests that there should
be another study to explore if there are any switches from English
into Arabic, and for what purposes?
The reason behind this suggestion is that people nowadays notice
that many foreign politicians are using Arabic; even the president of
America Barak Obama uses Arabic language when quoting from the
holy Quora'an.
References
BISHOP, M." THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE CODESWITCHING IN INCREASING
ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS AMONG MEXICAN-AMERICAN YOUTH
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Fong, S.2008. "A case study of teachers and students perception of mixed-code
teaching in the F1 English classes of a Hong Kong (CMI) secondary school."
University of Hong Kong.
Liu. 2006." CASE STUDY: ESTABLISHING A SPEECH MICRO-COMMUNITY".
Redouane, R." Linguistic Constraints on Code switching and Code mixing of
Bilingual Moroccan Arabic-French Speakers in Canada". Montclair State University.
Walte.I.2006.CASESTUDY: ESTABLISHING A SPEECH MICRO-COMMUNITY.
University of honor.
ANALYIZING DATA
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Pattern
Full
NP+VP N+ADJ V+ADV V+PREP DETE+N TAG VP+NP
of
sentence
switching
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The diagram shows that most of the switches are between determiner and noun phrase
design
made
Fashion
Fashion
effect
Simple
Refinement
Artistic
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