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Kho st a cht phc v cho vic thit k xy dng cng trnh c khi lng c khi
lng cng tc thc hin rt ln. S lng h khoan v s mu t trong mt lp t ln. Do
vy vic thng k cc s liu th nghim nhm tm c 1 gi tr c tnh i din vi mt
tin cy nht nh cho n nguyn t nn, cng nh phn chia hp l cc n nguyn a
cht da theo h s bin ng ca tng s hng trong tp hp thng k l rt quan trng v
nh hng ln n cht lng cng trnh sau ny.
1.1.
-
C S L THUYT:
1.1.1. Thng k theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 9362-2012:
TCVN thng k theo hm phn phi chun ( hay phn phi Gauss).
1.1.1.1. L thuyt phn phi chun:
Khi phn b tim n ca m ng khng phi l phn b chun, phn b trung
bnh mu cng s khng l phn b chun. TCVN 9362-2012 th dng phn phi
Gauss thng k a cht, tc l mu thng k phi l mu c phn phi chun
(phn phi Gauss), do vi mt m ng bt k cn phi kim nh gi nh phn
phi m ng l phn phi chun. Thng thng c kim tra qua phn b sai s
(dng tn s hoc chun vi mu c ln, cn i vi mu c nh th t chnh cc
hn v c lch nhiu so vi phn phi chun). Theo nh lut gii hn trung tm,
vi c mu ln (n>30), trung bnh mu s c phn b xp x phn b chun, bt
chp phn b tim n ca m ng
i lng ngu nhin X gi l c phn phi chun nu hm mt ca X c
dng
1
f x
e
2
Trong :
x
2 2
, x
: tr s trung bnh
: lch chun
X : N ( , 2 )
(1.1)
Ta c E(X) =
, D(X) =
1 x2
f x
e
2
1.2
1
0.3989
2
f x dx f x dx 0.5
1.3
1.4
X : N ( , 2 )
Nu
th
X
: N (0,1)
1.1.1.2.
a. H s bin ng:
-
(1.5)
(1.6)
1 n
Ai A
n 1 1
1.7
H s bin ng []
0.01
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.40
1.8
A A i ' CM
Trong c lng lch:
CM
1 n
Ai A
n 1
khi n 25 th ly
1.9
CM =
'
n
'
n
'
6
2,07
7
2,18
8
2,27
9
2,35
10
2,41
11
2,47
12
2,52
13
2,56
14
2,6
15
2,64
16
2,67
17
2,7
18
2,73
19
2,75
20
2,78
21
2,8
22
2,82
23
2,84
24
2,86
25
2,88
26
2,9
27
2,91
28
2,93
29
2,94
30
2,96
31
2,97
32
2,98
33
3,0
34
3,01
35
3,02
36
3,03
37
3,04
38
3,05
39
3,06
40
3,07
41
3,08
42
3,09
43
3,1
44
3,11
45
3,12
46
3,13
47
3,14
48
3,14
49
3,15
36
3,03
1.1.1.3.
1 n
A Ai
n i 1
tc
1.10
p tg c
trong :
l sc chng ct ca mu t;
p l p lc php tuyn truyn ln mu t.
-
1.11
n
n
n
i i
i i i
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
n
n
1 n
tg tc n i i i i
i 1
i 1
i 1
c tc
1.12
1.13
Trong :
n
n
2
i
i 1
i 1
1.14
n l s ln th nghim ca i lng .
b. c trng tnh ton:
-
Trong mi trng hp, khi tnh nn phi dng tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
Att, xc nh theo cng thc:
Atc
A
kd
tt
1.15
Trong :
Atc l tr tiu chun ca c trng ang xt quy nh trn.
k l h s an ton v t.
-
i vi cc c trng v bn ca t c, , Rn v th h s an ton t kd
c xc nh nh sau (i vi cc c trng khc ca t cho php ly k d =1,
tc l tr tnh ton cng l tr tiu chun).
-
Xc nh kd cho cc c trng v bn ca t c, , Rn v :
kd
1
1
1.16
1 n
Ai A
n i 1
1.17
i vi Rn v :
t
n
1.18
l h s bin i ca c trng:
Atc
1.19
i vi c v .
1 n 2
c
i ;
i 1
tg
1.20
Trong :
n
1
pi tg tc c tc i
n 2 i 1
1.21
i vi Rn:
2
1 n
tc
R
R
i
n 1 i 1
1.22
i vi :
2
1 n tc
i
n 1 i 1
1.23
S bc t do
(n -1) i vi
Rn v , (n 2) i vi c
v
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60
-
0,85
0,9
0,95
1,34
1,89
2,92
1,25
1,64
2,35
1,19
1,53
2,13
1,16
1,48
2,01
1,13
1,44
1,94
1,12
1,41
1,90
1,11
1,40
1,86
1,10
1,38
1,83
1,10
1,37
1,81
1,09
1,36
1,80
1,08
1,36
1,78
1,08
1,35
1,77
1,08
1,34
1,76
1,07
1,34
1,75
1,07
1,34
1,75
1,07
1,33
1,74
1,07
1,33
1,73
1,07
1,33
1,73
1,06
1,32
1,72
1,06
1,32
1,71
1,05
1,31
1,70
1,05
1,30
1,68
1,05
1,30
1,67
ngha ca h s tin cy c hiu nh sau:
+ TTGH I:
0,98
0,99
4,87
3,45
3,02
2,74
2,63
2,54
2,49
2,44
2,40
2,36
2,33
2,30
2,28
2,27
2,26
2,25
2,24
2,23
2,22
2,19
2,17
2,14
2,12
6,96
4,54
3,75
3,36
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2,57
2,55
2,54
2,53
2,49
2,46
2,42
2,39
Cn di
X=5%
Cn trn
Xtc=50
X=95
Xtc=50
% Hnh 1.2: ngha ca h s tin cy
% (TTGH I) %
+ TTGH II:
Cn di
X=15
%
Cn trn
Xtc=50
Xtc=50 X=85
% Hnh 1.3: ngha ca h s tin cy %
(TTGH II) %
-Cc c trng tnh ton theo TTGH I v TTGH II c gi tr nm trong mt
khong.
Att Atc A
1.24
1.1.1.4.
-
Mt s vn cn lu :
Khi tnh ton thng k, s mu n 6 th mi thng k trng thi gii hn. Nu n<6
th chng ta tin hnh kim tra thng k <[] v ly gi tr tiu chun = gi tr
gii hn.
Khi tra bng t lu n-1,n-2.
S dng hm LINEST trong EXCEL h tr thng k lc dnh c v gc ma st
trong . Khi thng k cho cc ch tiu c, ban u ta phi kim tra thng k vi
1.25
1.26
1.27
E( X )
s2
1 n
( X i X )2
n 1 i 1
Hm mt ca t c dng:
n 1
n 1
2 2
t
2
f t (t )
,
1
n
n
n
2
(1.28)
1.29
p e t t p1dt , P+1 p. p
1.30
ng cong phn phi chun ca t i xng qua trc tung t=0 v gn ging vi
ng cong ca phn phi chun.
Bi ton t ra trong thng k a cht l c lng khong k vng ng vi
-
1.31
Vi mc ngha :
X
P Z /2
Z /2 1
/ n
1.32
P X Z /2
X Z /2 1
n
n
I X Z /2
; X Z /2
n
n
+ m ng hu hn (c m ng N):
1.33
1.34
I X Z /2
n
N n
; X Z /2
N 1
n
N n
N 1
1.35
I X Z /2
; X Z /2
n
n
1.36
t n1 1
/ n
sao cho:
1.37
tn1
tn1 1
s/ n
X
tn1
s/ n
X
X
s
tn1
n
s
s
tn1 X
tn1
n
n
1.38
Xc nh gi tr tnh ton:
s liu thu thp c t th nghim hin trng hoc phng th nghim thng theo
mt hm mt xc sut (hay hm Gauss). Do s p dng l thuyt xc sut thng
k x l s liu, tm ra gi tr tiu chun cho mu.
Chng hn nh yu cu thit k vi tin cy l 95%:
Gi tr trung bnh
lch tiu chun
Cn di
Cn trn
Nu
c xc nh
bng:
X k ,inf
X m N X X (1 m N X )
X k ,sup
1.39
X
i 1
1.40
N
N
(X
i 1
X )2
X
X
1.41
1.42
H s N c tnh theo:
1
1
N
N t
1.43
mX mkn s X mX (1 mknVX )
X k ,sup
1.44
mX
X
i 1
sX
VX
1.45
(X
i 1
mX ) 2
1.46
n 1
sX
mX
1.47
kn tn1
1
1
n
(1.48)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
1.376
1.963
3.078
6.314
12.71
31.82
63.66
127.3
318.3
1.061
1.386
1.886
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
14.09
22.33
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
7.453
10.22
4.604
5.598
7.173
4.032
4.773
5.893
0.978
1.250
1.638
0.941
1.190
1.533
2.132
2.776
3.747
1.476
2.015
2.571
3.365
0.920
1.156
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
3.707
4.317
5.208
3.499
4.029
4.785
3.355
3.833
4.501
3.250
3.690
4.297
3.169
3.581
4.144
1.088
1.363
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
3.497
4.025
0.873
1.083
3.012
3.372
3.852
1.076
2.977
3.326
3.787
0.866
1.074
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
3.930
0.868
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
3.428
1.079
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
3.055
0.870
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
2.947
3.286
3.733
16
17
18
19
20
0.865
1.071
2.898
3.222
3.646
1.067
2.878
3.197
3.610
0.861
1.066
2.861
3.174
3.579
0.860
1.064
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
3.686
0.862
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
3.252
1.069
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
2.921
0.863
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
2.845
3.153
3.552
21
22
23
24
25
0.859
1.063
2.819
3.119
3.505
1.060
2.807
3.104
3.485
0.857
1.059
2.797
3.091
3.467
0.856
1.058
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
3.527
0.858
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
3.135
1.061
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
2.831
0.858
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
2.787
3.078
3.450
26
0.856
1.058
1.315
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
3.067
3.435
27
28
29
30
0.855
1.057
2.763
3.047
3.408
1.055
2.756
3.038
3.396
0.854
1.055
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
3.421
0.854
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
3.057
1.056
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
2.771
0.855
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
2.750
3.030
3.385
40
50
60
70
80
0.851
1.050
2.678
2.937
3.261
1.045
2.660
2.915
3.232
0.847
1.044
2.648
2.899
3.211
0.846
1.043
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.381
2.374
3.307
0.848
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.994
1.990
2.971
1.047
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.667
1.664
2.704
0.849
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.294
1.292
2.639
2.887
3.195
90
100
120
240
0.846
1.042
2.626
2.871
3.174
1.041
2.617
2.860
3.160
0.843
1.039
2.596
2.833
3.125
0.842
1.036
2.368
2.364
2.358
2.342
2.326
3.183
0.845
1.987
1.984
1.980
1.970
1.960
2.878
1.042
1.662
1.660
1.658
1.651
1.645
2.632
0.845
1.291
1.290
1.289
1.285
1.282
2.576
2.807
3.090
1.2.
6
7
8
9
10
0.906
1.134
0.896
1.119
0.889
1.108
0.883
1.100
0.879
1.093
11
0.876
12
13
14
15
V D TNH TON:
1.2.1. Thng k theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 9362-2012:
Khi tnh ton thng k, s mu n 6 th mi thng k trng thi gii hn. Nu n<6
th chng ta tin hnh kim tra thng k <[] v ly gi tr tiu chun = gi tr trung
bnh. (dung trng , m W)
Vi lc dnh c v gc ma st trong , vi th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc
mu, s mu th nghim 1 (ng vi 3 cp (,) : n=3) th ch tnh gi tr tiu chun, s
mu th nghim 2 (ng vi 6 cp (,): n=6) th tin hnh thng k theo trng thi gii
hn.
1.2.1.1.
Dung trng
Dung trng
Dung trng
T trng
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
(1)
%
24
(kN/m3)
19.19
(kN/m3)
15.48
(kN/m3)
9.69
(kN/m3)
26.72
(2)
22.5
19.60
16.00
10.01
26.72
(3)
23
19.41
15.78
9.88
26.73
(4)
22.8
19.34
15.75
9.86
26.72
(5)
22
19.57
16.04
10.04
26.70
(6)
23.6
19.29
15.61
9.77
26.72
Mu
1 n tc
( i )2
n 1 i 1
CM
A
1 n
(Ai A)2
n i 1
1 n
Ai
n i 1
T trng ht
Trng lng ring
m t nhin
T trng
Mu
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
%
24
22.5
23
22.8
22
23.6
(kN/m3)
19.19
19.60
19.41
19.34
19.57
19.29
(kN/m3)
15.48
16.00
15.78
15.75
16.04
15.61
(kN/m3)
9.69
10.01
9.88
9.86
10.04
9.77
(kN/m3)
26.72
26.72
26.73
26.72
26.70
26.72
22.9833
19.400
15.777
9.875
26.718
0.6644
0.0147
0.0198
0.0123
0.0009
0.7278
0.0160
0.0217
0.0135
0.0010
0.0317
0.0083
0.0138
0.0137
0.0004
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.01
A
CM (n)
(n 1)
/ A
[ ]
tc
A Ai ' CM
Ta loi b nhng mu c
. Vi
'
l h s ph thuc vo
n 6 ' 2.07
Ta c
A Ai
Bng 1.8:Bng kt qu gi tr
' CM
v
1.0167
0.4833
0.0167
3
0.1833 1.375
0.9833
0.6167
0.021
0.02
0.001
0.006
0.017
0.011
0.0304
0.0297
0.0223
0.0003
0.0027
0.0263
0.0167
0.0185
0.0135
0.0005
0.0410 0.0015 0.0255
0.0165
0.0105
0.0002
0.0002
0.0012
0.0002
0.0018
0.0002
0.0019
Vy tt c cc gi tr ca mu u c chn.
b. Gi tr tiu chun:
Atc
1 n
Ai
n i 1
Atc
Dung trng
Dung trng
Dung trng
T trng ht
t w
kh
y ni s
Gs
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
22.983
19.400
15.777
9.875
26.718
Tra bng ta c
t 2.015
t
n
I tc (1 )
Ta c cc gi tr sau:
Bng 1.10: Gi tr tnh ton cc thng s a cht theo TTGH I
Dung trng
Dung trng
Dung trng
T trng
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
%
0.95
(kN/m3)
0.95
(kN/m3)
0.95
(kN/m3)
0.95
(kN/m3)
0.95
2.015
2.015
2.015
2.015
2.015
0.0260
22.384
0.0068
0.0113
0.0112
0.0003
6
23.582
19.268
15.598
9.764
26.710
19.532
15.955
9.986
26.726
TTGH I
(n=6)
AI-=Atc*(1- )
AI+=Atc*(1+ )
Tra bng ta c
Ta c cc gi tr sau:
Bng 1.11: Gi tr tnh ton cc thng s a cht theo TTGH II
m
TTGH I
%
Dung trng
Dung trng
Dung trng
T trng
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.156
1.156
1.156
1.156
1.156
0.0197
0.0051
0.0085
0.0085
0.0002
tc
22.639
9
23.326
19.324
15.674
9.811
26.714
19.476
15.879
9.939
26.723
AI =A *(1- )
AI+=Atc*(1+ )
1.2.1.2.
Thng k lc ct c v gc ma st trong :
(kN/m )
(kN/m2)
100
200
30.0
53.1
300
76.2
100
200
32.7
57.6
300
82.5
100
200
30.7
54.9
300
79.1
100
200
32.0
56.5
300
81.0
100
200
300
35.0
62.0
89.0
4
M
u
5
M
100
200
30.9
54.8
300
78.6
6
a. Kim tra thng k:
Theo TCVN 9362-2012, h s bin ng c quy nh nh sau:
Bng 1.13: H s bin ng gii hn
c trng ca t
H s bin ng
0.30
Ch tiu sc chng ct
(kN/m2)
1
30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9
(kN/m2)
2
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8
31.8833
56.4833
1.6487
2.8422
4.0545
1.8060
3.1135
4.4415
A
CM (n)
(n 1)
/ A
3
76.2
82.5
79.1
81.0
89.0
78.6
81.066
tc
0.0566
0.0551
A Ai ' CM
Ta loi b nhng mu c
s lng mu lm th nghim. Ta c
0.0548
. Vi
'
n 6 ' 2.07
l h s ph thuc vo
A Ai
' CM
A-A i
3.42
3.3833
1.1167
1.5833
0.0167
5.5167
1.6833
1.8833
0.8167
1.1833
0.1167
3.1167
0.9833
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
100
30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9
100
100
100
100
100
' CM
v
' CM
A-A i
' CM
5.88
4.8667
1.4333
1.9667
0.0667
7.9333
2.4667
8.38
Kt
Kt
qu
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
Nh n
(kN/m2)
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8
qu
(kN/m2)
200
Nh
200
n
Nh
200
n
Nh
200
n
Nh
200
n
Nh
200
n
Nh
(kN/m2)
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8
Kt
(kN/m2)
300
qu
Nh n
300
Nh n
300
Nh n
300
Nh n
300
Nh n
300
Nh n
b. Gi tr tiu chun:
S dng hm LINEST trong chng trnh phn mm MICROSOFT EXCEL.
Cch tnh: Ta ghi kt qu ng sut ct cc i
max
vo ct 1 v ng sut php
max
, dy s
, 1,1) xong n
t hp phm Shift+Ctrl+Enter.
Kt qu dng hm linest
tg tc
c tc
=0.2459
tg
=0.0092
0.9780
710.5551
7257.0008
=7.2944
=1.9929
3.1958
16.0000
163.4103
ng sut ti p kN/m2
50
100
150
200
250
c tc 7.294 (kN/m 2 )
c. Gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH I:
Theo TTGH I xc sut tin cy
0.95
300
350
t 1.746
- Gc ma st :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:
0.0092
tg tg
0.037 < = 0.300
tg 0.2459
Suy ra lc dnh
- Lc dnh cI :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:
1.9929
c tcc
0.273 < = 0.300
c
7.2944
0.85
t 1.071
II
- Gc ma st
:
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:
0.0092
tg tg
0.037 < = 0.300
tg 0.2459
- Lc dnh cII :
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:
1.9929
c tcc
0.273 < = 0.300
c
7.2944
K hiu
Gi tr
Ghi ch
tg
0.0092
tg
0.037
Tp hp mu
Kim tra
0.3
c chn
thng k
1.9929
0.273
Tp hp mu
0.3
c chn
tg
Lc dnh
c
Gi tr
Gc ma
tgtc
0.2459
tiu
st trong
tc
130 48'54''
chun
Lc dnh
ctc(kN/m2)
7.2944
0.95
1.746
Gc ma
tg
0.065
st trong
tg I
0.230 0.262
0.477
cI(kN/m2)
3.815 10.773
S TN
0.85
n=18
Lp 5
TTGH I
Lc dnh
TTGH II
1.071
Gc ma
tg
0.04
st trong
tg II
0.236 0.256
0.292
cII(kN/m2)
5.164 9.424
Lc dnh
Dung trng
Dung trng
Dung trng
T trng
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
(1)
%
24
(kN/m3)
19.19
(kN/m3)
15.48
(kN/m3)
9.69
(kN/m3)
26.72
(2)
22.5
19.60
16.00
10.01
26.72
(3)
23
19.41
15.78
9.88
26.73
(4)
22.8
19.34
15.75
9.86
26.72
(5)
22
19.57
16.04
10.04
26.70
(6)
23.6
19.29
15.61
9.77
26.72
Mu
Nhn xt: C mu nh (n=6 <30) v cha bit phng sai, phn b mu trung bnh
mu chun ha theo lch chun mu c phn b Student vi n-1 bc t do.
95%
tn95%
1 2.015 k n t n 1
T trng
Mu
t w
kh
y ni s
ht Gs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
%
24
22.5
23
22.8
22
23.6
(kN/m3)
19.19
19.60
19.41
19.34
19.57
19.29
(kN/m3)
15.48
16.00
15.78
15.75
16.04
15.61
(kN/m3)
9.69
10.01
9.88
9.86
10.04
9.77
(kN/m3)
26.72
26.72
26.73
26.72
26.70
26.72
22.9833
0.529667
19.400
0.02576
15.777
0.047147
9.875
0.01819
26.718
9.67E-05
mX kn s X
2.176
24.136
2.176
19.456
2.176
15.879
2.176
9.915
2.176
26.719
mX kn s X
21.831
19.344
15.674
9.835
26.718
mX
sX
kn
1.2.2.2.
Thng k lc ct c v gc ma st trong :
Bng 1.21: Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip
(kN/m )
M
100
200
300
(kN/m2)
30.0
53.1
76.2
u
1
M
100
200
32.7
57.6
300
82.5
100
200
30.7
54.9
300
79.1
100
200
32.0
56.5
300
81.0
100
200
35.0
62.0
300
89.0
100
200
30.9
54.8
300
78.6
6
a. Xc nh gi tr c trng ca mu:
Bng 1.22: Bng gi tr trung bnh ca ng sut ct
(kN/m2)
1
30.0
32.7
30.7
32.0
35.0
30.9
(kN/m2)
2
53.1
57.6
54.9
56.5
62.0
54.8
3
76.2
82.5
79.1
81.0
89.0
78.6
mX
81.066
31.8833
56.4833
100
200
300
Kt qu dng hm linest
tg tc
=0.2459
stg
=0.0092
0.9780
710.5551
7257.0008
c tc
=7.2944
sc
=1.9929
3.1958
16.0000
163.4103
T th ta suy ra c:
tg tc = 0.2459 tc 13048'54''
c tc 7.294 (kN/m 2 )
b. Vi tin cy =95%
n= 18-1= 17, tra bng ta c
95%
tn95%
1 1.740 k n tn 1
1
1
1 1.740
1 1.788
n
18
Gc ma st :
s
0.0092
Vtg tg
0.037
tg 0.2459
Suy ra lc dnh
- Lc dnh c :
1.9929
Vc tcc
0.273
c
7.2944