Chng 1: THNG K S LIU A CHT

Kho st a cht phc v cho vic thit k xy dng cng trnh c khi lng c khi
lng cng tc thc hin rt ln. S lng h khoan v s mu t trong mt lp t ln. Do
vy vic thng k cc s liu th nghim nhm tm c 1 gi tr c tnh i din vi mt
tin cy nht nh cho n nguyn t nn, cng nh phn chia hp l cc n nguyn a
cht da theo h s bin ng ca tng s hng trong tp hp thng k l rt quan trng v
nh hng ln n cht lng cng trnh sau ny.
1.1.
-

C S L THUYT:
1.1.1. Thng k theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 9362-2012:
TCVN thng k theo hm phn phi chun ( hay phn phi Gauss).
1.1.1.1. L thuyt phn phi chun:
Khi phn b tim n ca m ng khng phi l phn b chun, phn b trung
bnh mu cng s khng l phn b chun. TCVN 9362-2012 th dng phn phi
Gauss thng k a cht, tc l mu thng k phi l mu c phn phi chun
(phn phi Gauss), do vi mt m ng bt k cn phi kim nh gi nh phn
phi m ng l phn phi chun. Thng thng c kim tra qua phn b sai s
(dng tn s hoc chun vi mu c ln, cn i vi mu c nh th t chnh cc
hn v c lch nhiu so vi phn phi chun). Theo nh lut gii hn trung tm,
vi c mu ln (n>30), trung bnh mu s c phn b xp x phn b chun, bt
chp phn b tim n ca m ng
i lng ngu nhin X gi l c phn phi chun nu hm mt ca X c
dng

1
f x
e
2

Trong :

x
2 2

, x

: tr s trung bnh
: lch chun

Trong trng hp ny ta k hiu:

X : N ( , 2 )

(1.1)

Ta c E(X) =

, D(X) =

ng cong f(x) c dng hnh chung i xng qua x=

Hnh 1.1: ng cong phn phi chun

X : N (0,1)

i lng ngu nhin

gi l c phn phi chun chun tc.

Nu X c phn phi chn chun tc th hm mt ca X l

2

1 x2
f x
e
2

1.2

gi l hm mt Gauss. Hm mt Gauss l hm chn, ta c:

max f x f 0
0

1
0.3989
2

f x dx f x dx 0.5

1.3
1.4

Mi phn phi chun u c th chun tc ha nh nh l sau y:

Y

X : N ( , 2 )

Nu

th

X
: N (0,1)

1.1.1.2.

Phn chia n nguyn a cht:

a. H s bin ng:
-

Ta da vo h s bin ng phn chia n nguyn.

H s bin ng c dng nh sau:

(1.5)

Trong gi tr trung bnh ca mt c trng:

n

(1.6)

V lch ton phng trung bnh:

1 n

Ai A
n 1 1

1.7

Vi: Ai gi tr ring ca c trng t mt th nghim ring

n s ln th nghim
b. Quy tc loi tr cc sai s:
- Trong tp hp mu ca mt lp t c h s bin ng [ ] th t cn
ngc li th ta phi loi tr cc s liu c sai s ln .
- Trong []: h s bin ng ln nht, tra bng trong TCXD 9362:2012
tu thuc vo tng loi c trng .
Bng 1.1: h s bin ng ln nht
c trng ca t
T trng ht
Trng lng ring
m t nhin
Gii hn Atterberg
Module bin dng
Ch tiu sc chng ct
Cng nn mt trc

H s bin ng []
0.01
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.40

Kim tra thng k, loi tr s ln Ai theo cng thc sau:

1.8

A A i ' CM
Trong c lng lch:

CM

1 n

Ai A
n 1

khi n 25 th ly

1.9

CM =

Bng 1.2: H s ph thuc vo s lng mu

n

'
n

'
n

'

6
2,07

7
2,18

8
2,27

9
2,35

10
2,41

11
2,47

12
2,52

13
2,56

14
2,6

15
2,64

16
2,67

17
2,7

18
2,73

19
2,75

20
2,78

21
2,8

22
2,82

23
2,84

24
2,86

25
2,88

26
2,9

27
2,91

28
2,93

29
2,94

30
2,96

31
2,97

32
2,98

33
3,0

34
3,01

35
3,02

36
3,03

37
3,04

38
3,05

39
3,06

40
3,07

41
3,08

42
3,09

43
3,1

44
3,11

45
3,12

46
3,13

47
3,14

48
3,14

49
3,15

36
3,03

1.1.1.3.

c trng tiu chun v tnh ton ca t:

a. c trng tiu chun:

- Cc thng s c bn v tnh cht c hc ca t dng xc nh sc chu
ti v bin dng ca nn l cc c trng v bn v bin dng ca t (gc ma
st trong , lc dnh n v C v m un bin dng ca t E, cng cc hn
v nn mt trc ca cng Rn ...)
- Trong trng hp c bit khi thit k nn khng da trn cc c trng v
bn v bin dng ca t th cho php dng cc thng s khc c trng cho
tc dng qua li gia mng vi t nn v xc nh bng thc nghim (h s
cng ca nn,...)

-Tr tiu chun cc c trng ca t cn xc nh trn c s nhng th

nghim trc tip lm ti hin trng hoc trong phng th nghim i vi t c
kt cu t nhin cng nh i vi t c ngun gc nhn to v t mn.
-Tr tiu chun ca tt c cc c trng ca t (tr lc dnh n v v gc
ma st trong) l tr trung bnh cng cc kt qu th nghim ring r.
- Tr tiu chun Atc cc c trng ca t theo kt qu th nghim trc tip
trong phng v hin trng c xc nh theo cng thc:

1 n
A Ai
n i 1
tc

1.10

Trong : Ai l tr s ring bit ca c trng;

n l s ln th nghim ca c trng.
-

Vic x l cc kt qu th nghim ct trong phng nhm xc nh tr tiu chun

ca lc dnh n v ctc v gc ma st trong tc tin hnh bng cch tnh ton theo
phng php bnh phng nh nht s ph thuc tuyn tnh i vi ton b tng
hp i lng th nghim trong n nguyn a cht cng trnh:

p tg c
trong :
l sc chng ct ca mu t;
p l p lc php tuyn truyn ln mu t.
-

Tr tiu chun ctc v tg tc c tnh ton theo cc cng thc:

1.11

n
n
n

i i
i i i
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1

n
n
1 n

tg tc n i i i i
i 1
i 1
i 1

c tc

1.12
1.13

Trong :
n

n
2
i

i 1

i 1

1.14

n l s ln th nghim ca i lng .
b. c trng tnh ton:
-

Trong mi trng hp, khi tnh nn phi dng tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
Att, xc nh theo cng thc:

Atc
A
kd
tt

1.15

Trong :
Atc l tr tiu chun ca c trng ang xt quy nh trn.
k l h s an ton v t.
-

Khi tm tr tnh ton ca cc c trng v bn (lc dnh n v c, gc ma st

trong ca t v cng gii hn v nn mt trc R n ca cng) cng nh
khi lng th tch th h s an ton v t kd dng tnh nn theo sc chu
ti v theo bin dng quy nh trn ty thuc vo s thay i ca cc c trng
y, s ln th nghim v tr xc sut tin cy .

i vi cc c trng v bn ca t c, , Rn v th h s an ton t kd
c xc nh nh sau (i vi cc c trng khc ca t cho php ly k d =1,
tc l tr tnh ton cng l tr tiu chun).
-

Xc nh kd cho cc c trng v bn ca t c, , Rn v :

kd

1
1

1.16

CH THCH: Trong cng thc trn du trc i lng c chn sao

cho m bo tin cy ln nht khi tnh ton nn hay mng.
l ch s chnh xc nh gi tr trung bnh cc c trng ca t c
quy nh theo sau:
i vi c v tg:

1 n

Ai A
n i 1

1.17

i vi Rn v :

t
n

1.18

Ch thch: Khi tm gi tr tnh ton c, dng tng s ln th nghim lm n.

Trong :
t l h s ly theo Bng A.1 Ph lc A trong tiu chun ty thuc vo xc
sut tin cy v s bc t do (n-1) khi xc nh tr tnh ton R n , v (n - 2) khi
thit lp tr tnh ton c v .

Xc sut tin cy ca tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t c ly bng:

= 0,95 khi tnh nn theo sc chu ti (tnh theo TTGH I)
= 0,85 khi tnh nn theo bin dng (tnh theo TTGH II)
tin cy tnh nn ca cu v cng ly theo ch dn 15.5 TCVN
9362:2012
i vi cng trnh cp I cho php dng xc sut tin cy ln hn nhng
khng qu 0,99 xc nh tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t.

l h s bin i ca c trng:

Atc

1.19

l sai s ton phng trung bnh ca c trng.

Sai s ton phng trung bnh c tnh ton theo cc cng thc:

i vi c v .

1 n 2
c
i ;
i 1

tg

1.20

Trong :
n
1

pi tg tc c tc i
n 2 i 1

1.21

i vi Rn:
2
1 n
tc
R
R

i
n 1 i 1

1.22

 i vi :
2
1 n tc

i

n 1 i 1

1.23

Bng 1.3 - H s t dng xc nh ch s chnh xc tr trung bnh c trng ca t

H s t ng vi xc sut tin cy

S bc t do
(n -1) i vi
Rn v , (n 2) i vi c
v
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60
-

0,85

0,9

0,95

1,34
1,89
2,92
1,25
1,64
2,35
1,19
1,53
2,13
1,16
1,48
2,01
1,13
1,44
1,94
1,12
1,41
1,90
1,11
1,40
1,86
1,10
1,38
1,83
1,10
1,37
1,81
1,09
1,36
1,80
1,08
1,36
1,78
1,08
1,35
1,77
1,08
1,34
1,76
1,07
1,34
1,75
1,07
1,34
1,75
1,07
1,33
1,74
1,07
1,33
1,73
1,07
1,33
1,73
1,06
1,32
1,72
1,06
1,32
1,71
1,05
1,31
1,70
1,05
1,30
1,68
1,05
1,30
1,67
ngha ca h s tin cy c hiu nh sau:
+ TTGH I:

0,98

0,99

4,87
3,45
3,02
2,74
2,63
2,54
2,49
2,44
2,40
2,36
2,33
2,30
2,28
2,27
2,26
2,25
2,24
2,23
2,22
2,19
2,17
2,14
2,12

6,96
4,54
3,75
3,36
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2,57
2,55
2,54
2,53
2,49
2,46
2,42
2,39

Cn di
X=5%

Cn trn
Xtc=50
X=95
Xtc=50
% Hnh 1.2: ngha ca h s tin cy
% (TTGH I) %
+ TTGH II:

Cn di
X=15
%

Cn trn
Xtc=50
Xtc=50 X=85
% Hnh 1.3: ngha ca h s tin cy %
(TTGH II) %
-Cc c trng tnh ton theo TTGH I v TTGH II c gi tr nm trong mt

khong.

Att Atc A

1.24

Ty theo trng hp thit k c th m ta ly du (+) hoc du (-) m bo an

ton hn.
- Khi tnh ton nn theo cng v n nh th ta ly cc c trng tnh
ton TTGH I (nm trong khong ln hn = 0.95).
-Khi tnh ton nn theo bin dng th ta ly cc c trng tnh ton theo
TTGH II (nm trong khong nh hn = 0.85).

1.1.1.4.
-

Mt s vn cn lu :

Khi tnh ton thng k, s mu n 6 th mi thng k trng thi gii hn. Nu n<6
th chng ta tin hnh kim tra thng k <[] v ly gi tr tiu chun = gi tr

trung bnh. (dung trng , m W)

Vi lc dnh c v gc ma st trong , vi th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc
mu, s mu th nghim 1 (ng vi 3 cp ( ,) : n=3) th ch tnh gi tr tiu chun,
s mu th nghim 2 (ng vi 6 cp (,): n=6) th tin hnh thng k theo trng thi

gii hn.
Khi tra bng t lu n-1,n-2.
S dng hm LINEST trong EXCEL h tr thng k lc dnh c v gc ma st
trong . Khi thng k cho cc ch tiu c, ban u ta phi kim tra thng k vi

tng cp p lc bit rng c loi mu no hay khng.

1.1.2. Thng k theo tiu chun Eurocode:
Tiu chun Eurocode thng k theo hm phn phi student.
1.1.2.1. L thuyt phn phi student:
Khi khng bit lch chun ca phn b tim n, trung bnh mu thng
c chun ha theo lch chun mu, hm thng k trung bnh mu chun ha
theo lch chun mu. Nu cc bin ngu nhin X 1, ,Xn c lp, ng dng
phn b chun th trung bnh mu chun ha theo lch tiu chun c dng phn
b Student vi n-1 bc t do.

Hnh 1.4: th hm phn b chn chun ha

Nu t l bin ngu nhin xc nh bi:
X
t
s
1 n
X Xi
n i 1

1.25
1.26

 1.27

E( X )

s2

1 n
( X i X )2

n 1 i 1

Hm mt ca t c dng:
n 1
n 1

2 2

t
2

f t (t )
,
1
n
n

n

2

(1.28)

1.29

Trong l hm Gamma, c xc nh:

p e t t p1dt , P+1 p. p

1.30

ng cong phn phi chun ca t i xng qua trc tung t=0 v gn ging vi
ng cong ca phn phi chun.
Bi ton t ra trong thng k a cht l c lng khong k vng ng vi
-

tin cy cho trc.

Khi bit phng sai: Khong tin cy ca k vng c xc nh trong cc trng
hp m ng v hn v hu hn
+ m ng v hn: Khi bin X c phn b chun hay khi bin X c phn
b bt k v c mu ln (n>30), phn b trung bnh mu chun ha l phn b
chun n v:
X
Z
~ N (0;1)
/ n

1.31

Vi mc ngha :

X
P Z /2
Z /2 1
/ n

1.32

P X Z /2
X Z /2 1
n
n

Vy khong tin cy 100(1- )% ca k vng l:

I X Z /2
; X Z /2
n
n

+ m ng hu hn (c m ng N):

1.33
1.34

I X Z /2
n

N n

; X Z /2
N 1
n

N n

N 1

1.35

Khi khng bit phng sai:

+ Khi c mu ln: lch chun mu c s dng c lng lch
chun
s
s

I X Z /2
; X Z /2
n
n

1.36

+ Khi c mu nh: phn b mu trung bnh mu chun ha theo lch

chun mu c phn b Student vi n-1 bc t do.
Vi mc ngha , t bng Student ta tm c
P | t | t n1 P | t | tn1 1
X

t n1 1
/ n

sao cho:

1.37

Gii bt phng trnh trn theo

tn1

tn1 1
s/ n

X
tn1
s/ n

X
X

s
tn1
n

s
s
tn1 X
tn1
n
n

1.38

Theo tiu chun ny th cng c 2 gi tr cn quan tm l gi tr tiu chun

v gi tr tnh ton, tuy nhin c mt s im khc bit trong cch xc nh cc gi
tr ny.
1.1.2.2.

Xc nh gi tr tnh ton:

s liu thu thp c t th nghim hin trng hoc phng th nghim thng theo
mt hm mt xc sut (hay hm Gauss). Do s p dng l thuyt xc sut thng
k x l s liu, tm ra gi tr tiu chun cho mu.
Chng hn nh yu cu thit k vi tin cy l 95%:
Gi tr trung bnh
lch tiu chun
Cn di

Cn trn

Hnh 1.5: th hm phn b Gauss ng vi tin cy 95%

Gi tr Xk,inf c nh ngha l gi tr ca X di 5% ca tt c cc kt qu d
kin c th xy ra. Ni cch khc l m bo 95% l X s cao hn X k,inf. Gi tr ny
c dng trong tnh hung nh gi s khng an ton. Tng t nh vy, Gi tr
Xk,sup c nh ngha l gi tr ca X trn 5% ca tt c cc kt qu d kin c th
xy ra. Ni cch khc l m bo 95% l X s thp hn Xk,sup .
Tr s ca kn c a ra trong hnh 2.17 bi ng cong trn, vi tn variance
unknown, v bin i n ng 1.645 cho mt kch thc mu l 100 v > 3 cho
mt kch thc mu ca ba. Mt tnh nng quan trng ca ng cong ny l k n s
gia tng nhanh chng khi kch thc mu gim khong mi. iu ny s c
nhng tc ng nghim trng i vi vic s dng cc s liu thng k cho a k
thut.

a. Trng hp c lch chun,:

X

Nu

l s trung bnh ca mu ngu nhin kch thc n trong mt tng th

c phng sai bit

, mt khong tin cy (1- )% i vi

c xc nh

bng:
X k ,inf

X m N X X (1 m N X )

X k ,sup

1.39

Vi X l gi tr trung bnh ca X, X h s bin ng (COV), v N l mt h

s thng k m ph thuc vo kch thc ca mu N.
Cc i lng c tnh nh sau:
N

X
i 1

1.40

N
N

(X
i 1

X )2

X
X

1.41
1.42

H s N c tnh theo:
1
1
N

N t

1.43

b. Trng hp khng c lch chun:

Cng thc thng k ca Xk,inf and Xk,sup l :
X k ,inf

mX mkn s X mX (1 mknVX )

X k ,sup

1.44

Vi mX l gi tr trung bnh ca X, sX lch chun, VX l h s bin thin,

v kn l mt h s thng k ph thuc vo kch thc mu n.
Cc i lng c tnh nh sau:
n

mX

X
i 1

sX

VX

1.45

(X
i 1

mX ) 2

1.46

n 1

sX
mX

1.47

Lu : s chia trong biu thc ca lch chun l (n - 1) ch khng phi n.

H s kn c tnh theo:

kn tn1

1
1
n

(1.48)

H s t n1 c xc nh bng cch dng bng tra Student

Bng 1.4: Bng tr s t n

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.0025

0.001

1.376

1.963

3.078

6.314

12.71

31.82

63.66

127.3

318.3

1.061

1.386

1.886

2.920

4.303

6.965

9.925

14.09

22.33

2.353

3.182

4.541

5.841

7.453

10.22

4.604

5.598

7.173

4.032

4.773

5.893

0.978

1.250

1.638

0.941

1.190

1.533

2.132

2.776

3.747

1.476

2.015

2.571

3.365

0.920

1.156

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707

4.317

5.208

3.499

4.029

4.785

3.355

3.833

4.501

3.250

3.690

4.297

3.169

3.581

4.144

1.088

1.363

1.796

2.201

2.718

3.106

3.497

4.025

0.873

1.083

3.012

3.372

3.852

1.076

2.977

3.326

3.787

0.866

1.074

2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.930

0.868

2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

3.428

1.079

1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

3.055

0.870

1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

2.947

3.286

3.733

16
17
18
19
20

0.865

1.071

2.898

3.222

3.646

1.067

2.878

3.197

3.610

0.861

1.066

2.861

3.174

3.579

0.860

1.064

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

3.686

0.862

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

3.252

1.069

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.921

0.863

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

2.845

3.153

3.552

21
22
23
24
25

0.859

1.063

2.819

3.119

3.505

1.060

2.807

3.104

3.485

0.857

1.059

2.797

3.091

3.467

0.856

1.058

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

3.527

0.858

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

3.135

1.061

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.831

0.858

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

2.787

3.078

3.450

26

0.856

1.058

1.315

1.706

2.056

2.479

2.779

3.067

3.435

27
28
29
30

0.855

1.057

2.763

3.047

3.408

1.055

2.756

3.038

3.396

0.854

1.055

2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

3.421

0.854

2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

3.057

1.056

1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.771

0.855

1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

2.750

3.030

3.385

40
50
60
70
80

0.851

1.050

2.678

2.937

3.261

1.045

2.660

2.915

3.232

0.847

1.044

2.648

2.899

3.211

0.846

1.043

2.423
2.403
2.390
2.381
2.374

3.307

0.848

2.021
2.009
2.000
1.994
1.990

2.971

1.047

1.684
1.676
1.671
1.667
1.664

2.704

0.849

1.303
1.299
1.296
1.294
1.292

2.639

2.887

3.195

90
100
120
240

0.846

1.042

2.626

2.871

3.174

1.041

2.617

2.860

3.160

0.843

1.039

2.596

2.833

3.125

0.842

1.036

2.368
2.364
2.358
2.342
2.326

3.183

0.845

1.987
1.984
1.980
1.970
1.960

2.878

1.042

1.662
1.660
1.658
1.651
1.645

2.632

0.845

1.291
1.290
1.289
1.285
1.282

2.576

2.807

3.090

1.2.

6
7
8
9
10

0.906

1.134

0.896

1.119

0.889

1.108

0.883

1.100

0.879

1.093

11

0.876

12
13
14
15

V D TNH TON:
1.2.1. Thng k theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 9362-2012:

Khi tnh ton thng k, s mu n 6 th mi thng k trng thi gii hn. Nu n<6
th chng ta tin hnh kim tra thng k <[] v ly gi tr tiu chun = gi tr trung
bnh. (dung trng , m W)
Vi lc dnh c v gc ma st trong , vi th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc
mu, s mu th nghim 1 (ng vi 3 cp (,) : n=3) th ch tnh gi tr tiu chun, s
mu th nghim 2 (ng vi 6 cp (,): n=6) th tin hnh thng k theo trng thi gii
hn.
1.2.1.1.

Thng k dung trng t:

Cho kt qu th nghim vi 6 mu 1 lp t nh sau:

Bng 1.5: Kt qu th nghim lp t th 5

Dung trng

Dung trng

Dung trng

T trng

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

(1)

%
24

(kN/m3)
19.19

(kN/m3)
15.48

(kN/m3)
9.69

(kN/m3)
26.72

(2)

22.5

19.60

16.00

10.01

26.72

(3)

23

19.41

15.78

9.88

26.73

(4)

22.8

19.34

15.75

9.86

26.72

(5)

22

19.57

16.04

10.04

26.70

(6)

23.6

19.29

15.61

9.77

26.72

Mu

a. Kim tra thng k:

1 n tc
( i )2
n 1 i 1

 CM
A

1 n
(Ai A)2
n i 1

1 n
Ai
n i 1

Theo TCVN 9362-2012, h s bin ng c quy nh nh sau:

Bng 1.6: H s bin ng gii hn
c trng ca t
H s bin ng
0.01
0.05
0.15

T trng ht
Trng lng ring
m t nhin

Bng 1.7: Bng h s bin ng cc thng s a cht

Dung trng Dung trng Dung trng

T trng

Mu

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

%
24
22.5
23
22.8
22
23.6

(kN/m3)
19.19
19.60
19.41
19.34
19.57
19.29

(kN/m3)
15.48
16.00
15.78
15.75
16.04
15.61

(kN/m3)
9.69
10.01
9.88
9.86
10.04
9.77

(kN/m3)
26.72
26.72
26.73
26.72
26.70
26.72

22.9833

19.400

15.777

9.875

26.718

0.6644

0.0147

0.0198

0.0123

0.0009

0.7278

0.0160

0.0217

0.0135

0.0010

0.0317

0.0083

0.0138

0.0137

0.0004

0.15

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.01

A
CM (n)

(n 1)

/ A

[ ]

tc

A Ai ' CM

Ta loi b nhng mu c

. Vi

'

l h s ph thuc vo

s lng mu lm th nghim: (Bng 1.2)

n 6 ' 2.07
Ta c
A Ai

Bng 1.8:Bng kt qu gi tr

' CM
v

w w i ' CM w wi ' CM i ' CM s si ' CM Gs Gsi ' CM

1.0167
0.4833
0.0167
3
0.1833 1.375
0.9833
0.6167

0.021
0.02
0.001
0.006
0.017
0.011

0.0304

0.0297
0.0223
0.0003
0.0027
0.0263
0.0167

0.0185
0.0135
0.0005
0.0410 0.0015 0.0255
0.0165
0.0105

0.0002
0.0002
0.0012
0.0002
0.0018
0.0002

0.0019

Vy tt c cc gi tr ca mu u c chn.
b. Gi tr tiu chun:

Atc

1 n
Ai
n i 1

Bng 1.9: Ga tr tiu chun cc thng s a cht

Atc

Dung trng

Dung trng

Dung trng

T trng ht

t w

kh

y ni s

Gs

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

22.983

19.400

15.777

9.875

26.718

c. Tnh theo trng thi gii hn I:

Vi TTGH I th xc sut tin cy l = 0.95

Tra bng ta c

t 2.015

, ch tra vi gi tr (n-1) trong bng gi tr ti

hn phn phi student.

t
n

I tc (1 )

Ta c cc gi tr sau:
Bng 1.10: Gi tr tnh ton cc thng s a cht theo TTGH I

Dung trng

Dung trng

Dung trng

T trng

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

%
0.95

(kN/m3)
0.95

(kN/m3)
0.95

(kN/m3)
0.95

(kN/m3)
0.95

2.015

2.015

2.015

2.015

2.015

0.0260
22.384

0.0068

0.0113

0.0112

0.0003

6
23.582

19.268

15.598

9.764

26.710

19.532

15.955

9.986

26.726

TTGH I
(n=6)

AI-=Atc*(1- )
AI+=Atc*(1+ )

d. Tnh theo trng thi gii hn II:

Vi TTGH I th xc sut tin cy l = 0.85
t 1.156

Tra bng ta c
Ta c cc gi tr sau:
Bng 1.11: Gi tr tnh ton cc thng s a cht theo TTGH II

m
TTGH I
%

Dung trng

Dung trng

Dung trng

T trng

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3)

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

1.156

1.156

1.156

1.156

1.156

0.0197

0.0051

0.0085

0.0085

0.0002

tc

22.639

9
23.326

19.324

15.674

9.811

26.714

19.476

15.879

9.939

26.723

AI =A *(1- )
AI+=Atc*(1+ )
1.2.1.2.

Thng k lc ct c v gc ma st trong :

Cho bng gi tr th nghim ct trc tip nh sau:

Bng 1.12: Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip

(kN/m )

(kN/m2)

100
200

30.0
53.1

300

76.2

100
200

32.7
57.6

300

82.5

100
200

30.7
54.9

300

79.1

100
200

32.0
56.5

300

81.0

100
200
300

35.0
62.0
89.0

4
M

u
5
M

100
200

30.9
54.8

300

78.6

6
a. Kim tra thng k:
Theo TCVN 9362-2012, h s bin ng c quy nh nh sau:
Bng 1.13: H s bin ng gii hn
c trng ca t
H s bin ng
0.30

Ch tiu sc chng ct

Bng 1.14: Bng h s bin ng ca ng sut php v ng sut tip

(kN/m2)

1
30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9

(kN/m2)
2
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8

31.8833

56.4833

1.6487

2.8422

4.0545

1.8060

3.1135

4.4415

A
CM (n)

(n 1)

/ A

3
76.2
82.5
79.1
81.0
89.0
78.6
81.066

tc

0.0566
0.0551
A Ai ' CM

Ta loi b nhng mu c
s lng mu lm th nghim. Ta c

0.0548
. Vi

'

n 6 ' 2.07

l h s ph thuc vo

A Ai

Bng 1.15: Bng kt qu gi tr

A-A i

' CM

A-A i

3.42

3.3833
1.1167
1.5833
0.0167
5.5167
1.6833

1.8833
0.8167
1.1833
0.1167
3.1167
0.9833

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)
100

30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9

100
100
100
100
100

' CM
v

' CM

A-A i

' CM

5.88

4.8667
1.4333
1.9667
0.0667
7.9333
2.4667

8.38

Bng 1.16: Kt qu sau khi loi tr mu

Kt
Kt
qu
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n

(kN/m2)
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8

qu

(kN/m2)
200

Nh

200

n
Nh

200

n
Nh

200

n
Nh

200

n
Nh

200

n
Nh

(kN/m2)
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8

Kt

(kN/m2)
300

qu
Nh n

300

Nh n

300

Nh n

300

Nh n

300

Nh n

300

Nh n

b. Gi tr tiu chun:
S dng hm LINEST trong chng trnh phn mm MICROSOFT EXCEL.
Cch tnh: Ta ghi kt qu ng sut ct cc i

max

vo ct 1 v ng sut php

tng ng vo ct 2. Sau chn mt bng gm cc gi tr ca ng sut ct

v ng sut php, nh lnh LINEST(v tr dy s

max

, dy s

, 1,1) xong n

t hp phm Shift+Ctrl+Enter.

Bng 1.17: Gi tr tiu chun ca lc dnh c v gc ma st

Kt qu dng hm linest
tg tc

c tc

=0.2459

tg

=0.0092
0.9780
710.5551
7257.0008

=7.2944

=1.9929
3.1958
16.0000
163.4103

ng sut ti p kN/m2

50

100

150

200

250

ng sut php kN/m2

Hnh 1.6: Biu th nghim ct trc tip

Theo kt qu bng trn ta c:
tg tc = 0.2459 tc 13 048'54''

c tc 7.294 (kN/m 2 )
c. Gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH I:
Theo TTGH I xc sut tin cy

0.95

300

350

n= 18-2= 16, tra bng ta c

t 1.746

- Gc ma st :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:

0.0092
tg tg
0.037 < = 0.300
tg 0.2459

tg t tg 1.746 0.037 0.065

tg I tg tc (1 ) 0.2459 (1 0.065) 0.230 0.262
I 12056'5'' 140 41'18''

Suy ra lc dnh
- Lc dnh cI :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:

1.9929
c tcc
0.273 < = 0.300
c
7.2944

c t c 1.746 0.273 0.477

cI ctc (1 c ) 7.294 (1 0.477) 3.815 10.773 (kN/m 2 )

d. Gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH II:

Theo TTGH II xc sut tin cy

n= 15-2= 13, tra bng ta c

0.85

t 1.071

II

- Gc ma st
:
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:

0.0092
tg tg
0.037 < = 0.300
tg 0.2459

tg t tg 1.071 0.037 0.040

tg II tg tc (1 ) 0.2459 (1 0.040) 0.236 0.256
Suy ra lc dnh

II 13016'44'' 140 21'34''

- Lc dnh cII :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:

1.9929
c tcc
0.273 < = 0.300
c
7.2944

c t c 1.071 0.273 0.292

cII ctc (1 c ) 7.294 (1 0.292) 5.164 9.424 (kN/m 2 )

Bng 1.18: Bng tng hp thng k ca lp t

Lp t

K hiu

Gi tr

Ghi ch

tg

0.0092

tg

0.037

Tp hp mu

Kim tra

0.3

c chn

thng k

1.9929

0.273

Tp hp mu

0.3

c chn

tg

Lc dnh
c

Gi tr

Gc ma

tgtc

0.2459

tiu

st trong

tc

130 48'54''

chun

Lc dnh

ctc(kN/m2)

7.2944

0.95
1.746

Gc ma

tg

0.065

st trong

tg I

0.230 0.262

12056'5'' 140 41'18''

0.477

cI(kN/m2)

3.815 10.773

S TN

0.85

n=18

Lp 5
TTGH I

Lc dnh

TTGH II

1.071

Gc ma

tg

0.04

st trong

tg II

0.236 0.256

13016'44'' 140 21'34''

0.292

cII(kN/m2)

5.164 9.424

Lc dnh

1.2.2. Thng k theo tiu chun Eurocode:

1.2.2.1.

Thng k dung trng t:

Cho kt qu th nghim vi 6 mu 1 lp t nh sau:

Bng 1.19: Kt qu th nghim lp t th 5

Dung trng

Dung trng

Dung trng

T trng

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

(1)

%
24

(kN/m3)
19.19

(kN/m3)
15.48

(kN/m3)
9.69

(kN/m3)
26.72

(2)

22.5

19.60

16.00

10.01

26.72

(3)

23

19.41

15.78

9.88

26.73

(4)

22.8

19.34

15.75

9.86

26.72

(5)

22

19.57

16.04

10.04

26.70

(6)

23.6

19.29

15.61

9.77

26.72

Mu

Nhn xt: C mu nh (n=6 <30) v cha bit phng sai, phn b mu trung bnh
mu chun ha theo lch chun mu c phn b Student vi n-1 bc t do.

Vi tin cy =95%, tra bng Student c :

1
1
1 2.015
1 2.176
n
6

95%
tn95%
1 2.015 k n t n 1

Bng 1.20: Bng gi tr tnh ton ng vi tin cy 95%

Dung trng Dung trng Dung trng

T trng

Mu

t w

kh

y ni s

ht Gs

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

%
24
22.5
23
22.8
22
23.6

(kN/m3)
19.19
19.60
19.41
19.34
19.57
19.29

(kN/m3)
15.48
16.00
15.78
15.75
16.04
15.61

(kN/m3)
9.69
10.01
9.88
9.86
10.04
9.77

(kN/m3)
26.72
26.72
26.73
26.72
26.70
26.72

22.9833
0.529667

19.400
0.02576

15.777
0.047147

9.875
0.01819

26.718
9.67E-05

mX kn s X

2.176
24.136

2.176
19.456

2.176
15.879

2.176
9.915

2.176
26.719

mX kn s X

21.831

19.344

15.674

9.835

26.718

mX
sX
kn

1.2.2.2.

Thng k lc ct c v gc ma st trong :
Bng 1.21: Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip

(kN/m )
M

100
200
300

(kN/m2)
30.0
53.1
76.2

u
1
M

100
200

32.7
57.6

300

82.5

100
200

30.7
54.9

300

79.1

100
200

32.0
56.5

300

81.0

100
200

35.0
62.0

300

89.0

100
200

30.9
54.8

300

78.6

6
a. Xc nh gi tr c trng ca mu:
Bng 1.22: Bng gi tr trung bnh ca ng sut ct

(kN/m2)

1
30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9

(kN/m2)
2
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8

3
76.2
82.5
79.1
81.0
89.0
78.6

mX

81.066
31.8833

56.4833

ng sut tip kN/m2

100

200

300

ng sut php kN/m2

Hnh 1.7: Biu th nghim ct trc tip

Bng 1.23: Gi tr tiu chun ca lc dnh c v gc ma st

Kt qu dng hm linest
tg tc

=0.2459
stg

=0.0092
0.9780
710.5551
7257.0008

c tc

=7.2944

sc

=1.9929
3.1958
16.0000
163.4103

T th ta suy ra c:

tg tc = 0.2459 tc 13048'54''
c tc 7.294 (kN/m 2 )
b. Vi tin cy =95%
n= 18-1= 17, tra bng ta c

95%
tn95%
1 1.740 k n tn 1

1
1
1 1.740
1 1.788
n
18


Gc ma st :
s
0.0092
Vtg tg
0.037
tg 0.2459

tg tg tc (1 k nVX ) 0.2459 (1 1.788 0.037) 0.230 0.262

12056'5'' 140 41'18''

Suy ra lc dnh
- Lc dnh c :

1.9929
Vc tcc
0.273
c
7.2944

c c tc (1 k nVc ) 7.294 (1 1.788 0.273) 3.73410.857 (kN/m 2 )